Five different types of seams made of single-ply roofing membranes were investigated for water du... more Five different types of seams made of single-ply roofing membranes were investigated for water durability. Test samples were exposed to either distilled, acidic or alkaline solution. Mechanical strength of seams and materials was tested with and without immersion by either tensile test, lap-shear test or T-peel test. Mechanical strength and fracture mechanisms in different tests were discussed. After 6000 h of exposure in water, for some products the changes in either mechanical strength or fracture mechanisms of a sample were in some cases related to their mechanical strengths. It is concluded that the long-time exposure of watertight seams to ponding water on flat roofs can cause a decrease in mechanical strength of seams. Der EinfluB von Wasser auf die mechanische Festigkeit von Fugen in Einschicht-Abdeckungen bei Flachdiichern Fugen in Werkstoffen auf Basis SBS, APP, ECB, PVC und EPDM, die in Einschicht-Abdeckungen van Flachdiichern eingesetzt werden, sind auf ihre Wasserbestiindigkeit untersucht warden. Die Experimente wurden mil destilliertem, saurem und alkalischem Wasser durchgefGhrt. Die mechanische Festigkeit der Fugen und der Materialien wurde durch Zug-, Schub-und Abzugsprufungen ermittelt. Die verschiedenen bei den Prufungen auftretenden Bruchmechanismen wurden diskutiert. Einige Produkte zeigen nach 6000 h Aufbewahrung im Wasser Veriinderungen. Die SchluBfolgerung isl, daB Fugen in Einschicht-Abdichtungen, die längere Zeit dem Wasser ausgesetzt werden, eine verringerte mechanische Festigkeit aufweisen k6nnen.
The aim of the study was to understand the behavior of bituminous joint sealants during installat... more The aim of the study was to understand the behavior of bituminous joint sealants during installation using Infra-red thermography in combination with supplemental studies using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and High Performance-Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC). Using IR thermography, in-situ temperature measurement of a joint sealant product was carried out. To evaluate the change in the rheological properties of the product after the installation, due to aging, DSR testing was made for both a fresh and an installed sample. Chemical analysis using HP-GPC was also carried out to see the difference in the state of the polymer used as modifier in the product. The results ensured the suitability of IR thermography for non-destructive quality control during installation of bituminous joint sealants. Overheating of polymer-modified bituminous binders during the installation must be avoided to prevent thermal aging of the polymer. In case the deterioration of the polymer takes place,...
ABSTRACT This study presents first results and practical experiences with the new EMPA Mobile IR-... more ABSTRACT This study presents first results and practical experiences with the new EMPA Mobile IR-measurement System (EMIR) which consists of an infrared-thermography camera with data acquisition system mounted on a vehicle. The IR-measurements with EMIR were carried out on different asphalt pavements and bridge deck surfacings for quality assurance as well as maintenance and rehabilitation management purposes. It was found that distress types such as hidden blisters and cavities in asphalt pavement structures can be detected successfully and effectively, provided that the measurements are made under changing temperature conditions in the field. The results demonstrate that EMIR is a valuable tool for early stage distress detection to avoid costly pavement repair and to optimize the planning of rehabilitation measures.
In Switzerland as in Germany, the tensile adhesion test is commonly carried out to evaluate adhes... more In Switzerland as in Germany, the tensile adhesion test is commonly carried out to evaluate adhesion between polymer-modified bituminous waterproofing membranes (PBM) and concrete in-situ. As a supplemental method, 90° peel test has been also carried out at EMPA over a decade. Recently, an apparatus suitable for the laboratory testing has been developed to study the adhesion mechanism under a controllable climate condition in regard with the in-situ test results. In this paper, the latest experiences from EMPA concerning the in-situ adhesion testings, i.e. tensile adhesion and 90° peel tests, are summarised. Parameters influencing 90° peel strengths, such as peel rate and testing temperature, are discussed based on the results obtained by the laboratory test. The discussion includes a comparison of the results obtained by the 90° peel test with the tensile adhesion test. It may contribute to the standardisation of the in-situ 90° peel test as a Swiss Standard SIA 281/2. As a supplementary method to the mechanical tests, in-situ non-destructive test method using infrared-thermography is introduced to detect the insufficiently adhered membranes, which will possibly result in blistering.
The results of studying the parameters influencing the quality of watertight seams in single-ply ... more The results of studying the parameters influencing the quality of watertight seams in single-ply roof-coverings for flat and low-sloped roofs during heat-welding are summarized in this paper. Seam samples of four different single-ply roof-covering products, i.e. atactic polypropylene (APP)-modified bitumen, styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS)-modified bitumen, ethylene-copolymerized bitumen (ECB), and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were prepared by welding at various hot-air temperatures and speeds. The seam strengths of the specimens cut off from the heat-welded samples were measured by the T-peel test. The results were supplemented by observation of fracture propagation during the test. The T-peel strength of heat-welded seams is correlated to the hot-air temperature and welding speed. For the bituminous products, there is a limitation to the hot-air temperature at which the seam will attain an acceptable T-peel strength. For the thermoplastic products, the welding sp...
Five different types of seams made of single-ply roofing membranes were investigated for water du... more Five different types of seams made of single-ply roofing membranes were investigated for water durability. Test samples were exposed to either distilled, acidic or alkaline solution. Mechanical strength of seams and materials was tested with and without immersion by either tensile test, lap-shear test or T-peel test. Mechanical strength and fracture mechanisms in different tests were discussed. After 6000 h of exposure in water, for some products the changes in either mechanical strength or fracture mechanisms of a sample were in some cases related to their mechanical strengths. It is concluded that the long-time exposure of watertight seams to ponding water on flat roofs can cause a decrease in mechanical strength of seams. Der EinfluB von Wasser auf die mechanische Festigkeit von Fugen in Einschicht-Abdeckungen bei Flachdiichern Fugen in Werkstoffen auf Basis SBS, APP, ECB, PVC und EPDM, die in Einschicht-Abdeckungen van Flachdiichern eingesetzt werden, sind auf ihre Wasserbestiindigkeit untersucht warden. Die Experimente wurden mil destilliertem, saurem und alkalischem Wasser durchgefGhrt. Die mechanische Festigkeit der Fugen und der Materialien wurde durch Zug-, Schub-und Abzugsprufungen ermittelt. Die verschiedenen bei den Prufungen auftretenden Bruchmechanismen wurden diskutiert. Einige Produkte zeigen nach 6000 h Aufbewahrung im Wasser Veriinderungen. Die SchluBfolgerung isl, daB Fugen in Einschicht-Abdichtungen, die längere Zeit dem Wasser ausgesetzt werden, eine verringerte mechanische Festigkeit aufweisen k6nnen.
The aim of the study was to understand the behavior of bituminous joint sealants during installat... more The aim of the study was to understand the behavior of bituminous joint sealants during installation using Infra-red thermography in combination with supplemental studies using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and High Performance-Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC). Using IR thermography, in-situ temperature measurement of a joint sealant product was carried out. To evaluate the change in the rheological properties of the product after the installation, due to aging, DSR testing was made for both a fresh and an installed sample. Chemical analysis using HP-GPC was also carried out to see the difference in the state of the polymer used as modifier in the product. The results ensured the suitability of IR thermography for non-destructive quality control during installation of bituminous joint sealants. Overheating of polymer-modified bituminous binders during the installation must be avoided to prevent thermal aging of the polymer. In case the deterioration of the polymer takes place,...
ABSTRACT This study presents first results and practical experiences with the new EMPA Mobile IR-... more ABSTRACT This study presents first results and practical experiences with the new EMPA Mobile IR-measurement System (EMIR) which consists of an infrared-thermography camera with data acquisition system mounted on a vehicle. The IR-measurements with EMIR were carried out on different asphalt pavements and bridge deck surfacings for quality assurance as well as maintenance and rehabilitation management purposes. It was found that distress types such as hidden blisters and cavities in asphalt pavement structures can be detected successfully and effectively, provided that the measurements are made under changing temperature conditions in the field. The results demonstrate that EMIR is a valuable tool for early stage distress detection to avoid costly pavement repair and to optimize the planning of rehabilitation measures.
In Switzerland as in Germany, the tensile adhesion test is commonly carried out to evaluate adhes... more In Switzerland as in Germany, the tensile adhesion test is commonly carried out to evaluate adhesion between polymer-modified bituminous waterproofing membranes (PBM) and concrete in-situ. As a supplemental method, 90° peel test has been also carried out at EMPA over a decade. Recently, an apparatus suitable for the laboratory testing has been developed to study the adhesion mechanism under a controllable climate condition in regard with the in-situ test results. In this paper, the latest experiences from EMPA concerning the in-situ adhesion testings, i.e. tensile adhesion and 90° peel tests, are summarised. Parameters influencing 90° peel strengths, such as peel rate and testing temperature, are discussed based on the results obtained by the laboratory test. The discussion includes a comparison of the results obtained by the 90° peel test with the tensile adhesion test. It may contribute to the standardisation of the in-situ 90° peel test as a Swiss Standard SIA 281/2. As a supplementary method to the mechanical tests, in-situ non-destructive test method using infrared-thermography is introduced to detect the insufficiently adhered membranes, which will possibly result in blistering.
The results of studying the parameters influencing the quality of watertight seams in single-ply ... more The results of studying the parameters influencing the quality of watertight seams in single-ply roof-coverings for flat and low-sloped roofs during heat-welding are summarized in this paper. Seam samples of four different single-ply roof-covering products, i.e. atactic polypropylene (APP)-modified bitumen, styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS)-modified bitumen, ethylene-copolymerized bitumen (ECB), and plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were prepared by welding at various hot-air temperatures and speeds. The seam strengths of the specimens cut off from the heat-welded samples were measured by the T-peel test. The results were supplemented by observation of fracture propagation during the test. The T-peel strength of heat-welded seams is correlated to the hot-air temperature and welding speed. For the bituminous products, there is a limitation to the hot-air temperature at which the seam will attain an acceptable T-peel strength. For the thermoplastic products, the welding sp...
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