Everett (1983) has proposed that, under certain conditions, replicability provides an answer to the question of the number of dimensions to retain in component analysis. But replicability must logically be a function of sample size as... more
Everett (1983) has proposed that, under certain conditions, replicability provides an answer to the question of the number of dimensions to retain in component analysis. But replicability must logically be a function of sample size as well as dimensionality. In the present study, the effects of sample size and sample composition are systematically examined on the replicability of principal components. Using observer ratings of personality from the California Adult Q-Set, comparability coefficients are examined in 192 series of principal ...
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Abstract 1. Presents results of a secondary analysis of TD Wilson and PW Linville's (see record 1982-26799-001) study that reported an attributional intervention that helped college freshmen to improve their academic... more
Abstract 1. Presents results of a secondary analysis of TD Wilson and PW Linville's (see record 1982-26799-001) study that reported an attributional intervention that helped college freshmen to improve their academic performance. One long-term behavioral relationship, the tendency of Ss not experiencing the attributional therapy to leave college, proved on closer scrutiny to have an implication opposite to the one required by Wilson and Linville: The departing students had higher GPAs than did the students who remained in college. ...
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Abstract 1. Almost 50 years ago, in 1937, Gordon Allport defined'trait'as"... a generalized and focalized neuropsychic system,(peculiar to the individual), with the capacity... more
Abstract 1. Almost 50 years ago, in 1937, Gordon Allport defined'trait'as"... a generalized and focalized neuropsychic system,(peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior (1937, p. 295)." But today, the term'trait'is out of vogue. Much of the reason for this lies in a misunderstanding of the concept: the truth is that most of the empirical literature has little to say about traits. While a number of epistemological and ...
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Initiatives which are intended to reduce the risk of a terrorist attack may impact not only civil liberties including privacy, but civil rights or equality as well. In the present paper, we consider conceptual tradeoffs among attitudes... more
Initiatives which are intended to reduce the risk of a terrorist attack may impact not only civil liberties including privacy, but civil rights or equality as well. In the present paper, we consider conceptual tradeoffs among attitudes towards security, civil liberties and civil rights, and examine the psychometric structure of these attitudes in both congressional ratings and survey data. An
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Abstract 1. In the first chapter of this book, I examine the theoretical (or, more accurately, metatheoretical) concept of trait.... Proper measurement of traits requires a conceptually sound index of consistency, and in Chapter 2, I... more
Abstract 1. In the first chapter of this book, I examine the theoretical (or, more accurately, metatheoretical) concept of trait.... Proper measurement of traits requires a conceptually sound index of consistency, and in Chapter 2, I propose that individual differences in scalability provide such an index. In Chapter 3, I examine some expected relations between scalability scores and traditional" elevation" measures of traits. In the remaining chapters, I present a series of empirical investigations. The first of these, Chapter 4, assesses ...
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Everett (1983) has proposed that, under certain conditions, replicability provides an answer to the question of the number of dimensions to retain in component analysis. But replicability must logically be a function of sample size as... more
Everett (1983) has proposed that, under certain conditions, replicability provides an answer to the question of the number of dimensions to retain in component analysis. But replicability must logically be a function of sample size as well as dimensionality. In the present study, the effects of sample size and sample composition are systematically examined on the replicability of principal components. Using observer ratings of personality from the California Adult Q-Set, comparability coefficients are examined in 192 series of principal ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In a longitudinal study using the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT), we examined changes in ego development in response to the events of September 11, 2001. A sample of 24 individuals responded to the WUSCT in both... more
In a longitudinal study using the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT), we examined changes in ego development in response to the events of September 11, 2001. A sample of 24 individuals responded to the WUSCT in both the summer and fall of 2001, before and after the events of September 11. A significant decrease in mean ego level was found following September 11, as well as more equivocal support for an increase in variability in responses to the WUSCT.
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Abstract Three concerns that limit the implications of normative decision research were described in this study. First, because there is no unequivocal way to determine whether any particular base rate is appropriate in a particular... more
Abstract Three concerns that limit the implications of normative decision research were described in this study. First, because there is no unequivocal way to determine whether any particular base rate is appropriate in a particular instance, the significance of the apparent base rate underutilization reported by a number of investigators is unclear. Second, because there are discrepancies between natural language and formal logic, word problems are an uncertain domain within which to gauge human inferential skills. Third, because different ...
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Abstract 1. On a composite sample of 940 individuals assessed at the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, a series of analyses examining the extent and nature of correspondence between (1) observer descriptions of personality... more
Abstract 1. On a composite sample of 940 individuals assessed at the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, a series of analyses examining the extent and nature of correspondence between (1) observer descriptions of personality using the California Q-Set and (2) scores on the standard scales of the self-report California Psychological Inventory was performed. The instruments converged in the domains of social competence (vs interpersonal inadequacy), rectitude (vs rebellion), intellectual openness, tender- ...
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Abstract 1. The dimensionality of personality ratings on the California Adult Q-set (CAQ) is examined in a sample of 940 Ss. Solutions of between 5 and 15 factors are examined; interrater agreement is assessed for items, factors, and... more
Abstract 1. The dimensionality of personality ratings on the California Adult Q-set (CAQ) is examined in a sample of 940 Ss. Solutions of between 5 and 15 factors are examined; interrater agreement is assessed for items, factors, and items partialing factors. Results suggest that the 5 personality factors are important yet not exhaustive in accounting for common factor variance in the CAQ. Furthermore, interjudge agreement extends beyond the 5 dimensions. Likely explanations for these results are considered, and implications are ...
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Abstract 1. Presents results of a secondary analysis of TD Wilson and PW Linville's (see record 1982-26799-001) study that reported an attributional intervention that helped college freshmen to improve their academic... more
Abstract 1. Presents results of a secondary analysis of TD Wilson and PW Linville's (see record 1982-26799-001) study that reported an attributional intervention that helped college freshmen to improve their academic performance. One long-term behavioral relationship, the tendency of Ss not experiencing the attributional therapy to leave college, proved on closer scrutiny to have an implication opposite to the one required by Wilson and Linville: The departing students had higher GPAs than did the students who remained in college. ...
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Abstract 1. A scalability approach to the assessment of individual differences in consistency is proposed. For a given trait, a person is scalable to the extent that his or her behavior parallels the evocativeness or difficulty level of... more
Abstract 1. A scalability approach to the assessment of individual differences in consistency is proposed. For a given trait, a person is scalable to the extent that his or her behavior parallels the evocativeness or difficulty level of situations or test items. Scalability can be assessed on a wide variety of data sets; measures of scalability are not formally entailed by traditional summary measures. In an empirical investigation, several measures of scalability are found to be reliable and to contribute uniquely, although modestly, to prediction. In ...
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Abstract To forecast four-year, two-year, and single-course grades in college, a California Psychological Inventory (CPI) equation (30.60-. 26Wb+. 35Re-. l9Gi+. 39Ai+. 22Ie+. 36Py) was developed. Cross-validational coefficients for scores... more
Abstract To forecast four-year, two-year, and single-course grades in college, a California Psychological Inventory (CPI) equation (30.60-. 26Wb+. 35Re-. l9Gi+. 39Ai+. 22Ie+. 36Py) was developed. Cross-validational coefficients for scores on the equation were. 38 for 326 males and. 36 for 570 females.
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Abstract Family background data and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) protocols were obtained from 1643 Greek students (825 males, 818 females), from 19 schools in upper, above average, below average, and lower socioeconomic... more
Abstract Family background data and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) protocols were obtained from 1643 Greek students (825 males, 818 females), from 19 schools in upper, above average, below average, and lower socioeconomic districts of the City of Athens. Students were enrolled in Grades 8 and 9 (gymnasio) or 10 through 12 (likio). Background variables, individual CPI scales, and a combination of six CPI scales developed earlier to forecast high school academic achievement in the United States were related to ...
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Initiatives which are intended to reduce the risk of a terrorist attack may impact not only civil liberties including privacy, but civil rights or equality as well. In the present paper, we consider conceptual tradeoffs among attitudes... more
Initiatives which are intended to reduce the risk of a terrorist attack may impact not only civil liberties including privacy, but civil rights or equality as well. In the present paper, we consider conceptual tradeoffs among attitudes towards security, civil liberties and civil rights, and examine the psychometric structure of these attitudes in both congressional ratings and survey data. An examination of ipsative preferences, a circumplex analysis and analyses of latent structure converge in supporting the position that tradeoffs in post‐9/11 America are ...
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Cognitive theories of psychopathology argue that thoughts play an active role between external events and subjective experience. These approaches suggest a "mediation hypothesis": adaptive thoughts should serve as... more
Cognitive theories of psychopathology argue that thoughts play an active role between external events and subjective experience. These approaches suggest a "mediation hypothesis": adaptive thoughts should serve as buffers against life stresses. In the present study, we gathered data from 125 subjects regarding (1) the levels of stress they had experienced in the recent past; (2) their current feelings of anxiety and depression; and (3) the extent to which they endorsed illogical, unrealistic views of life. Contrary to the mediation hypothesis, no differential impact of environmental stress was found across levels of adaptive cognitions. Rather, adaptive cognitions emerged as a powerful independent variable, showing strong direct relations with measures of distress. It is argued that improved measures of environmental distress will be necessary to provide a more powerful test of the mediation hypothesis.
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Psychologists, political scientists, and experts in election law present a multidisciplinary perspective on voting. Personality characteristics such as motivation, values, and efficacy are considered, as are demographic variables such as... more
Psychologists, political scientists, and experts in election law present a multidisciplinary perspective on voting. Personality characteristics such as motivation, values, and efficacy are considered, as are demographic variables such as education, age, and social class Examines the reciprocal relationship that exists in the functions of voting for individual and society: the interplay between persons and institutions gives rise to the perception that a government is or is not legitimate, and to the sense that an individual does, or does not, ...