Papers by Jurnal Kimia Valensi
Abstrak Urang aring (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk secara tradisional telah banyak digunakan sebagai tu... more Abstrak Urang aring (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk secara tradisional telah banyak digunakan sebagai tumbuhan obat. Daun urang-aring banyak digunakan untuk mengobati sesak nafas, sakit kepala, sakit gigi, bronkhitis, gangguan haid, dan sebagai penyubur rambut. Ekstrak dari tumbuhan urang aring dari berbagai jenis pelarut menunjukkan beberapa aktivitas seperti antioksidan dan antibakteri. Dalam penelitian ini telah dikaji uji aktivitas antioksidan dari wedelolakton murni hasil isolasi dari daun urang aring. Proses isolasi dilakukan secara konvensional menggunakan cara maserasi, partisi, dan kromatografi kolom serta dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan KLT, LCMS dan spektroskopi UV-Vis dan NMR. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan, isolat wedelolakton mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan IC 50 pada konsentrasi (5.6±0.5) ug/mL didampingi dengan asam askorbat sebagai kontrol positif. Kata kunci: Eclipta alba L., wedelolaktone, uji aktivitas anti oksidan, DPPH. Abstract Urang aring plants (Eclipta alba (L.)) Hassk has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant. Leaf of urang-aring widely used to treat asphyxia, headache, toothache, bronchitis, menstrual disorders, and as a fertilizer hair. Extracts from Eclipta alba (L.) Hass plants from various types of solvents show some activities such as antioxidants and antibacterials. In this research has been studied antioxidant activity test from wedelolactone isolate resulted from Eclipta alba (L.) Hass leaves. The isolation process is carried out conventionally by means of maceration, partition, and column chromatography and characterized by TLC, LCMS and UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that wedelolactone isolate had antioxidant activity of IC 50 at concentration (5.6 ± 0.5) ppm.
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Abstrak Tingginya konsentrasi fosfor sebagai fosfat ke dalam sistem akuatik mengakibatkan eutrofi... more Abstrak Tingginya konsentrasi fosfor sebagai fosfat ke dalam sistem akuatik mengakibatkan eutrofikasi yang berujung pada terjadinya algae blooming. Input fosfat dalam sistem akuatik ini dicurigai dipengaruhi oleh pelepasan fosfat yang terikat pada besi(III) hidroksida ketika tereduksi menjadi besi(II) di sedimen, sehingga diperlukan pengukuran fosfat dan besi(II) secara simultan. Teknik diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) merupakan salah satu metode pengukuran in-situ yang dikembangkan untuk pengukuran fosfat dan logam. Teknik DGT diteliti menggunakan binding gel campuran TiO2-Chelex. Metode baru ini memperkenalkan penggunakan TiO2 hasil sintesis melalui metode sol-gel sebagai agen pengikat fosfat dan resin Chelex-100 sebagai agen pengikat logam Fe(II). DGT yang terdiri dari diffusive layer dan binding layer diuji kemampuannya dalam menyerap logam labil besi(II) dan fosfat secara terpisah, kemudian diuji homogenitasnya. DGT dengan binding gel TiO2-Chelex diuji pada sejumlah variasi waktu pengukuran, konsentrasi larutan, dan pH. Hasil analisis menggunakan spektrofotometer AAS untuk logam besi dan spektrofotometer UV-Vis untuk fosfat menunjukkan bahwa waktu optimum untuk pengukuran DGT adalah 24 jam. DGT dengan binding gel TiO2-Chelex optimum mengukur fosfat pada larutan dengan pH 5.2 dan pH 6 dan optimum mengukur besi(II) pada pH netral (pH 7). DGT TiO2-Chelex memiliki kapasitas pengukuran 5.86 mg/L untuk fosfat dan 53.41 mg/L untuk logam besi(II). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa, binding gel campuran TiO2-Chelex yang telah dibuat dalam sistem DGT dapat menyerap logam Fe(II) dan fosfat secara simultan dengan baik. Abstract The high phosphorus as phosphate input into aquatic systems causes eutrophication which leads to the occurrence of algae blooming. Phosphate input in aquatic systems is influenced by the release of suspected phosphate bound to iron(III) when reduced to iron(II) in the sediment. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is one of the in-situ measurement methods developed for the measurement of phosphate and metals. DGT technique was studied using gel bindings mixture of TiO2-Chelex. This new method introduces the use synthesis of TiO2 via sol-gel method and resin Chelex-100 as phosphate and iron(II) binding agents, respectively. DGT composed of diffusive and binding layer was tested for their ability to absorb iron(II) and phosphate separately, and homogeneity. DGT with bindings TiO2-Chelex gel was tested at various measurement time, solution concentration, and pH. The results of the analysis using AAS for iron and UV-Vis spectrophotometer for phosphate showed that the optimum time for DGT measurement is 24 hours. Optimum measurement of DGT with bindings gel TiO2-Chelex was reached at pH around pH 5.2 and 6 for phosphate, and neutral (pH 7) for iron(II). TiO2-Chelex DGT measurement capacity was 5.86mg/L and 53.41 mg/L for phosphate and iron (II), respectively. In conclusion, the TiO 2-Chelex mixed binding gel that was made can absorb iron (II) and phosphate simultaneously.
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Two flavanoid compounds, catechin (1) and epicatechin (2), have been isolated from the stembark o... more Two flavanoid compounds, catechin (1) and epicatechin (2), have been isolated from the stembark of Chisocheton pentandrus. The chemical structure of compounds1and2were identified by spectroscopic data including, UV, IR, NMR (1 H, 13 C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1 H-1 H COSY) and MS and by comparing with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2, were isolated in this plant for first time and showed no cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Abstrak Sintesis senyawa N-Oktilsinnamamid yang diturunkan dari senyawa metil trans-sinamat denga... more Abstrak Sintesis senyawa N-Oktilsinnamamid yang diturunkan dari senyawa metil trans-sinamat dengan menggunakan katalis basa telah dilakukan. Senyawa metil sinamat terlebih dahulu dikonversi menjadi asam sinamat melalui reaksi hidrolisis dengan basa menghasilkan asam sinamat. Selanjutnya asam sinamat diamidasi dengan menggunakan oktilamin dan 1,3 disikloheksilkarboodiimide (DCC) dan 4-dimetilaminopiridin (DMAP) sebagai katalis. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh rendemen hasil sintesis asam sinamat, sintesis N-Oktilsinnamami yang cukup baik. Hasil reaksi diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR dan LC-MS. Uji sitotoksik senyawa N-Oktilsinamamid terhadap sel leukemia P388 diperoleh nilai IC 50 = 6.71 µg/mL. Abstract Synthesis of N-Octylcinnamamide compound derived from methyl trans-cinnamate using abase catalyst has been done. First, The compound of methyl trans-cinnamate was converted into cinnamic acid by hydrolysis reaction with an alkaline condition. Furthermore cinnamic acid was amidated by using octylamine and 1.3 dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst. The results of this study were obtained synthesis of cinnamic and synthesis of N-Octylcinnamamide are good enough. Identification of this product was using by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and LC-MS. Cytotoxic test of N-Octylcinnamamide against P388 leukemia cells was obtained IC 50 = 6.71µg/mL.
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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kain poliester yang terde... more Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kain poliester yang terdeposit senyawa HDTMS (P-HDTMS) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25924. Larutan HDTMS dibuat dengan melarutkan senyawa HDTMS dalam etanol 4%. Larutan HDTMS kemudian didepositkan pada sampel kain Poliester. Uji aktivitas antibakteri P-HDTMS dilakukan melalui metode difusi dengan mengukur diameter zona bening di sekitar sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa HDTMS telah terdeposit pada kain poliester. Hasil uji zona bening menunjukkan bahwa P-HDTMS memiliki diameter zona bening sebesar 9.25 mm pada waktu inkubasi selama 60 jam. Dengan demikian P-HDTMS mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25924. Abstract This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity of polyester which was deposited by hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25924. The HDTMS solution was made by dissolving the HDTMS compound in 4% ethanol. The HDTMS solution was then deposited on a polyester fabric sample. The antibacterial activity test of P-HDTMS was conducted with diffusion method by measuring the diameter of clear zone around the sample. The results of this research showed that HDTMS compound has been deposited on polyester fabrics. The clear zone test results showed that P-HDTMS has diameter of clear zone of 9.25 mm at incubation time of 60 hours. Thus, P-HDTMS has an antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25924.
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Abstrak Titanium dioksida (TiO 2) merupakan semikonduktor yang memiliki fungsi sebagai fotokatali... more Abstrak Titanium dioksida (TiO 2) merupakan semikonduktor yang memiliki fungsi sebagai fotokatalis, sel surya, anti bakteri, anti polutan, dan anti buram. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan aktifitas fungsional TiO 2 dengan menggeser daerah aktifitas atau energi celah pita (E g) dari sinar ultra violet (UV) ke daerah sinar tampak melalui penambahan zat pensensitif TiO 2. Pada penelitian ini, perak klorida (AgCl) digunakan sebagai zat pensensitif TiO 2. Tujuan penelitianini untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi perbandingan mol awal [Ti 8 O 12 (H 2 O) 24 ] 8 .Cl 8 .HCl.7H 2 O dengan AgNO 3 terhadap sifat-sifat fisik TiO 2 tersensitifkan AgCl (TiO 2 @AgCl) yang disintesis dengan metode pengendapan basah dalam suasana asam. Variasi perbandingan awal yang digunakan yaitu perbandingan mol [Ti 8 O 12 (H 2 O) 24 ] 8 .Cl 8 .HCl.7H 2 O :mol AgNO 3 sebesar 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, dan 1:13 yang dilarutkan dalam pelarut etanol (total pelarut 37.5 mL). Sampel padat TiO 2 @AgCl dihasilkan dengan metode pengendapan basah dalam kondisi asam melalui pengontrolan asam HNO 3 pada pH~1. Sampel dihasilkan dari penguapan filtrat yang bebas dari endapan AgCl, hingga volume yang didapat setengah dari volume awal. Sampel TiO 2 @AgCl dikarakterisasi dengan berbagai instrumen: Difraktometer Sinar-X (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (SEM-EDAX), dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua sampel TiO 2 @AgCl berisi 1 fasa nanopartikel (nanokristalit) TiO 2 dan 3 fasa kristal yaitu rutil, anatas, dan AgCl.TiO 2 @AgCl memiliki bentuk morfologi berupa mikrosferik dengan ukuran berkisar 0.5-1 μm. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance menunjukkan semua sampel TiO 2 @AgCl mengabsorbsi sinar ultra violet (UV) dengan E g sebesar 2.87-3.89 eV, dan sinar tampak dengan E g sebesar 1.60-2.40 eV. Kata kunci: Titanium dioksida, suasana asam, sifat-sifat fisik, metode pengendapan kimia. Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is a semiconductor that can be applied in the field of photocatalyst, solar cell, anti-bacterial, anti-pollutants, and anti-fogging. The functional activity of TiO 2 can be increased by shifting the activity area from ultraviolet (UV) to visible through the addition of sensitizer. In this research, silver chloride (AgCl) was used as a sensitizer The objective of the research is to study the effect of the initial mole comparison of [Ti 8 O 12 (H 2 O) 24 ] 8 .Cl 8 .HCl.7H 2 O and AgNO 3 on the physical properties of AgCl-sensitized TiO 2 (TiO 2 @AgCl). All TiO 2 @AgCl were synthesized using the wet chemical precipitation method under acidic conditions by the addition of a concentrated HNO 3 with pH ~ 1. The initial comparison variation used was the mole ratio of [Ti 8 O 12 (H 2 O) 24 ] 8 .Cl 8 .HCl.7H 2 O : AgNO 3 of 1: 9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, and 1:13. Each of these materials was dissolved in ethanol to 37.5 ml. All samples were produced from evaporation of filtrate free from AgCl
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Abstrak Zat warna direct red-23 merupakan pewarna sintetik dengan struktur senyawa organik yang b... more Abstrak Zat warna direct red-23 merupakan pewarna sintetik dengan struktur senyawa organik yang bersifat non-biodegradable. Zat warna direct red-23 mengandung senyawa azo dan bersifat karsinogenik. Zat warna direct red-23 didegradasi secara fotolisis menggunakan sinar UV (ultraviolet), sinar matahari, tanpa dan dengan penambahan katalis C-N-codoped TiO2. Larutan zat warna direct red-23setelah dan sebelum didegradasi diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 400-800 nm. Penentuan berat optimum katalis C-N-codoped TiO2 dilakukan dengan metode fotolisis sinar UV dan didapatkan berat optimum 15 mg. Persen degradasi zat warna direct red-23 secara fotolisis sinar UV dan sinar matahari tanpa katalis C-N-codoped TiO2 27.47% dan 13.74%. Persen degradasi meningkat menjadi 68.68% dan 28.57% dengan penambahan 15 mg katalis C-N-codoped selama 120 menit fotolisis. Dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan metode fotolisis dengan sinar UV lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan sinar matahari. Abstract Direct red-23 dye is a synthetic dye that is widely used in textile industry. Wastes generated from textile industrial processes are generally non-biodegradable organic compounds containing azo compounds and carcinogenic. Direct red-23 dye was degraded by photolysis UV Light method, solar irradiation, without and addition of C-N-codoped TiO2 catalyst. The results degradation of direct red-23 were measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 400-800 nm. Determination of optimum weight of the C-N-codoped TiO2 catalyst was performed by photolysisUV Light method and the optimum C-N-codoped TiO2 catalyst is obtained 15 mg. Percent degradation of direct red-23 dye by photolysis of UV light and solar irradiation without C-N-codoped TiO2 to 27.47% and 13.74%. Percent degradation increased to 68.68% and 28.57% by adding C-N-codoped TiO2 catalyst was adding 120 menutes of photolysis. From the research it can be concluded by photolysis with UV Light methodis more efficient compared to solar radiation.
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Abstrak Penyulingan minyak nilam tradisional dilakukan dalam kapasitas kecil dan menggunakanmetod... more Abstrak Penyulingan minyak nilam tradisional dilakukan dalam kapasitas kecil dan menggunakanmetode penyulingan sederhanaberdasarkan pada perbedaan titik didih yang jauh atau salah satu komponen bersifat volatil. Proses ini menghasilkan kualitas minyak nilam kurang baik seperti bilangan asam lebih dari 8, minyak berwarna gelap, patchouli alkohol kurang dari 30%, dan kadarair tinggi.Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penyulingan minyak dari tanaman nilam menggunakan kombinasi metode yaitu fermentasi-delignifikasi, destilasi dan pemurnian untuk meningkatkan kualitas minyak nilam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kombinasi proses fermentasi-delignifikasi-destilasi-adsorpsi menghasilkan kualitas minyak nilam yang lebih baik dengan kualitas bilangan asam, kandungan patchouli alkohol, kadar air dan bobot jenis berturut-turut adalah 7.48, 35.60%, 0.56%, 0.0957. Abstract The traditional distillation of patchouli oil conducted in small capacity and using a simple distillation method based on differences of wide a boiling point or one component is volatile. This process results a poor quality of patchouli oils such as the acid numbers is more than 8, dark-colored oils, patchouli alcohols content is less than 30%, and high water content. In this research has been done oil distillation from patchouli plants using a combination of methods i.e. fermentation-delignification, distillation and purification to improve of patchouli oil quality. The results show that the combination of the fermentation-delignification-distillation-adsorption is better in quality of patchouli oil with the acid number, patchouli alcohol content, water content and density were 7.48, 35.60%, 0.56%, and 0.0957 respectively.
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Docking simulation is important in the process of drug design, mainly used for the prediction of ... more Docking simulation is important in the process of drug design, mainly used for the prediction of interactions receptor(protein)–substrate. This study aims to understand the interaction between Chromium(III) nicotinate [Cr(O-nic) 2 (OH-) (H 2 O) 3 ] and [Cr(N-nic) 2 (OH-)(H 2 O) 3 ] with the position of trans and cis as a substrate with receptors Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase(PTP). The chromium(III) nicotinic complexes an antidiabetic supplement that have been demonstrated in vitro, to determine the role of chromium(III) nicotinic as a supplement antidiabetic learned through the docking mechanism. The optimization of the complex structure of chromium(III) nicotinic using Gaussian 09, the docking process is performed using Autodock Vina. The docking results showed that trans[Cr(O-nic) 2 (OH-)(H 2 O) 3 ] position interact with Leu13, Gly14, Cys17, Arg18, Trp49 and Asn50 with the interaction energy is-6.5 kcal/mol. As for the structure model cis[Cr(O-nic) 2 (OH-)(H 2 O) 3 ] have-6.1 kcal/mol interaction energy and the amino acid Ile16, Trp49, Asn50, Arg53, Asp56 and Tyr131. The similar things at model of N-coordinated to Cr with trans[Cr(N-nic) 2 (OH-)(H 2 O) 3 ] position interact with amino acids Leu13, Ser47, Trp49, Asn50 and Tyr131 the interaction energy is-6.5 kcal/mol. The ONIOM calculation showed the bond between the complexes of chromium(III) nicotinic with PTP is hydrogen bonding. The best interactions with the receptor are the structure model trans[Cr(O-nic) 2 (OH-)(H 2 O) 3 ] with the lowest interaction energy interaction.
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Abstrak Telah dipelajari efisiensi dan mekanisme inhibisi korosi karboksimetil kitosan (KMK) pada... more Abstrak Telah dipelajari efisiensi dan mekanisme inhibisi korosi karboksimetil kitosan (KMK) pada permukaan baja lunak dalam larutanH 2 SO 4. Efisiensi inhibisi korosi ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode pengukuran berat hilang (Weight Loss Method), sedangkan mekanisme inhibisi korosi dipelajari berdasarkan hasil analisis karakterisasi Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray(SEM-EDX). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi inhibisi korosi KMK dalam H 2 SO 4 mencapai 65.12%. Hasil analisis karakterisasi memperlihatkan mekanisme inhibisi KMK pada permukaan baja lunak melalui peristiwa adsorpsi kimia membentuk lapisan pasif berupa senyawa Fe-khelatmelalui unsur O dari gugus –OH dan N dari gugus –NH 2 dari molekul KMK Kata kunci : Efisiensi inhibisi korosi, karboksimetil kitosan, mekanisme inhibisi Abstract The corrosion inhibition efficiencyandmechanism ofcarboxymethylchitosan(CMC) on the surface ofmild steel in H 2 SO 4 solution has studied. Determination of the corrosion inhibition efficiency measurement used Weight Loss Method (WLM), whereas the mechanism of corrosion inhibition studied based on the analysis characterizing Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of CMC reaches 65.12%. Characterization analysis results showed inhibition mechanism CMC on mild steel surface through chemical adsorption events form a passive layer of Fe-chelate compounds through O elementof-OH group and N element of-NH 2 group of molecules KMK.
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Ethyl acetate fraction of the Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg extract have a potency to tr... more Ethyl acetate fraction of the Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg extract have a potency to treat the cardiovascular diseases have poorly solubility in water. The purpose of this study was to improve the solubility of the extract. One of method to improve the solubility of the extract by mixing with cyclodextrin polymers and their derivatives. Hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a water-soluble polymer can enhance the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) activity. Three comparisons extract and ß-cyclodextrin were: 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 by mixing with the addition hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose 0.12%of the total weight of extract and β-CD for each formula. The sample was prepared by kneading method. The sample characterization was used Karl Fischer titration, Scanning Electron Microscopy and solubility study.Content of total flavonoid from the extract was 32.7%. The Result showed that the addition polymer combination of β-CD + HPMC caused increasing the solubility of extract in water7.04% (F1), 19.47% (F2) and 59.92% (F3) compared to extract control with significant differences at level of confidence 95% (p ≤ 0.05).
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Ethyl acetate fraction of the Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg extract have a potency to tr... more Ethyl acetate fraction of the Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg extract have a potency to treat the cardiovascular diseases have poorly solubility in water. The purpose of this study was to improve the solubility of the extract. One of method to improve the solubility of the extract by mixing with cyclodextrin polymers and their derivatives. Hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a water-soluble polymer can enhance the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) activity. Three comparisons extract and ß-cyclodextrin were: 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 by mixing with the addition hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose 0.12%of the total weight of extract and β-CD for each formula. The sample was prepared by kneading method. The sample characterization was used Karl Fischer titration, Scanning Electron Microscopy and solubility study.Content of total flavonoid from the extract was 32.7%. The Result showed that the addition polymer combination of β-CD + HPMC caused increasing the solubility of extract in water7.04% (F1), 19.47% (F2) and 59.92% (F3) compared to extract control with significant differences at level of confidence 95% (p ≤ 0.05).
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Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan sekam padi sebagai penyerap ion logam tembaga... more Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan sekam padi sebagai penyerap ion logam tembaga dan timbal dalam air limbah telah dilakukan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode statis (batch). Penentuan kondisi optimum meliputi massa adsorben, pH, konsentrasi adsorbat dan lama pemanasan. Hasil analisis menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (AAS) menunjukkan efisiensi penyerapan tertinggi pada air limbah multikomponen mencapai 99.38% untuk ion logam Pb. Analisis air limbah laboratorium kimia UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, menunjukkan penyerapan tertinggi mencapai 78.57% untuk ion logam Cu. Kata kunci : sekam padi, adsorben ion logaam timbal, adsorben ion logam tembaga, air limbah Abstract This research aims to rice huskas absorbent of copper and lead metalions in the waste water. The method used is a static method (batch). Determination of optimum conditions includes adsorbent mass, pH, absorbate concentration and duration of heating. The analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) showed the highest absorption efficiency of Pb metal ion in multicomponent wastewater reached 99,38%. The analysis of wastewater from chemistry laboratorium UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta showed, the highest absorption of Cu metal ion was 78,57%.
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Abstrak Losartan, senyawa antagonis reseptor angiotensin II, mempunyai bioavailabilitas oral 0.25... more Abstrak Losartan, senyawa antagonis reseptor angiotensin II, mempunyai bioavailabilitas oral 0.25-0.35. Bioavailabilitas yang rendah ini dapat diatasi dengan penghantaran obat secara transdermal. Enhancer sering ditambahkan ke dalam formula sediaan transdermal, misalnya propilen glikol (PG). Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh kadar propilen glikol terhadap permeasi transdermal losartan pada kadar obat yang berbeda. Penelitian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan sel difusi tipe vertikal dilakukan terhadap empat formula yaitu 2% potasium losartan (k-los) :15% PG (F1), 10% k-los :15% PG (F2), 2% k-los :20% PG (F3), dan 10% k-los: 20% PG (F4) dengan dapar sitrat pH 5 sebagai mediumnya. Kulit punggung tikus jantan galur wistar digunakan sebagai membran, PBS pH 7,4 sebagai medium kompartemen reseptor, dan HPLC untuk pengukuran kadar k-los dalam kompartemen reseptor dengan detektor UV. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar k-los dari 2% ke 10% pada kadar PG 15% meningkatkan fluks, sedangkan pada kadar 20% tidak berpengaruh terhadap fluks. Peningkatan kadar PG dari 15% ke 20% justru menurunkan fluks pada kadar k-los 2%, dan tidak berpengaruh pada kadar k-los 10%. Nilai lag time tidak berbeda diantara semua fomula. Hal ini berarti penggunaan enhancer PG lebih dari 15% justru merugikan permeasi transdermal. Abstract Losartan is an angiotensin receptor antagonis which has low oral bioavailability (0.25-0.35). Transdermal drug delivery system is needed as one solution for this low oral bioavailability drug. Propilen glikol (PG), as enhancer, is frequently added in transdermal dosage form. This research was purposed to explore the effect of PG as losartan permeation enhancer in various concentration of potasium losartan (k-los). The research was carried out in vitro using vertical tipe difusion cel for 4 formulas, i.e. 2% potasium losartan (k-los) :15% PG (F1), 10% k-los :15% PG (F2), 2% k-los :20% PG (F3), and 10% k-los: 20% PG (F4) using citric buffer pH 5 as donor medium, while PBS pH 7,4 was used as receptor medium. The dorsal skin of white wistar male rat was used as membrane. HPLC with UV detector was used to determine the concentration of k-los appear in receptor compartment. The results show that increasing of k-los concentration from 2% to 10% can increase the flux if PG concentration is 20%, but it does not have any significant effect to the flux if the PG concentration is 15%. Increasing PG concentration from 15% to 20% decrease the flux permeation in k-los concentration of 2%, and does not have any significant effect in concentration of k-los of 10%. The lag time permeation does not has any significant differencess. It means that PG as enhancer in the concentration above 15% doesn't have any adventages.
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Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjad... more Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjadi bahan kimia penyusun bahan bakar. Komponen asam lemak pada CPO RBD dengan komposisi terbesar adalah asam palmitat (38.2%) dan asam oleat (45.89%). Pembuatan biodiesel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang telah dimurnikan melalui reaksi transesterfikasi dengan pereaksi etanol dan katalisator KOH. Penambahan urea sebagai zat aditif pada reaksi dapat meningkatkan kualitas biodiesel yang diperoleh serta lebih efisien dalam tahapan pemurnian. Persentase kadar FAME (Fatty Acid Metyl Ester) setara dengan persen yield biodiesel pada proses reaksi tanpa penambahan urea adalah 90.34% dan mengalami peningkatan setelah penambahan urea sebesar 98%. Densitas yang dihasilkan pada reaksi tanpa zat aditif 0.868 gr/ ml dan reaksi dengan penambahan zat aditif memiliki densitas 0.866 gr/ml, kedua produk tersebut telah sesuai dengan standar SNI yakni berkisar 0.85–0.89. Abstract Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils have potential to be converted into constituent of chemicals fuel. Fatty acids in the RBD palm oil with the largest composition are palmitic acid (38.2%) and oleic acid (45.89%). Production of fuel which substitute diesel fuel (biodiesel) from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which has been purified by transesterification reaction with ethanol reagent and KOH catalyst. The addition of urea as an additive substancein the reaction to improve the quality as well as more efficient biodiesel obtained in the purification stages. Percentage value of FAME(Fatty Acid Metyl Ester)or yield biodiesel in the reaction without the addition of urea is 90.34% and after the addition of urea increased by 98%. Density of product that produced in the reaction without additives is 0.868 g / ml and for reaction with additives has a density of 0.866 g / ml, both of these products are met the criteria of SNI standards which ranged from 0.85 to 0.89.
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Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjad... more Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjadi bahan kimia penyusun bahan bakar. Komponen asam lemak pada CPO RBD dengan komposisi terbesar adalah asam palmitat (38.2%) dan asam oleat (45.89%). Pembuatan biodiesel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang telah dimurnikan melalui reaksi transesterfikasi dengan pereaksi etanol dan katalisator KOH. Penambahan urea sebagai zat aditif pada reaksi dapat meningkatkan kualitas biodiesel yang diperoleh serta lebih efisien dalam tahapan pemurnian. Persentase kadar FAME (Fatty Acid Metyl Ester) setara dengan persen yield biodiesel pada proses reaksi tanpa penambahan urea adalah 90.34% dan mengalami peningkatan setelah penambahan urea sebesar 98%. Densitas yang dihasilkan pada reaksi tanpa zat aditif 0.868 gr/ ml dan reaksi dengan penambahan zat aditif memiliki densitas 0.866 gr/ml, kedua produk tersebut telah sesuai dengan standar SNI yakni berkisar 0.85–0.89. Abstract Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils have potential to be converted into constituent of chemicals fuel. Fatty acids in the RBD palm oil with the largest composition are palmitic acid (38.2%) and oleic acid (45.89%). Production of fuel which substitute diesel fuel (biodiesel) from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which has been purified by transesterification reaction with ethanol reagent and KOH catalyst. The addition of urea as an additive substancein the reaction to improve the quality as well as more efficient biodiesel obtained in the purification stages. Percentage value of FAME(Fatty Acid Metyl Ester)or yield biodiesel in the reaction without the addition of urea is 90.34% and after the addition of urea increased by 98%. Density of product that produced in the reaction without additives is 0.868 g / ml and for reaction with additives has a density of 0.866 g / ml, both of these products are met the criteria of SNI standards which ranged from 0.85 to 0.89.
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Abstrak Membran reaktor merupakan konsep perpaduan dari sistem reaksi dan proses pemisahan/pemurn... more Abstrak Membran reaktor merupakan konsep perpaduan dari sistem reaksi dan proses pemisahan/pemurnian. Membran ini disebut juga sebagai membran katalis atau sistem katalis-membran. Dengan membran reaktor ini diharapkan konversi suatu reaksi dapat ditingkatkan dan diperoleh suatu produk yang memiliki tingkat kemurnian lebih tinggi. Sebagai katalis digunakan silica alumina yang berukuran 1,0 mm. Membran anorganik zeolit MFI dilapiskan menutupi seluruh permukaan katalis. Bahan baku yang digunakan antara lain tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) sebagai sumber silikat dan template organik tetraprophyl ammonium bromide (TPABr). Proses kristalisasi dilakukan pada temperatur 453 K di dalam autogeneous autoclave, dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi pada temperatur 873 K selama 1 jam. Karakterisasi membran zeolit yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan X-ray diffraction (XRD) dan pengamatan dengan Scanning Electron Mycroscope (SEM). Karakteristik pori dipelajari menggunakan metode physisorption dan BJH pore size distribution. Selain itu dilakukan pula uji selektifitas dan alkilasi toluena dan xylene. Berdasarkan pengamatan menggunakan XRD mengindikasikan adanya struktur zeolit MFI pada sampel membrane katalis yang dihasilkan. Diperkuat dengan obserbasi SEM menunjukkan bahwa membran zeolit MFI melapisi seluruh permukaan pelet silika alumina dan terdapat indikasi terjadinya komposit terhadap silika alumina pada daerah perbatasan antara membran zeolit atau lapisan bagian luar dengan katalis silika alumina. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan hasil bahwa membran reaktor zeolit MFI berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan sebagai membran katalis yang bersifat sangat selektif terhadap bentuk suatu molekul. Abstract Membrane fusion reactor is the concept of system reactions and separation processes of purification. These membranes are called also catalyst membrane or catalyst-membrane system. With the reactor membrane is expected conversion of a reaction can be increased and obtained a product having a higher purity. As the silica alumina catalyst used measuring 1.0 mm. MFI zeolite coated inorganic membranes covering the entire surface of the catalyst. The raw materials used include tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) as the source of silicates and organic template tetrapropyl ammonium bromide (TPABr). Crystallization process carried out at a temperature of 453 K in the autogeneous autoclave, followed by calcination at a temperature of 873 K for 1 hour. Characterization of zeolite membranes produced performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron observations with Mycroscope (SEM). Pore characteristics were studied using physisorption method and BJH pore size distribution. In addition, the selectivity of the test is also conducted and alkylation of toluene and xylene. Based on observations using XRD indicates a structure of MFI zeolite membrane on the resulting catalyst samples. Reinforced with SEM showed that the MFI zeolite membrane coating the entire surface of the silica alumina pellets and there are indications of the silica alumina composites in the border area between zeolite membrane or outer coating with silica alumina catalyst. The results show that the results of MFI zeolite reactor membrane has the potential to be applied as a catalyst membrane that is highly selective to form a molecule.
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Abstrak Tepung sukun (Artocarpus communis) merupakan tepung yang bebas gluten sehingga baik digun... more Abstrak Tepung sukun (Artocarpus communis) merupakan tepung yang bebas gluten sehingga baik digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam pembuatan cookies untuk anak penderita autis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap cookies sukun dan berbagai formulasinya dibandingkan dengan cookies berbahan dasar tepung lain yang meliputi pengaruh penambahan bahan tambahan terhadap sifat kimia, fisika, daya terima cookies sukun, kadar kalsium dan fosforus cookies sukun, dan mengetahui cookies sukun tersukai memenuhi standar mutu cookies menurut SNI 01-2973-1992 atau tidak. Uji organoleptik dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesukaan dan penerimaan panelis terhadap cookies sukun dibandingkan dengan cookies berbahan dasar tepung lain (terigu, beras, sagu) dan cookies sukun dalam berbagai formulasi. Parameter yang digunakan meliputi warna, aroma, tekstur, rasa dan penerimaan keseluruhan. Uji kadar kalsium dilakukan menggunakan spektroskopi serapan atom pada λ 422.7 nm dan kadar fosforus menggunakan spektroskopi UV-Vis pada λ 880 nm. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam anova dan analisis Duncan. Cookies sukun memiliki penerimaan yang rendah dibandingkan cookies tepung lain berdasarkan penerimaan rasa dan penerimaan umum. Formulasi cookies sukun memperbaiki sifat fisik (aroma, rasa, warna, dan tekstur) dan daya terima cookies sukun oleh panelis. Cookies sukun tersukai adalah formulasi 718 dengan bahan tambahan susu kedelai. Mutu cookies sukun tersukai formulasi 718 sesuai dengan SNI 01-2973-1992 kecuali kadar protein yang masih rendah 8.05% dan terdapat kandungan tembaga dengan sebesar 1.56 ppm. Cookies sukun tersukai memiliki kadar kalsium dan fosforus tertinggi dibandingkan dengan tepung sukun dan cookies komersil untuk anak penderita autis sehingga cookies sukun tersukai sangat baik dikonsumsi oleh anak penderita autis. Abstract Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) has been reported as a functional food ingredient for autistic children. This study aims to determine the level of A panelist on cookies breadfruit and various formulations compared to other flour-based cookies which include the effect of additives on the properties of chemistry, physics, power accept cookies breadfruit, calcium and phosphorus levels cookies breadfruit, breadfruit cookies and find out the most preferred if it meets quality standards according to SNI 01-2973-1992 cookies or not. Organoleptic test was conducted to determine the level of preference and acceptance panelist on cookies breadfruit compared with other flour-based cookies (wheat, rice, sago) and breadfruit cookies in a variety of formulation. The parameters used include, colour, frageance, texture, flavor and overall acceptance. Calcium level test performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy method at λ 422.7 nm and phosphorus levels using UV-Vis spectroscopy at λ 880 nm. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance anova and Duncan analysis. The test results showed Cookies breadfruit organoleptif have low enrollment compared to other flour cookies views of the average revenue flavor and general acceptance of cookies breadfruit, breadfruit cookies formulations can improve the physical properties (fragrance, flavor, color, and texture) and acceptance of cookies breadfruit by panelists. An increase in the average value of A formulation compared breadfruit cookies before formulation. Cookies are breadfruit tersukai 718 formulations with soy milk additives. Quality breadfruit cookies tersukai 718 formulations in general accordance with SNI 01-2973-1992 except protein content and contained 8.05% Cu content with a small concentration (1.56 ppm). Cookies breadfruit tersukai
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