The first illnesses and only deaths in Washington State resulting from paralytic shellfish poison... more The first illnesses and only deaths in Washington State resulting from paralytic shellfish poisoning were documented in the 1940s, resulting in the establishment of one of the longest monitoring programs for paralytic shellfish toxins in commercial and recreational shellfish in the United States. An analysis of the Washington Department of Health's monitoring data for the Puget Sound area has allowed us to examine temporal changes in shellfish toxin levels and geographical distribution of shellfish harvesting closures. The values of toxins in shellfish were normalized to control for variable levels of toxin accumulation in different shellfish species by dividing individual values by the yearly average for a given species. These normalized values increased significantly over the past five decades, indicating that the observed increase in paralytic shellfish toxin levels in Puget Sound shellfish was not caused by the shift in species monitored. A geospatial map of the first shellf...
Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable ... more Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable and unpredictable, resulting in emergency closures of harvest areas in 1991, 1998, and 1999. Information concerning toxin variability relative to sampling location is important in developing a reliable plan for managing domoic acid outbreaks. In November 1998, record levels of domoic in razor clams (up to 295 ppm) were reported at Kalaloch Beach, Washington. Due to the long toxin retention time in these clams, a resource survey at Kalaloch conducted during the summer of 1999 presented an opportunity for the study of domoic acid levels as a function of tidal elevation and north-south beach location. From July 28-31, 1999 (during the summer low tides) razor clams were collected from six “east-west” transects at Kalaloch Beach, approximately 1.6 km apart. Each clam was individually analyzed for domoic acid in order to determine the distribution of toxin between (interspecific variability) a...
K E Y W O R D S : D o m o ic ac id , a m n e s ic she llf ish p o iso n in g (A S P ) , D u n g e... more K E Y W O R D S : D o m o ic ac id , a m n e s ic she llf ish p o iso n in g (A S P ) , D u n g en ess c ra b , C a n c er m a g is te r , razo r c la m s . S iliq u a p a tu la IN T R O D U C T IO N D o m o i c a c id ( D A ) is t h e n a tu ra l ly o c c u r r i n g n e u r o to x ic a m in o ac id re s p o n s ib le fo r a m n e s i c sh e l l f i s h p o i s o n in g (A S P ) (Q u i l l i a m a n d W r i g h t 1 9 89 , T o d d 19 9 3 ) . T h i s m a r i n e b io to x in c a u s e s g a s t ro in te s t in a l a n d n e u ro lo g ic a l s y m p t o m s in h u m a n s w i th in 2 4 4 8 h o u r s o f c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d s y m p t o m s r a n g e f ro m s im p le n a u se a a n d v o m i t in g to h e a d a c h e , c o n f u s i o n , p e r m a n e n t s h o r t t e rm m e m o ry lo s s , c o m a , a n d e v e n d e a th . S in c e 1 98 7 , s tu d ie s in C a n a d a and e l s e w h e r e h a v e fo u n d th a t d o m o i c ac id c a n o r ig in a te f ro m p h y t o ...
The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United Stat... more The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United States in the late summer of 1991 in Monterey Bay, California. By October of 1991, domoic acid was found in razor clams (Siliqua patula) and in the viscera of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. In response to this outbreak, the National Marine Fisheries Service, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Fisheries began analysis of Washington State razor clams for the period from November 1991 to June 1993. This survey indicated that domoic acid levels in the edible portion of the razor clams peaked in December of 1991 (average of all Washington state coastal sites: 106 ppm) and followed a slow decline to the present day low levels (< 5 ppm). Sixteen months after the maximum level, domoic acid has not completely disappeared from the razor clams from the Washington State beaches. Unlike mussels (Mytilus edulis), where the toxin is found only in the viscera, domoic acid distributes itself throughout the various body parts of the razor clam. The highest concentration occurs in the foot or "digger" and the lowest in the siphon or "neck." The concentration of domoic acid in the razor clam foot reached a high of 230 ppm.
Domoic acid (DA) was first reported in mussels from Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987. It rea... more Domoic acid (DA) was first reported in mussels from Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987. It reappeared in anchovies and pelicans from Monterey Bay, California, in 1991. Later that year, domoic acid was found in razor clams and Dungeness crabs along the Washington and Oregon coasts. Since the initial outbreak, a variety of analytical methods for the detection of this neurotoxin have been developed. Here, we describe a modification to the solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up step in Quilliam's HPLC-UV method (1991: NRCC No. 33001). The standard 10% acetonitrile (MeCN) wash and 0.5M ammonium citrate buffer (ACB) in 10% MeCN (pH = 4.5) eluting solution have been replaced with a 0.1M sodium chloride (NaCl) in 10% MeCN wash and a 0.5M NaCl in 10% MeCN eluting solution. This modification allows the analysis to work equally well on both clam and crab viscera and meat. Chromatograms of visceral samples no longer contain interfering or late eluting peaks; and all chromatograms are free of the large solvent peak tailing associated with the ACB eluent. The newly modified method allows for an improved and more versatile domoic acid analysis.
The amnesic shellfish poison domoic acid is produced by marine algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschi... more The amnesic shellfish poison domoic acid is produced by marine algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. We have developed a portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor system for the detection of domoic acid. Because of concerns with domoic acid contamination of shellfish, there is a need for rapid field quantification of toxin levels in both shellfish and seawater. Antibodies were raised
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed one of three different diets, based with on fish meal, s... more Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed one of three different diets, based with on fish meal, soybean meal, or egg white, containing varying levels of zinc. Several fish tissues were analyzed for zinc content after 202 d to determine if any tissue was a sensitive indicator of zinc status. Caudal fin and whole-body zinc levels of the fish were found
The first illnesses and only deaths in Washington State resulting from paralytic shellfish poison... more The first illnesses and only deaths in Washington State resulting from paralytic shellfish poisoning were documented in the 1940s, resulting in the establishment of one of the longest monitoring programs for paralytic shellfish toxins in commercial and recreational shellfish in the United States. An analysis of the Washington Department of Health's monitoring data for the Puget Sound area has allowed us to examine temporal changes in shellfish toxin levels and geographical distribution of shellfish harvesting closures. The values of toxins in shellfish were normalized to control for variable levels of toxin accumulation in different shellfish species by dividing individual values by the yearly average for a given species. These normalized values increased significantly over the past five decades, indicating that the observed increase in paralytic shellfish toxin levels in Puget Sound shellfish was not caused by the shift in species monitored. A geospatial map of the first shellf...
Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable ... more Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable and unpredictable, resulting in emergency closures of harvest areas in 1991, 1998, and 1999. Information concerning toxin variability relative to sampling location is important in developing a reliable plan for managing domoic acid outbreaks. In November 1998, record levels of domoic in razor clams (up to 295 ppm) were reported at Kalaloch Beach, Washington. Due to the long toxin retention time in these clams, a resource survey at Kalaloch conducted during the summer of 1999 presented an opportunity for the study of domoic acid levels as a function of tidal elevation and north-south beach location. From July 28-31, 1999 (during the summer low tides) razor clams were collected from six “east-west” transects at Kalaloch Beach, approximately 1.6 km apart. Each clam was individually analyzed for domoic acid in order to determine the distribution of toxin between (interspecific variability) a...
K E Y W O R D S : D o m o ic ac id , a m n e s ic she llf ish p o iso n in g (A S P ) , D u n g e... more K E Y W O R D S : D o m o ic ac id , a m n e s ic she llf ish p o iso n in g (A S P ) , D u n g en ess c ra b , C a n c er m a g is te r , razo r c la m s . S iliq u a p a tu la IN T R O D U C T IO N D o m o i c a c id ( D A ) is t h e n a tu ra l ly o c c u r r i n g n e u r o to x ic a m in o ac id re s p o n s ib le fo r a m n e s i c sh e l l f i s h p o i s o n in g (A S P ) (Q u i l l i a m a n d W r i g h t 1 9 89 , T o d d 19 9 3 ) . T h i s m a r i n e b io to x in c a u s e s g a s t ro in te s t in a l a n d n e u ro lo g ic a l s y m p t o m s in h u m a n s w i th in 2 4 4 8 h o u r s o f c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d s y m p t o m s r a n g e f ro m s im p le n a u se a a n d v o m i t in g to h e a d a c h e , c o n f u s i o n , p e r m a n e n t s h o r t t e rm m e m o ry lo s s , c o m a , a n d e v e n d e a th . S in c e 1 98 7 , s tu d ie s in C a n a d a and e l s e w h e r e h a v e fo u n d th a t d o m o i c ac id c a n o r ig in a te f ro m p h y t o ...
The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United Stat... more The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United States in the late summer of 1991 in Monterey Bay, California. By October of 1991, domoic acid was found in razor clams (Siliqua patula) and in the viscera of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. In response to this outbreak, the National Marine Fisheries Service, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Fisheries began analysis of Washington State razor clams for the period from November 1991 to June 1993. This survey indicated that domoic acid levels in the edible portion of the razor clams peaked in December of 1991 (average of all Washington state coastal sites: 106 ppm) and followed a slow decline to the present day low levels (< 5 ppm). Sixteen months after the maximum level, domoic acid has not completely disappeared from the razor clams from the Washington State beaches. Unlike mussels (Mytilus edulis), where the toxin is found only in the viscera, domoic acid distributes itself throughout the various body parts of the razor clam. The highest concentration occurs in the foot or "digger" and the lowest in the siphon or "neck." The concentration of domoic acid in the razor clam foot reached a high of 230 ppm.
Domoic acid (DA) was first reported in mussels from Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987. It rea... more Domoic acid (DA) was first reported in mussels from Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987. It reappeared in anchovies and pelicans from Monterey Bay, California, in 1991. Later that year, domoic acid was found in razor clams and Dungeness crabs along the Washington and Oregon coasts. Since the initial outbreak, a variety of analytical methods for the detection of this neurotoxin have been developed. Here, we describe a modification to the solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up step in Quilliam's HPLC-UV method (1991: NRCC No. 33001). The standard 10% acetonitrile (MeCN) wash and 0.5M ammonium citrate buffer (ACB) in 10% MeCN (pH = 4.5) eluting solution have been replaced with a 0.1M sodium chloride (NaCl) in 10% MeCN wash and a 0.5M NaCl in 10% MeCN eluting solution. This modification allows the analysis to work equally well on both clam and crab viscera and meat. Chromatograms of visceral samples no longer contain interfering or late eluting peaks; and all chromatograms are free of the large solvent peak tailing associated with the ACB eluent. The newly modified method allows for an improved and more versatile domoic acid analysis.
The amnesic shellfish poison domoic acid is produced by marine algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschi... more The amnesic shellfish poison domoic acid is produced by marine algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. We have developed a portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor system for the detection of domoic acid. Because of concerns with domoic acid contamination of shellfish, there is a need for rapid field quantification of toxin levels in both shellfish and seawater. Antibodies were raised
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed one of three different diets, based with on fish meal, s... more Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed one of three different diets, based with on fish meal, soybean meal, or egg white, containing varying levels of zinc. Several fish tissues were analyzed for zinc content after 202 d to determine if any tissue was a sensitive indicator of zinc status. Caudal fin and whole-body zinc levels of the fish were found
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