This document provides the results of environmental monitoring studies done in support of the 24 ... more This document provides the results of environmental monitoring studies done in support of the 24 April 2002 launch of the Quick Reaction Launch Vehicle (QRLV-2) from the Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC), Kodiak Island, Alaska. The University of Alaska Anchorage's Environment and Natural Resources Institute (ENRI) conducted the studies under contract to the Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (AADC), which is a state-owned entity. An Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) was developed by ENRI for five environmental monitoring tasks: Steller sea lion surveys, rocket motor noise measurements, bald eagle nest monitoring, Steller's eider surveys, and environmental quality monitoring. The EMP had a design life of five launches, with the last occurring in November 2001. AADC subsequently requested that ENRI develop an integrated series of environmental studies for KLC launches in 2002. Four prelaunch and three postlaunch bird surveys were successfully conducted 20-26 April. ENRI cond...
Abstract Activities of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MO) system and GSH-transferase (GST) we... more Abstract Activities of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MO) system and GSH-transferase (GST) were monitored about every 2 weeks in sockeye salmon during their sexual migration and ultimate death. Liver cytosol and microsomes were prepared from ...
The reasons for the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among Alaskan Eskimos are o... more The reasons for the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among Alaskan Eskimos are only partly understood. This study examines the association of fatty acid metabolism in 68 Alaskan Eskimos with NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 386 with normal glucose tolerance > 24 years old. The prevalence of NIDDM was 12% and IGT was 18% in those > 54 years of age and in those < 55 years of age was 3.7% and 3.0%, respectively. Those with abnormal glucose tolerance had lower concentrations of some omega-3 fatty acids (FAs 18:3 omega-3, 20:5 omega-3) and some omega-6 FAs (18:3 omega-6, 20:3 omega-6, 22:4 omega-6) and higher concentrations of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1 omega-9) than the normo-glycemic participants. These data provide evidence that glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are associated with a deviation from a traditional diet of fish and marine mammals (high in omega-3 FAs and low in saturated fats) to commercial foods (low in omeg...
To test the efficacy of a simple intervention method to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes (... more To test the efficacy of a simple intervention method to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Alaskan Eskimos. The study consisted of 1) a comprehensive screening for risk factors of 454 individuals in 4 villages, 2) a 4-year intervention and 3) a repetition of the screening in year 5 to test the efficacy of the intervention. Personal counseling (1hr/year) stressed the consumption of more traditional foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and less of certain specific store-bought foods high in palmitic acid, which was identified as being associated with glucose intolerance. The intervention resulted in significant reductions in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (p = 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.0001), fasting glucose (p = 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0007) and improved glucose tolerance (p = 0.0006). This occurred without loss of body weight. Sixty percent of the participants had improved glucose tolerance; only one of th...
... 000 1987 Ptrsumon Journals Ltd HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PROCHLORON SPECIES WILLIA... more ... 000 1987 Ptrsumon Journals Ltd HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PROCHLORON SPECIES WILLIAM R BARCLAY +,JOHN M ... Orange brown Yellow Yellow Yellow Absorbs Absorbs Absorbs Absorbs * Colours were matched against Windsor & Newton artist oil ...
ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are being introduced into the marine environment from a variety of sources ... more ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are being introduced into the marine environment from a variety of sources including combustion processes, crude oil spills, fuel oil spills, and controlled disposal such as processed ballast water. Even in the relatively clean waters of Alaska hydrocarbons are being released at an alarming rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for the metabolism of a representative hydrocarbon by Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch liver microsomes. The product of cyclohexane metabolism in the salmon microsomal system was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as cyclohexanol. Conditions of the microsome incubation were varied systematically to determine the optimum temperature, pH, and ionic strength for cyclohexanol production. Cyclohexanol was quantified by capillary column gas chromatography. Maximum cyclohexanol formation was achieved at 20°C, a pH of 8·0–8·5 and an ionic strength of 0·026. A linear rate of cyclohexanol formation is seen from 0–60 min of incubation and there is an apparent decrease in the rate from 60–90 min. Poor stability of the microsomal preparation from the species studied was also identified and several stability studies have been undertaken using cyclohexane metabolism as a monitor.
Analysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concen... more Analysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concentrations. This task becomes even more difficult when samples are from organisms living in remote locations with very little exposure to environmental contamination. Therefore, enrichment of CFA is necessary prior to analysis. In this study, CFA were enriched from fractionated lipid classes of cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to determine CFA distribution among lipid classes and tissue types and to demonstrate the sensitivity of this method to detect CFA at trace concentrations. The lipids extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscle of O. tshawytscha were separated into fractions containing TAG, FFA, and phospholipids. After transesterification, the FAME derivatives from each lipid class were analyzed by GC with a halogen-selective detector (XSD) to determine the concentrations of dichlorostearic acid and dichloropalmitic acid. Other chlorinated compounds detected by GC-XSD were analyzed by GC-MS. CFA were observed in all lipid classes in both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. However, the highest concentrations of CFA were found in the phospholipids of both tissue types, about 1-2 mg/g lipid. It was also shown that dichloropalmitic acid concentrated in cardiac phospholipids whereas dichlorostearic acid was found primarily in the phospholipids of skeletal tissue. CFA concentrations in TAG and FFA fractions were below 150 mg/g lipid. This study demonstrates a small-scale approach to the study of CFA at trace concentrations and their distribution among lipid classes.
Page 1. Protein Hydrolysis in Coho and Sockeye Salmon During Partially Frozen Storage JSFRENCH, D... more Page 1. Protein Hydrolysis in Coho and Sockeye Salmon During Partially Frozen Storage JSFRENCH, DE KRAMER, and JM KENNISH ... Significant changes were observed in nine other protein bands. A 35,000 dalton protein was present only in coho salmon. ...
International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2007
ABSTRACT The five major lipid classes present in the light and dark flesh of 22 freshly caught so... more ABSTRACT The five major lipid classes present in the light and dark flesh of 22 freshly caught sockeye salmon were separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel using a two-stage development. Each class was then quantitatively analysed for fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. The dark flesh contains over eight times more lipid than does light flesh, and has a greater proportion of triglycerides and monounsaturated fatty acids. The predominant phospholipid in the light flesh is phosphatidylcholine, whereas in dark flesh it is phosphatidylethanolamine. Both light and dark flesh are rich sources of the nutritionally important omega-3 fatty acids.
This document provides the results of environmental monitoring studies done in support of the 24 ... more This document provides the results of environmental monitoring studies done in support of the 24 April 2002 launch of the Quick Reaction Launch Vehicle (QRLV-2) from the Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC), Kodiak Island, Alaska. The University of Alaska Anchorage's Environment and Natural Resources Institute (ENRI) conducted the studies under contract to the Alaska Aerospace Development Corporation (AADC), which is a state-owned entity. An Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) was developed by ENRI for five environmental monitoring tasks: Steller sea lion surveys, rocket motor noise measurements, bald eagle nest monitoring, Steller's eider surveys, and environmental quality monitoring. The EMP had a design life of five launches, with the last occurring in November 2001. AADC subsequently requested that ENRI develop an integrated series of environmental studies for KLC launches in 2002. Four prelaunch and three postlaunch bird surveys were successfully conducted 20-26 April. ENRI cond...
Abstract Activities of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MO) system and GSH-transferase (GST) we... more Abstract Activities of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MO) system and GSH-transferase (GST) were monitored about every 2 weeks in sockeye salmon during their sexual migration and ultimate death. Liver cytosol and microsomes were prepared from ...
The reasons for the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among Alaskan Eskimos are o... more The reasons for the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among Alaskan Eskimos are only partly understood. This study examines the association of fatty acid metabolism in 68 Alaskan Eskimos with NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 386 with normal glucose tolerance > 24 years old. The prevalence of NIDDM was 12% and IGT was 18% in those > 54 years of age and in those < 55 years of age was 3.7% and 3.0%, respectively. Those with abnormal glucose tolerance had lower concentrations of some omega-3 fatty acids (FAs 18:3 omega-3, 20:5 omega-3) and some omega-6 FAs (18:3 omega-6, 20:3 omega-6, 22:4 omega-6) and higher concentrations of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1 omega-9) than the normo-glycemic participants. These data provide evidence that glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are associated with a deviation from a traditional diet of fish and marine mammals (high in omega-3 FAs and low in saturated fats) to commercial foods (low in omeg...
To test the efficacy of a simple intervention method to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes (... more To test the efficacy of a simple intervention method to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Alaskan Eskimos. The study consisted of 1) a comprehensive screening for risk factors of 454 individuals in 4 villages, 2) a 4-year intervention and 3) a repetition of the screening in year 5 to test the efficacy of the intervention. Personal counseling (1hr/year) stressed the consumption of more traditional foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and less of certain specific store-bought foods high in palmitic acid, which was identified as being associated with glucose intolerance. The intervention resulted in significant reductions in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (p = 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.0001), fasting glucose (p = 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0007) and improved glucose tolerance (p = 0.0006). This occurred without loss of body weight. Sixty percent of the participants had improved glucose tolerance; only one of th...
... 000 1987 Ptrsumon Journals Ltd HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PROCHLORON SPECIES WILLIA... more ... 000 1987 Ptrsumon Journals Ltd HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PROCHLORON SPECIES WILLIAM R BARCLAY +,JOHN M ... Orange brown Yellow Yellow Yellow Absorbs Absorbs Absorbs Absorbs * Colours were matched against Windsor & Newton artist oil ...
ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are being introduced into the marine environment from a variety of sources ... more ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are being introduced into the marine environment from a variety of sources including combustion processes, crude oil spills, fuel oil spills, and controlled disposal such as processed ballast water. Even in the relatively clean waters of Alaska hydrocarbons are being released at an alarming rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for the metabolism of a representative hydrocarbon by Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch liver microsomes. The product of cyclohexane metabolism in the salmon microsomal system was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as cyclohexanol. Conditions of the microsome incubation were varied systematically to determine the optimum temperature, pH, and ionic strength for cyclohexanol production. Cyclohexanol was quantified by capillary column gas chromatography. Maximum cyclohexanol formation was achieved at 20°C, a pH of 8·0–8·5 and an ionic strength of 0·026. A linear rate of cyclohexanol formation is seen from 0–60 min of incubation and there is an apparent decrease in the rate from 60–90 min. Poor stability of the microsomal preparation from the species studied was also identified and several stability studies have been undertaken using cyclohexane metabolism as a monitor.
Analysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concen... more Analysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concentrations. This task becomes even more difficult when samples are from organisms living in remote locations with very little exposure to environmental contamination. Therefore, enrichment of CFA is necessary prior to analysis. In this study, CFA were enriched from fractionated lipid classes of cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to determine CFA distribution among lipid classes and tissue types and to demonstrate the sensitivity of this method to detect CFA at trace concentrations. The lipids extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscle of O. tshawytscha were separated into fractions containing TAG, FFA, and phospholipids. After transesterification, the FAME derivatives from each lipid class were analyzed by GC with a halogen-selective detector (XSD) to determine the concentrations of dichlorostearic acid and dichloropalmitic acid. Other chlorinated compounds detected by GC-XSD were analyzed by GC-MS. CFA were observed in all lipid classes in both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. However, the highest concentrations of CFA were found in the phospholipids of both tissue types, about 1-2 mg/g lipid. It was also shown that dichloropalmitic acid concentrated in cardiac phospholipids whereas dichlorostearic acid was found primarily in the phospholipids of skeletal tissue. CFA concentrations in TAG and FFA fractions were below 150 mg/g lipid. This study demonstrates a small-scale approach to the study of CFA at trace concentrations and their distribution among lipid classes.
Page 1. Protein Hydrolysis in Coho and Sockeye Salmon During Partially Frozen Storage JSFRENCH, D... more Page 1. Protein Hydrolysis in Coho and Sockeye Salmon During Partially Frozen Storage JSFRENCH, DE KRAMER, and JM KENNISH ... Significant changes were observed in nine other protein bands. A 35,000 dalton protein was present only in coho salmon. ...
International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2007
ABSTRACT The five major lipid classes present in the light and dark flesh of 22 freshly caught so... more ABSTRACT The five major lipid classes present in the light and dark flesh of 22 freshly caught sockeye salmon were separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel using a two-stage development. Each class was then quantitatively analysed for fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. The dark flesh contains over eight times more lipid than does light flesh, and has a greater proportion of triglycerides and monounsaturated fatty acids. The predominant phospholipid in the light flesh is phosphatidylcholine, whereas in dark flesh it is phosphatidylethanolamine. Both light and dark flesh are rich sources of the nutritionally important omega-3 fatty acids.
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