Igor Krupnik

ABSTRACT. The Ross Sea polynya is one of the most productive areas of the Southern Ocean; however, little is known about how plankton there respond to inhibitory solar exposure, particularly during the early-spring period of enhanced UVB (290– 320 nm) due to ozone depletion. Responses to solar exposure of the phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages were studied aboard the research ice breaker Nathaniel B. Palmer during cruises NBP0409 and NBP0508. Photosynthesis and bacterial production (thymidine and leucine incorporation) were measured during in situ incubations in the upper 10 m at three stations, which were occupied before, during, and after the annual peak of a phytoplankton bloom dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica. Near-surface production was consistently inhibited down to 5– 7 m, even when some surface ice was present. Relative inhibition of phytoplankton increased and productivity decreased with increas-ing severity of nutrient limitation as diagnosed using F v / F m , a measure of the maximum photosynthetic quantum yield. Relative inhibition of bacterial production was high for both the high-biomass and postbloom stations, but sensitivity of thymidine and leucine uptake differed between stations. These results provide the fi rst direct evidence that solar exposure, in particular solar ultraviolet radiation, causes signifi cant inhibition of Ross Sea productivity.

Produced by the ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for IPY 2007–2008 By: Ian Allison and Michel Beland (Co-Chairs), Keith Alverson, Robin Bell, David Carlson, Kjell Danell, Cynan Ellis-Evans, Eberhard Fahrbach, Edith Fanta, Yoshiyuki Fujii, Gisbert Gilbertson, Leah Goldfarb, Grete Hovelsrud-Broda, Johannes Huber, Vladimir Kotlyakov, Igor Krupnik, Jeronimo Lopez-Martinez, Tillmann Mohr, Dahe Qin, Volker Rachold, Chris Rapley, Odd Rogne, Eduard Sarukhanian, Colin Summerhayes, Cunde Xiao

By analyzing designs on Old Bering Sea, Okvik and other later Eskimo cultures, it is possible to reconstruct the design system of its predecessor termed Palaeoeskimo. Th e more complex motifs of Old Bering Sea represent a series of styles that developed abruptly aft er adopting iron for engraving, while the simpler forms of Birnirk and Dorset cultures represent the descendents of Palaeoeskimos, relegated to the peripheries of the Eskimo world, who irrupted into its center much later. Burial data, collected by Russians from the 1950s–1980s, from Cape Dezhneva reveals a considerable diversity in ethnic composition. Changes in style occurred abruptly; no transitional forms are known. Ipiutak culture provides an example of an Old Bering Sea group who migrated to North America at a

The paper introduces a new vision advanced by the recent project, Arctic People and Animal Crashes: Human, Climate and Habitat Agency in the Anthropocene (2014–2015) developed at the Smithsonian Institution. Unlike earlier top-down models of polar animal-climate-people connections that tied changes in Arctic species’ abundance and ranges to alternating warmer and cooler temperatures or high ice/low sea-ice regimes, rapid animal declines (‘crashes’) may be better approached at regional and local scales. This approach is close to Arctic peoples’ traditional vision that animals, like people, live in ‘tribes’ and that they ‘come and go’ according to their relations with the local human societies. As the Arctic changes rapidly and climate/sea-ice/ecotone boundaries shift, we see diverse responses by Arctic people and animals to environmental stressors. I examine recent data on the status of three northern mammal species – caribou/reindeer, Pacific walrus, and polar bear—during two decades of the ongoing Arctic warming. The emerging record may be best approached as a series of local human-animal disequilibria interpreted from different angles by population biologists, indigenous peoples, and anthropologists, rather than a top-down climate-induced ‘crash.’ Such new understanding implies the varying speed of change in the physical, animal, and human domains, which was not factored in the earlier models of climate–animal–people’s interactions.

An international team of highly respected scholars has come together to produce a popular account of the politics of contemporary Inuit whaling. This book presents a well-argued case in support of the desire to revive and revitalize traditional whaling practices among the Inuit from Siberia to Greenland. It also serves as a readable introduction to the Inuit culture of whaling for non-specialists and would be especially useful for introductory or second year level classes in anthropology, ecology, and international politics.The opening two chapters look at the importance of Inuit whaling today and the historical practice of whaling among the Inuit from the ethnographic literature. The real strength of these chapters comes from the extensive quotations by Inuit of how they perceive and understand whaling in the context of their own culture. I was personally most interested in the extensive data from the Siberian Inuit. With the collapse of the Soviet regime, they face many difficulties both in terms of finding adequate food for their communities and of dealing with the confusing regulatory and infrastructural arrangements that have appeared with perestroika. At the same time, while the text is particularly good at outlining the nutritional and economic importance of whaling, I was disappointed in the sections on cultural and spiritual significance. While the text cites the work of Lowenstein (1993) and Bodenhorn (1990), it fails to draw on the exciting insights both of these authors have provided on Alaskan whaling.With the contemporary and historical ethnographic data well- established, the heart of the argument appears in Chapter 3, "Human Rights and the International Whaling Commission." The tone for the remainder of the book shifts from anthropological reporting to advocacy. The authors argue that with the addition of non- whaling members to the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the increasing stridency of environmental and animal rights groups, the IWC no longer fulfils its mandate to conserve the whaling stock for the development of the whaling industry. Rather the IWC has become an administrative obstacle in the path of those peoples and nations that wish to continue whaling. As such, the IWC not only fails to fulfil its mandate with respect to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, but may also be violating the United Nations Charter of Human Rights. The case is supported by a review of the complex relations between the various multinational organizations that regulate whaling, and by particular case studies of the decision-making process at recent IWC conventions.If one is to support the Inuit desire to revitalize the whaling component of their culture, then one must be prepared to argue that the Inuit are competent to manage this potentially scarce and endangered resource (although this book does present evidence that questions the extent to which whaling resources really are endangered). This is precisely what the fourth chapter of the book analyzes. …

... 1982) and the series of treatises on Jewish epigraphs on Georgian ter-ritory by ... 11 Igor Mikhaylovich Dyakonov (b. 1915), outstanding Soviet orientalist; honorary Fellow of the Royal ... Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle, 'The term "Canaan" in medieval Hebrew', in R. Jakobson ...

Franz Boas, the “founding father” of North American anthropology, has long been credited with many pioneer contributions to the field of Arctic anthropology, as a result of his first and only fieldwork among the Inuit on Baffin Island, following the First International Polar Year 1882–1883. In this new “polar year” the SIKU project has initiated several studies of the Inuit

Since Ernest S. Burch, Jr.’s passing in 2010, several colleagues collaborated to compile as complete a “Burch Bibliography” as possible. Our sources are as varied as were Tiger’s publication outlets. Among the sources we have scoured for citations are Tiger’s Curriculum Vitae, which appeared in numerous updated versions over the years; the bibliographies in Burch’s own publications, online citation search engines, our personal research notes and fi les, publications lists from several obituaries (Csonka 2010; Krupnik 2010a, 2010b; Krupnik and Stern 2012; Pratt 2011), and the Burch Collection at UAF (Stern, this volume). We present the list of Tiger Burch’s publications, reviews, major unpublished reports and manuscripts, and known oral presentations below, which is organized chronologically. The fi rst three types are lumped together and the known oral presentations (papers presented at conferences, addresses, etc.) and unpublished manuscripts are presented separately. Following the established journal pattern , publications that Tiger Burch coauthored and which show him as the fi rst author are indicated by an “and,” while the word “with” is used to identify those publications where he was the second (or third) author. We believe that the published record of Tiger Burch is covered very thoroughly and we do not expect any major “unknown” publications to surface shortly. To the contrary, our grasp of his oral presentations and unpublished works is all but preliminary. Unlike his many university-based colleagues, Tiger was very prudent in not recording his oral papers, contributions ‘in press’ or unpublished texts in his subsequent vitae and did not keep a list of these materials or such a list has not been found. A full catalog of Tiger’s unpublished manuscripts will most certainly come later, after a thorough examination of his papers at the UAF archives. For the record of Tiger’s papers given as oral presentations we examined the annual meeting schedules, programs and books of abstracts of major professional meetings that Tiger attended on a regular basis, such as the American Anthropological Association (AAA) annual meetings, Alaska Anthropological Association annual meetings (aaa), Inuit Studies Conferences, International Congresses of Arctic Social Sciences, and other sources. There are no doubt other papers he presented that we have not identifi ed. We are grateful to Theresa Thibault, who assisted us by going through her complete collection of the annual aaa meeting programs.

By early 2005, following the publication of the Framework document (Rapley et al., 2004) and the call for the ‘Expressions of Intent’ (EoI) for IPY projects (Chapter 1.3), a significant transition was apparent in the IPY process. An identifiable IPY community was emerging and becoming active in the evolving IPY network. At the same time, national committees and international organizations began to interact with the emerging IPY structure to ensure their role in the planning process. Though the core elements of IPY 2007–2008 were nominally in place since October-November 2004 — the Joint Committee, the International Programme Office, the Subcommittees of Data Management and Education, and the network of science teams behind emerging IPY projects — few were yet functioning. Many members of the newly appointed Joint Committee did not know each other and their regular communication with each other and with the Programme Office only started in January-February 2005. Their first face-to-face meeting did not take place until March 2005. During that ‘interregnum’ phase, the embryonic Programme Office, with Cynan Ellis-Evans serving as Interim Director, was inundated with enquiries from the science community, indicative of the early interest and enthusiasm associated with IPY. As IPY 2007–2008 unfolded, the elements of this emerging structure started functioning. The Joint Committee (JC) with its three Subcommittees on Observations, Data Management, and Education, Outreach and Communication; the International Programme Office (IPO); the national IPY Committees and their umbrella body called Heads of the Arctic and Antarctic Secretariats (HAIS – Chapter 1.7); numerous organizations and national funding agencies that advanced the IPY; and 230+ endorsed international projects augmented by dozens of "national" IPY initiatives – all of these eventually became active. Some have already produced reports on their activities during the IPY era, like the IPO (Chapter 1.6), the Subcommittee on Data Management (Parsons et al., 2010 – Chapter 3.11), the Subcommittee on Observations (Mohr et al., 2010 – Part 3, Introduction), the Subcommittee on Education and Outreach (Kaiser, 2010; Chapter 4.1). This chapter presents the story of IPY 2007–2008 from the perspective of the Joint Committee. It addresses the role of JC in the planning, implementation and completion of IPY, primarily covering the JC meetings and other major activities during 2005–2009.

Our understanding of the human dimension of polar regions is immensely greater today than at the beginning of polar science. In the IPY 2007/2008, social sciences and humanities aspire to become fully engaged members of a new multidisciplinary effort. They are eager to address issues of partnership and public involvement, socio-economic development, governance, cultural viability and human rights of polar

Description et evaluation de differentes donnees permettant de reconstituer les modes de subsistance des Eskimo asiatiques: on peut en partie reconstituer ceux-ci jusque vers le milieu du 18 siecle| dans certains cas, on peut en partie reconstituer les modes de subsistance du debut de l'ere chretienne.

The paper examines the relationship between indigenous knowledge and heritage documentation efforts generated by scientists and other forms of local activities that work in strengthening indigenous cultural identity and tradition. As the studies in indigenous heritage and environmental knowledge have become one of the fastest-growing fields in northern cultural research, there is tough competition for limited resources and, even more, for the time, goodwill, and attention of northern constituencies. Scholarly projects in heritage and knowledge documentation represent just one stream within today's public efforts, though an important and visible one. Those projects do have an impact in local communities; but such impact is often subtle, circumstantial, and may not be sustainable when left standing on its own. Local knowledge, very much like active language, relies primarily on oral transmission, family ties, community events, and subsistence activities. As long as those prime cha...

Fifty years ago, in summer 1958, Russian authorities started a program of massive relocation of the Yupik population on the Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia. About 800 people, or roughly 70% of the small nation of 1,100 at that time, were forced to leave their home sites and were moved to other communities. Some basic facts related to the Yupik relocations of the 1950s have been known since the 1960s; but no first-hand narratives of the displaced people were ever published. The paper overviews the closing of the three largest Siberian Yupik communities of Naukan, Ungaziq (Chaplino) and Plover in 1958-1959, and the displacement of their residents as recalled from their memories and personal accounts collected by the authors during the 1970s and 1980s. The paper argues that Soviet Yupik relocations of the 1950s were unprecedented in their scale and traumatic impact, even when compared to other state-initiated resettlement programs that targeted many Inuit communities in Alaska, Canada and G...

ABSTRACT Indigenous sea ice experts from three Alaskan communities, geophysicists, an anthropologist, and information technology specialists collaborated to develop an observational framework and a database to record, archive, disseminate, and analyze sea ice observations. Observations are based on ice uses and information about ice conditions, weather, ocean state, and animal behavior relevant to hunters and to community members. Daily logs kept during the ice season have been archived since 2006, with key variables extracted for subcategories pertaining to weather and ice observations, ice-related activities, and wildlife. The observation program and the development of the associated database are discussed in terms of community wishes and information needs and the potential uses for hunters, students, and others in coastal Alaska. Database records for Gambell, Wales, and Barrow, Alaska, are analyzed to arrive at a representative seasonal cycle of ice conditions for 2006/2007. This single year is placed into a longer-term context by examining interannual variability for freeze-up and breakup dates from 2006 through 2011 extracted from the database. We discuss the adaptive nature of the database framework and its relevance to coastal communities in gathering and transmitting knowledge about the ice environment that can help in adapting to rapid Arctic change.