Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013Thesis (M.Sc.... more Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2013Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bürokrasisi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmış ayrıca Larisa'da ortaya çıkarılan mimari buluntulara ilişkin bilgiler derlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa'nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa'nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm'de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal...
This study tries to explicate the history of Larisa excavations over the bureaucracy of Ottoman E... more This study tries to explicate the history of Larisa excavations over the bureaucracy of Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey, since the excavations have been established during both Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey era. Furthermore, this study compiles the information regarding discovered architectural finds in Larisa. First part of the study emphasizes historical and strategical importance of Larisa, as well as the standing of finds in early ages of Greek art. This part explains 40 years of excavation and research process in the light of correspondence which presents in Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archives and Archives of Istanbul Archeological Museums and examines the way how the finds are analyzed. Later on, this study specifies the distribution of architectural finds of Larisa to which museums and discusses especially in quantitative manner of architectural finds which preserved in Istanbul, Izmir, Stockholm. The characteristics of the revealed pieces are also introduced to the utmost relation with the structures in Larisa. This study does not evaluate pieces (i.e. comparison, dating) but collects the related available works. This study has two main purposes. Initially, aim of the study is to expound the history of excavation which started in Ottoman era and continued in Republican era with its process of bureaucratic/judicial perspectives using Larisa as an instance. The other purpose is to propound how important is the finds of Larisa for early Greek art. Eventually, the studies concerning Larisa were limited with three publications which are published in 1940-41 and '42. Therefore, this study aims to be a reference for the ongoing field surveys and for future works and researches.
Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, O... more Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bürokrasisi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmış ayrıca Larisa’da ortaya çıkarılan mimari buluntulara ilişkin bilgiler derlenmiştir.
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa’nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa’nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm’de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal durumu ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkarılan eserlerin nitelikleri -mümkün olduğu oranda Larisa’daki yapılarla kurulmuş ilişkiler çerçevesinde- tanıtılmıştır. Çalışmada eserlere yönelik değerlendirme (ör. karşılaştırma, tarihleme) yapılmamış, mevcut çalışmalarla ilgili derleme yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Bunlardan biri Osmanlı döneminde başlayıp Cumhuriyet döneminde devam eden bir kazının tarihçesini aydınlatarak bürokratik/hukuksal anlamda ne gibi süreçlerden geçildiğini Larisa örneği bağlamında açıklamak, diğeri ise Larisa’nın erken Yunan sanatı için nasıl bir önem taşıdığını buluntular üzerinden ortaya koymaktır.
Son olarak Larisa ile ilgili çalışmalar uzun bir süre yalnızca 1940-41 ve 42 tarihlerinde çıkan üç yayınla sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmanın, şu an yürütülen yüzey araştırmalarına ve daha sonraki çalışmalara bir başvuru kaynağı teşkil etmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.
Earliest field studies on the settlement known as Larisa (Buruncuk) started in 1902 by a joint un... more Earliest field studies on the settlement known as Larisa (Buruncuk) started in 1902 by a joint undertaking of Germany and Sweden. The excavations, focusing on the early stages of eastern Greek art, were initiated by Lennart Kjellberg and Johannes Boehlau and and continued with three final campaigns from 1932 to 34. Visual and written documents which are preserved in Turkish archives today shed light on the local (Ottoman and Turkish) perspectives in the course of the archaeological work at Larisa. Initially, the correspondances between Kjellberg-Boehlau and the museum directors in Istanbul shows bureaucratic process proceeded in a formal-but-personal style. The appointment of local commissars and their reports become apparent as a further topic of the background of excavations and researches. The transportation and registration of finds as well as the analyses of the objects in the museum followed accurately the rules of Turkish bureaucracy. Major publications on Larisa in three volumes can certainly be considered as a result of the collaborative efforts of all Swedish, German and Turkish parties involved.
The excavations in Larisa (southern Aeolis) were conceived as a joint undertaking of Swedish and ... more The excavations in Larisa (southern Aeolis) were conceived as a joint undertaking of Swedish and German researchers. The fieldworks were mainly limited to the first excavation of 1902 and to the last three campaigns from 1932 to 1934. Immediately after the 1902 works, the Swiss artist Émile Gilliéron senior was commissioned with the drawing of architectural terracotta finds. The letters written by Johannes Boehlau and Lennart Kjellberg to the Imperial Ottoman Museum inform us that Gilliéron stayed in Istanbul between mid-June and mid-July 1903, and studied there the architectural terracotta plates. His drawings are included in the second volume (1940) of the “Larisa am Hermos” publications. The same publication contains, at the same time, the drawings of the German architect Hans Schleif depicting the reconstructions of the terracotta plates of the same series. These archaic/late archaic pieces show scenes such as symposion and chariot race. Gilliéron’s works reflect his background as an artist and his experience of creating reproductions. They can be considered as an extended produce of the 19th century tendencies including the debate on polychromy, artistic phantasy and the emphasis on three dimensional expression. Schleif’s works, on the other hand, reveal the concern for accuracy, cautiousness, and a linear/stiff expression. The comparison of Gilliéron’s and Schleif’s works dealing with the same content presents differences of period approaches and personal capacities.
The architectural remains of Larisa (Buruncuk) present a very instructive case where one can foll... more The architectural remains of Larisa (Buruncuk) present a very instructive case where one can follow the process of ancient stone carving techniques. The visible remains today date back to the time span between 6th and 4th centuries BC. The absence of Roman (and Byzantine) layers enables the dating of architecture, small finds and construction techniques within a firm chronological frame. Andesite quarries and the building stones on the site still bear traces of stone extraction which proceeded by opening wedge-holes on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Two basic masonry styles in Larisa, the late archaic polygonal work and the 4th century rectangular blocks can be clearly distinguished from one another. The surface treatment of blocks at the edges; ornamental frames; central parts dotted in many different manners and anathyrosis display traces of a rich variety of working tools. Beside the intensive use of andesite, the volcanic tuff of Phocaea was preferred for the production of architectural elements such as Aeolic and Ionic column capitals, pilaster capitals, and friezes with Lesbian cyma. Traces of mason’s tools on these pieces help reconstructing the process of carving and finishing. Accurate observations have made it possible to recognize the traces of hammer and chisel variations for rough and fine work. The late archaic period and the 4th century extraction and working techniques applied on the stones of Larisa are conceived in the form of a reference work that can be verified at other sites of the region as well.
Larisa (Buruncuk/İzmir) yerleşmesinde 2010’da başlayan mimari ağırlıklı yüzey araştırmaları (İTÜ)... more Larisa (Buruncuk/İzmir) yerleşmesinde 2010’da başlayan mimari ağırlıklı yüzey araştırmaları (İTÜ), ayrıntılardan, yapı ve yerleşme ölçeğine uzanan geniş bir kavrayışla sürmektedir. Mutlak bir yöneticinin egemen olduğu akropolis ile kent alanı “Larisa Batı”yı, güçlü bir kale ile konut terasları “Larisa Doğu”yu ifade etmekte, “Koca Tepe” ise Gediz Ovası düzeyinde anıtsal bir yapı ve çevresindeki kalıntıları barındırmaktadır. Yerleşme andezitten oluşmuş yaygın bir kayalık uzantı üzerindedir. Yapıların inşaatı esasta, geniş bir renk yelpazesine sahip bu yerel andezite dayanmaktadır. Yamaçlar ve irili-ufaklı kaya kütleleri taş kaynağı olarak kullanılmış, blokların koparılması için yüzeylere kısa veya uzun oyuklar açılmıştır. İÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına tarihli surlar, saray yapıları, tapınak ve Megaron’un duvarlarında, çokgen-Lesbos örgüsü ile dikdörtgen örgü egemendir. Blok yüzeyleri çekiç, murç, külünk, tarak gibi taşçı aletlerinin farklı vuruşlarla bıraktığı, farklı incelik-kalınlıktaki izleri taşımaktadır. Larisa yüzey araştırmalarındaki gözlem ve belgelemeler, geç arkaik ile erken Hellenistik dönemleri kapsayan bir zaman kuşağı üzerinde taş ocağı yöntemlerine ve taş işleme sürecine ilişkin değerli bir veri ve yorum dağarcığı sağlamıştır.
The architectural remains in Larisa (Buruncuk) display an original stone cutting practice which i... more The architectural remains in Larisa (Buruncuk) display an original stone cutting practice which is based on andesite. One of the major characteristics of Larisaean walls is the use of masonry blocks showing many different colors. A particular scale of colors ranging between bluish-grey and reddish-brown can be observed at local quarries in Larisa. The late archaic buildings such as Megaron and the defence walls of the tyrannical residence, as well as the 4th century buildings -the new palace and the restored fortifications among them- bear the vivid combination of andesite blocks. Only at one case (at Tower I where bluish-grey polygonal blocks are levelled with a flat reddish layer) it is possible to assume that the decorative purpose is emphasized. At other walls with random color combinations, practical and efficient use of stone must have played the most important role. At this point it should also be remembered that colored architectural terracotta plates once decorated the buildings of Larisa, applied on mud brick walls supported by stone wall bases. The use of andesite blocks of different colors, thus, perfectly matches with this special archaic approach in architecture.
In the second issue of ITU Foundation – Architectural History Research, the necropolis of ancient... more In the second issue of ITU Foundation – Architectural History Research, the necropolis of ancient Larisa (Buruncuk), an important Aegean site, is displayed along with the architectural documentation of its grave units. This main topic is complemented by a text on the first map of Larisa from 1900 and a general description of the site. The necropolis of Larisa predominantly consists of small grave mounds with a ring-wall. The southernmost edge of the entire terrain is crowned by the Great Tumulus which is of colossal size. The formation of the necropolis must have occurred essentially between the 6 th and 4 th centuries BCE. However, discussions of dating, considerations on the social aspect of the graves, and the re-evaluation of 20 th century burial finds will be accomplished over time only after the termination of fieldwork. The texts, drawings and photographs in this issue serve the intention of registering the Larisa survey as an ITU Project, and presenting immediately the city's necropolis that is of great importance for the studies on the region.
İTÜ Vakfı – Mimarlık Tarihi Araştırmaları'nın ikinci sayısında antik Ege'nin önemli yerleşmelerinden Larisa'nın (Buruncuk) nekropolü ön planda ele alınıyor ve mezar birimlerinin mimari belgelemesi sunuluyor. Bu ana konuya Larisa'nın 1900 yılında çizilen ilk haritasına eğilen bir yazı ve ana hatlarıyla şehrin tanıtımı eşlik ediyor. Larisa nekropolü, çevresi duvarla sarılı çok sayıda mezar tepeciğinden oluşmaktadır. Alanın en güney ucuna da heybetli Büyük Tümülüs yerleştirilmiştir. Nekropolün tarihi şehrin gelişmesiyle paralel olarak esasta MÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına yerleşebilir. Detaylı tarihleme tartışmaları, mezarların toplumsal rolü üzerine değerlendirmeler ve 20. yüzyıl kazı buluntularının tekrar ele alınması ise ancak arazideki çalışmaların tamamlanmasından sonra zamanla gerçekleşebilecektir. Bu sayıdaki yazılar, çizimler ve fotoğraflar, Larisa çalışmalarının bir İTÜ projesi olarak ilerleyişini tescil etme ve şehrin bölge araştırmaları için büyük önem taşıyan nekropolünü bir an önce tanıtma amacına yöneliktir. Editors Turgut Saner Ilgın Külekçi Gizem Mater
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013Thesis (M.Sc.... more Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2013Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bürokrasisi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmış ayrıca Larisa'da ortaya çıkarılan mimari buluntulara ilişkin bilgiler derlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa'nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa'nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm'de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal...
This study tries to explicate the history of Larisa excavations over the bureaucracy of Ottoman E... more This study tries to explicate the history of Larisa excavations over the bureaucracy of Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey, since the excavations have been established during both Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey era. Furthermore, this study compiles the information regarding discovered architectural finds in Larisa. First part of the study emphasizes historical and strategical importance of Larisa, as well as the standing of finds in early ages of Greek art. This part explains 40 years of excavation and research process in the light of correspondence which presents in Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archives and Archives of Istanbul Archeological Museums and examines the way how the finds are analyzed. Later on, this study specifies the distribution of architectural finds of Larisa to which museums and discusses especially in quantitative manner of architectural finds which preserved in Istanbul, Izmir, Stockholm. The characteristics of the revealed pieces are also introduced to the utmost relation with the structures in Larisa. This study does not evaluate pieces (i.e. comparison, dating) but collects the related available works. This study has two main purposes. Initially, aim of the study is to expound the history of excavation which started in Ottoman era and continued in Republican era with its process of bureaucratic/judicial perspectives using Larisa as an instance. The other purpose is to propound how important is the finds of Larisa for early Greek art. Eventually, the studies concerning Larisa were limited with three publications which are published in 1940-41 and '42. Therefore, this study aims to be a reference for the ongoing field surveys and for future works and researches.
Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, O... more Bu çalışmada, bir Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet kazısı olan Larisa (Buruncuk) çalışmalarının tarihçesi, Osmanlı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bürokrasisi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmış ayrıca Larisa’da ortaya çıkarılan mimari buluntulara ilişkin bilgiler derlenmiştir.
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa’nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa’nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm’de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal durumu ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkarılan eserlerin nitelikleri -mümkün olduğu oranda Larisa’daki yapılarla kurulmuş ilişkiler çerçevesinde- tanıtılmıştır. Çalışmada eserlere yönelik değerlendirme (ör. karşılaştırma, tarihleme) yapılmamış, mevcut çalışmalarla ilgili derleme yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Bunlardan biri Osmanlı döneminde başlayıp Cumhuriyet döneminde devam eden bir kazının tarihçesini aydınlatarak bürokratik/hukuksal anlamda ne gibi süreçlerden geçildiğini Larisa örneği bağlamında açıklamak, diğeri ise Larisa’nın erken Yunan sanatı için nasıl bir önem taşıdığını buluntular üzerinden ortaya koymaktır.
Son olarak Larisa ile ilgili çalışmalar uzun bir süre yalnızca 1940-41 ve 42 tarihlerinde çıkan üç yayınla sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmanın, şu an yürütülen yüzey araştırmalarına ve daha sonraki çalışmalara bir başvuru kaynağı teşkil etmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.
Earliest field studies on the settlement known as Larisa (Buruncuk) started in 1902 by a joint un... more Earliest field studies on the settlement known as Larisa (Buruncuk) started in 1902 by a joint undertaking of Germany and Sweden. The excavations, focusing on the early stages of eastern Greek art, were initiated by Lennart Kjellberg and Johannes Boehlau and and continued with three final campaigns from 1932 to 34. Visual and written documents which are preserved in Turkish archives today shed light on the local (Ottoman and Turkish) perspectives in the course of the archaeological work at Larisa. Initially, the correspondances between Kjellberg-Boehlau and the museum directors in Istanbul shows bureaucratic process proceeded in a formal-but-personal style. The appointment of local commissars and their reports become apparent as a further topic of the background of excavations and researches. The transportation and registration of finds as well as the analyses of the objects in the museum followed accurately the rules of Turkish bureaucracy. Major publications on Larisa in three volumes can certainly be considered as a result of the collaborative efforts of all Swedish, German and Turkish parties involved.
The excavations in Larisa (southern Aeolis) were conceived as a joint undertaking of Swedish and ... more The excavations in Larisa (southern Aeolis) were conceived as a joint undertaking of Swedish and German researchers. The fieldworks were mainly limited to the first excavation of 1902 and to the last three campaigns from 1932 to 1934. Immediately after the 1902 works, the Swiss artist Émile Gilliéron senior was commissioned with the drawing of architectural terracotta finds. The letters written by Johannes Boehlau and Lennart Kjellberg to the Imperial Ottoman Museum inform us that Gilliéron stayed in Istanbul between mid-June and mid-July 1903, and studied there the architectural terracotta plates. His drawings are included in the second volume (1940) of the “Larisa am Hermos” publications. The same publication contains, at the same time, the drawings of the German architect Hans Schleif depicting the reconstructions of the terracotta plates of the same series. These archaic/late archaic pieces show scenes such as symposion and chariot race. Gilliéron’s works reflect his background as an artist and his experience of creating reproductions. They can be considered as an extended produce of the 19th century tendencies including the debate on polychromy, artistic phantasy and the emphasis on three dimensional expression. Schleif’s works, on the other hand, reveal the concern for accuracy, cautiousness, and a linear/stiff expression. The comparison of Gilliéron’s and Schleif’s works dealing with the same content presents differences of period approaches and personal capacities.
The architectural remains of Larisa (Buruncuk) present a very instructive case where one can foll... more The architectural remains of Larisa (Buruncuk) present a very instructive case where one can follow the process of ancient stone carving techniques. The visible remains today date back to the time span between 6th and 4th centuries BC. The absence of Roman (and Byzantine) layers enables the dating of architecture, small finds and construction techniques within a firm chronological frame. Andesite quarries and the building stones on the site still bear traces of stone extraction which proceeded by opening wedge-holes on vertical and horizontal surfaces. Two basic masonry styles in Larisa, the late archaic polygonal work and the 4th century rectangular blocks can be clearly distinguished from one another. The surface treatment of blocks at the edges; ornamental frames; central parts dotted in many different manners and anathyrosis display traces of a rich variety of working tools. Beside the intensive use of andesite, the volcanic tuff of Phocaea was preferred for the production of architectural elements such as Aeolic and Ionic column capitals, pilaster capitals, and friezes with Lesbian cyma. Traces of mason’s tools on these pieces help reconstructing the process of carving and finishing. Accurate observations have made it possible to recognize the traces of hammer and chisel variations for rough and fine work. The late archaic period and the 4th century extraction and working techniques applied on the stones of Larisa are conceived in the form of a reference work that can be verified at other sites of the region as well.
Larisa (Buruncuk/İzmir) yerleşmesinde 2010’da başlayan mimari ağırlıklı yüzey araştırmaları (İTÜ)... more Larisa (Buruncuk/İzmir) yerleşmesinde 2010’da başlayan mimari ağırlıklı yüzey araştırmaları (İTÜ), ayrıntılardan, yapı ve yerleşme ölçeğine uzanan geniş bir kavrayışla sürmektedir. Mutlak bir yöneticinin egemen olduğu akropolis ile kent alanı “Larisa Batı”yı, güçlü bir kale ile konut terasları “Larisa Doğu”yu ifade etmekte, “Koca Tepe” ise Gediz Ovası düzeyinde anıtsal bir yapı ve çevresindeki kalıntıları barındırmaktadır. Yerleşme andezitten oluşmuş yaygın bir kayalık uzantı üzerindedir. Yapıların inşaatı esasta, geniş bir renk yelpazesine sahip bu yerel andezite dayanmaktadır. Yamaçlar ve irili-ufaklı kaya kütleleri taş kaynağı olarak kullanılmış, blokların koparılması için yüzeylere kısa veya uzun oyuklar açılmıştır. İÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına tarihli surlar, saray yapıları, tapınak ve Megaron’un duvarlarında, çokgen-Lesbos örgüsü ile dikdörtgen örgü egemendir. Blok yüzeyleri çekiç, murç, külünk, tarak gibi taşçı aletlerinin farklı vuruşlarla bıraktığı, farklı incelik-kalınlıktaki izleri taşımaktadır. Larisa yüzey araştırmalarındaki gözlem ve belgelemeler, geç arkaik ile erken Hellenistik dönemleri kapsayan bir zaman kuşağı üzerinde taş ocağı yöntemlerine ve taş işleme sürecine ilişkin değerli bir veri ve yorum dağarcığı sağlamıştır.
The architectural remains in Larisa (Buruncuk) display an original stone cutting practice which i... more The architectural remains in Larisa (Buruncuk) display an original stone cutting practice which is based on andesite. One of the major characteristics of Larisaean walls is the use of masonry blocks showing many different colors. A particular scale of colors ranging between bluish-grey and reddish-brown can be observed at local quarries in Larisa. The late archaic buildings such as Megaron and the defence walls of the tyrannical residence, as well as the 4th century buildings -the new palace and the restored fortifications among them- bear the vivid combination of andesite blocks. Only at one case (at Tower I where bluish-grey polygonal blocks are levelled with a flat reddish layer) it is possible to assume that the decorative purpose is emphasized. At other walls with random color combinations, practical and efficient use of stone must have played the most important role. At this point it should also be remembered that colored architectural terracotta plates once decorated the buildings of Larisa, applied on mud brick walls supported by stone wall bases. The use of andesite blocks of different colors, thus, perfectly matches with this special archaic approach in architecture.
In the second issue of ITU Foundation – Architectural History Research, the necropolis of ancient... more In the second issue of ITU Foundation – Architectural History Research, the necropolis of ancient Larisa (Buruncuk), an important Aegean site, is displayed along with the architectural documentation of its grave units. This main topic is complemented by a text on the first map of Larisa from 1900 and a general description of the site. The necropolis of Larisa predominantly consists of small grave mounds with a ring-wall. The southernmost edge of the entire terrain is crowned by the Great Tumulus which is of colossal size. The formation of the necropolis must have occurred essentially between the 6 th and 4 th centuries BCE. However, discussions of dating, considerations on the social aspect of the graves, and the re-evaluation of 20 th century burial finds will be accomplished over time only after the termination of fieldwork. The texts, drawings and photographs in this issue serve the intention of registering the Larisa survey as an ITU Project, and presenting immediately the city's necropolis that is of great importance for the studies on the region.
İTÜ Vakfı – Mimarlık Tarihi Araştırmaları'nın ikinci sayısında antik Ege'nin önemli yerleşmelerinden Larisa'nın (Buruncuk) nekropolü ön planda ele alınıyor ve mezar birimlerinin mimari belgelemesi sunuluyor. Bu ana konuya Larisa'nın 1900 yılında çizilen ilk haritasına eğilen bir yazı ve ana hatlarıyla şehrin tanıtımı eşlik ediyor. Larisa nekropolü, çevresi duvarla sarılı çok sayıda mezar tepeciğinden oluşmaktadır. Alanın en güney ucuna da heybetli Büyük Tümülüs yerleştirilmiştir. Nekropolün tarihi şehrin gelişmesiyle paralel olarak esasta MÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına yerleşebilir. Detaylı tarihleme tartışmaları, mezarların toplumsal rolü üzerine değerlendirmeler ve 20. yüzyıl kazı buluntularının tekrar ele alınması ise ancak arazideki çalışmaların tamamlanmasından sonra zamanla gerçekleşebilecektir. Bu sayıdaki yazılar, çizimler ve fotoğraflar, Larisa çalışmalarının bir İTÜ projesi olarak ilerleyişini tescil etme ve şehrin bölge araştırmaları için büyük önem taşıyan nekropolünü bir an önce tanıtma amacına yöneliktir. Editors Turgut Saner Ilgın Külekçi Gizem Mater
Construction activity depends on a broad spectrum of mostly non-renewable natural resources. Thes... more Construction activity depends on a broad spectrum of mostly non-renewable natural resources. These include stone, wood, clay, and metal, and have varying economic relevance as determined by their local or regional availability and accessibility. Though construction activity was not directly a manufacturing branch of pre-industrial economies, it indisputably enhanced the interconnection of material and human resources in different economic branches. The economy of construction had a significant influence on shaping regional surroundings, both by creating resource exploitation and supporting trade infrastructure as well as exerting far-reaching influences on trade connectivity. The focus of the 3rd session of the DAI Istanbul Research Network “Building, Building Economy, Building Sites” is on resources and construction related processes, from extraction to production and distribution through to use, re-use, and disposal – all aspects essential for understanding economic developments from a diachronic perspective. In our session, we will assess the economic impact of exploiting, manufacturing, and trading construction related resources on urban, local, and regional level as well as investigating availability, efficiency and rationalization, laws and regulations, material truth, and traditional habits related to construction practices and materials. The following topics and research questions would be of particular interest: Extraction Manufacturing Distribution Construction site Use Maintenance Demolition Re-use Disposal 2 Resource availability Availability is one of the key factors affecting the decisions on the usage of resources. In this context, the distance between the construction site and the source of the material must be considered, together with the technology required to transport the material and the efficiency of processes on the construction site. The decision not to use regionally available building materials touches on several other issues concerning construction practices, such as the underlying intentions associated with them, and the regional and global connectivity at a given time. How did the availability of resources influence the long-term economic developments of prehistoric, ancient, and modern societies? How did the availability of natural resources and their local exploitation affect the local and regional construction activity and the appearance of local architecture? Is the choice of a specific construction material determined by political events or agreements? How did the availability of resources influence the development of new extraction and construction technologies? Is there a connection between the technological innovations and the rationalization and efficiency of construction techniques throughout history? How can we apply the modern concept of efficiency to the construction of historic buildings? How does a calamity such as a war or a natural disaster affect the availability of resources? Strategies of exploiting resources and the environment Beyond availability, exploiting resources had a major impact on the environment by depriving, for example, agriculture of its ground/terrain or by resulting overburdening of the local transport infrastructure. What was the impact of the strategies of exploiting construction-related resources on the environment and urban development? Economic value of resources Both economic and cultural value of building materials has undergone fluctuation through time. What were the factors influencing the choice/ preference of certain materials and what are the economic implications of fluctuating demand for certain resources? Were construction-related resources a source of profit for the urban centers exploiting it? Were the benefits of resources of local importance (own construction purposes) or were stone, wood and clay traded goods generating profit? What economic branches benefit most from the construction related resources? Are such resources traded as raw materials, or are they simple trade goods (see e.g. raw material in shipwrecks)? Or are the resources further processed and traded with added value resulting from manufacturing (trade of prefabricated architectural elements or building material such as bricks or tiles)? Material truth Each building material has its own properties that limit its range of application, determine its processing possibilities, and influence the design and shape of buildings. Material truth (Germ. Materialgerechtigkeit) refers to the idea that materials should be used where they are most appropriate and without their characteristic features being concealed. The term structural truth is also used in the literature to refer the expectation that the outward appearance of a work should conform its structural system, and to the properties of the materials of which it is made. But how does one know that a material is appropriate for the structure? 3 Are historical constructions materially and structurally true? Was truthful expression of material and structure a goal in ancient and historical building practices? Laws and regulations As construction activity was not only determined by the environment, market or tradition, but also by state laws and religious regulations, the question arises as to how they influenced the construction process – especially regarding resources. Traditional customs Traditional customs and common taste of a specific period can also lead the choice of materials. Sometimes they can be even more determinant than the legal incentives or the requirement to use a particular material. How does this situation affect the building economy? Re-use It is a well-known phenomenon that pre-existing building of the pre-modern times served as resource for reusable building materials starting with late antiquity and beyond the middle ages. Re-use in architecture of course has effects on different areas such as construction planning, organization or building costs. Does the re-use of materials provide a significant economic advantage?
Uploads
Papers
First part of the study emphasizes historical and strategical importance of Larisa, as well as the standing of finds in early ages of Greek art. This part explains 40 years of excavation and research process in the light of correspondence which presents in Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archives and Archives of Istanbul Archeological Museums and examines the way how the finds are analyzed. Later on, this study specifies the distribution of architectural finds of Larisa to which museums and discusses especially in quantitative manner of architectural finds which preserved in Istanbul, Izmir, Stockholm. The characteristics of the revealed pieces are also introduced to the utmost relation with the structures in Larisa. This study does not evaluate pieces (i.e. comparison, dating) but collects the related available works.
This study has two main purposes. Initially, aim of the study is to expound the history of excavation which started in Ottoman era and continued in Republican era with its process of bureaucratic/judicial perspectives using Larisa as an instance. The other purpose is to propound how important is the finds of Larisa for early Greek art.
Eventually, the studies concerning Larisa were limited with three publications which are published in 1940-41 and '42. Therefore, this study aims to be a reference for the ongoing field surveys and for future works and researches.
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa’nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa’nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm’de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal durumu ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkarılan eserlerin nitelikleri -mümkün olduğu oranda Larisa’daki yapılarla kurulmuş ilişkiler çerçevesinde- tanıtılmıştır. Çalışmada eserlere yönelik değerlendirme (ör. karşılaştırma, tarihleme) yapılmamış, mevcut çalışmalarla ilgili derleme yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Bunlardan biri Osmanlı döneminde başlayıp Cumhuriyet döneminde devam eden bir kazının tarihçesini aydınlatarak bürokratik/hukuksal anlamda ne gibi süreçlerden geçildiğini Larisa örneği bağlamında açıklamak, diğeri ise Larisa’nın erken Yunan sanatı için nasıl bir önem taşıdığını buluntular üzerinden ortaya koymaktır.
Son olarak Larisa ile ilgili çalışmalar uzun bir süre yalnızca 1940-41 ve 42 tarihlerinde çıkan üç yayınla sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmanın, şu an yürütülen yüzey araştırmalarına ve daha sonraki çalışmalara bir başvuru kaynağı teşkil etmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.
Conference Presentations
Gilliéron’s works reflect his background as an artist and his experience of creating reproductions. They can be considered as an extended produce of the 19th century tendencies including the debate on polychromy, artistic phantasy and the emphasis on three dimensional expression. Schleif’s works, on the other hand, reveal the concern for accuracy, cautiousness, and a linear/stiff expression. The comparison of Gilliéron’s and Schleif’s works dealing with the same content presents differences of period approaches and personal capacities.
Andesite quarries and the building stones on the site still bear traces of stone extraction which proceeded by opening wedge-holes on vertical and horizontal surfaces.
Two basic masonry styles in Larisa, the late archaic polygonal work and the 4th century rectangular blocks can be clearly distinguished from one another. The surface treatment of blocks at the edges; ornamental frames; central parts dotted in many different manners and anathyrosis display traces of a rich variety of working tools.
Beside the intensive use of andesite, the volcanic tuff of Phocaea was preferred for the production of architectural elements such as Aeolic and Ionic column capitals, pilaster capitals, and friezes with Lesbian cyma. Traces of mason’s tools on these pieces help reconstructing the process of carving and finishing.
Accurate observations have made it possible to recognize the traces of hammer and chisel variations for rough and fine work. The late archaic period and the 4th century extraction and working techniques applied on the stones of Larisa are conceived in the form of a reference work that can be verified at other sites of the region as well.
Book Section
Editorship
İTÜ Vakfı – Mimarlık Tarihi Araştırmaları'nın ikinci sayısında antik Ege'nin önemli yerleşmelerinden Larisa'nın (Buruncuk) nekropolü ön planda ele alınıyor ve mezar birimlerinin mimari belgelemesi sunuluyor. Bu ana konuya Larisa'nın 1900 yılında çizilen ilk haritasına eğilen bir yazı ve ana hatlarıyla şehrin tanıtımı eşlik ediyor. Larisa nekropolü, çevresi duvarla sarılı çok sayıda mezar tepeciğinden oluşmaktadır. Alanın en güney ucuna da heybetli Büyük Tümülüs yerleştirilmiştir. Nekropolün tarihi şehrin gelişmesiyle paralel olarak esasta MÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına yerleşebilir. Detaylı tarihleme tartışmaları, mezarların toplumsal rolü üzerine değerlendirmeler ve 20. yüzyıl kazı buluntularının tekrar ele alınması ise ancak arazideki çalışmaların tamamlanmasından sonra zamanla gerçekleşebilecektir. Bu sayıdaki yazılar, çizimler ve fotoğraflar, Larisa çalışmalarının bir İTÜ projesi olarak ilerleyişini tescil etme ve şehrin bölge araştırmaları için büyük önem taşıyan nekropolünü bir an önce tanıtma amacına yöneliktir. Editors Turgut Saner Ilgın Külekçi Gizem Mater
First part of the study emphasizes historical and strategical importance of Larisa, as well as the standing of finds in early ages of Greek art. This part explains 40 years of excavation and research process in the light of correspondence which presents in Prime Ministry's Ottoman Archives and Archives of Istanbul Archeological Museums and examines the way how the finds are analyzed. Later on, this study specifies the distribution of architectural finds of Larisa to which museums and discusses especially in quantitative manner of architectural finds which preserved in Istanbul, Izmir, Stockholm. The characteristics of the revealed pieces are also introduced to the utmost relation with the structures in Larisa. This study does not evaluate pieces (i.e. comparison, dating) but collects the related available works.
This study has two main purposes. Initially, aim of the study is to expound the history of excavation which started in Ottoman era and continued in Republican era with its process of bureaucratic/judicial perspectives using Larisa as an instance. The other purpose is to propound how important is the finds of Larisa for early Greek art.
Eventually, the studies concerning Larisa were limited with three publications which are published in 1940-41 and '42. Therefore, this study aims to be a reference for the ongoing field surveys and for future works and researches.
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Larisa’nın hem tarihsel ve stratejik önemi, hem de buluntularının erken Yunan sanatı içindeki yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri ve İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşivinde yer alan yazışmalar ışığında yaklaşık kırk yıllık kazı ve araştırma süreci aydınlatılmaya çalışılmış ve buluntularla ilgili nasıl bir yol izlendiği incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Larisa’nın mimari buluntularının hangi müzelere dağılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve İstanbul, İzmir ve Stockholm’de korunan mimari buluntu gruplarının özellikle sayısal durumu ele alınmıştır. Ortaya çıkarılan eserlerin nitelikleri -mümkün olduğu oranda Larisa’daki yapılarla kurulmuş ilişkiler çerçevesinde- tanıtılmıştır. Çalışmada eserlere yönelik değerlendirme (ör. karşılaştırma, tarihleme) yapılmamış, mevcut çalışmalarla ilgili derleme yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Bunlardan biri Osmanlı döneminde başlayıp Cumhuriyet döneminde devam eden bir kazının tarihçesini aydınlatarak bürokratik/hukuksal anlamda ne gibi süreçlerden geçildiğini Larisa örneği bağlamında açıklamak, diğeri ise Larisa’nın erken Yunan sanatı için nasıl bir önem taşıdığını buluntular üzerinden ortaya koymaktır.
Son olarak Larisa ile ilgili çalışmalar uzun bir süre yalnızca 1940-41 ve 42 tarihlerinde çıkan üç yayınla sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmanın, şu an yürütülen yüzey araştırmalarına ve daha sonraki çalışmalara bir başvuru kaynağı teşkil etmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.
Gilliéron’s works reflect his background as an artist and his experience of creating reproductions. They can be considered as an extended produce of the 19th century tendencies including the debate on polychromy, artistic phantasy and the emphasis on three dimensional expression. Schleif’s works, on the other hand, reveal the concern for accuracy, cautiousness, and a linear/stiff expression. The comparison of Gilliéron’s and Schleif’s works dealing with the same content presents differences of period approaches and personal capacities.
Andesite quarries and the building stones on the site still bear traces of stone extraction which proceeded by opening wedge-holes on vertical and horizontal surfaces.
Two basic masonry styles in Larisa, the late archaic polygonal work and the 4th century rectangular blocks can be clearly distinguished from one another. The surface treatment of blocks at the edges; ornamental frames; central parts dotted in many different manners and anathyrosis display traces of a rich variety of working tools.
Beside the intensive use of andesite, the volcanic tuff of Phocaea was preferred for the production of architectural elements such as Aeolic and Ionic column capitals, pilaster capitals, and friezes with Lesbian cyma. Traces of mason’s tools on these pieces help reconstructing the process of carving and finishing.
Accurate observations have made it possible to recognize the traces of hammer and chisel variations for rough and fine work. The late archaic period and the 4th century extraction and working techniques applied on the stones of Larisa are conceived in the form of a reference work that can be verified at other sites of the region as well.
İTÜ Vakfı – Mimarlık Tarihi Araştırmaları'nın ikinci sayısında antik Ege'nin önemli yerleşmelerinden Larisa'nın (Buruncuk) nekropolü ön planda ele alınıyor ve mezar birimlerinin mimari belgelemesi sunuluyor. Bu ana konuya Larisa'nın 1900 yılında çizilen ilk haritasına eğilen bir yazı ve ana hatlarıyla şehrin tanıtımı eşlik ediyor. Larisa nekropolü, çevresi duvarla sarılı çok sayıda mezar tepeciğinden oluşmaktadır. Alanın en güney ucuna da heybetli Büyük Tümülüs yerleştirilmiştir. Nekropolün tarihi şehrin gelişmesiyle paralel olarak esasta MÖ 6.-4. yüzyıllar arasına yerleşebilir. Detaylı tarihleme tartışmaları, mezarların toplumsal rolü üzerine değerlendirmeler ve 20. yüzyıl kazı buluntularının tekrar ele alınması ise ancak arazideki çalışmaların tamamlanmasından sonra zamanla gerçekleşebilecektir. Bu sayıdaki yazılar, çizimler ve fotoğraflar, Larisa çalışmalarının bir İTÜ projesi olarak ilerleyişini tescil etme ve şehrin bölge araştırmaları için büyük önem taşıyan nekropolünü bir an önce tanıtma amacına yöneliktir. Editors Turgut Saner Ilgın Külekçi Gizem Mater
In our session, we will assess the economic impact of exploiting, manufacturing, and trading construction related resources on urban, local, and regional level as well as investigating availability, efficiency and rationalization, laws and regulations, material truth, and traditional habits related to construction practices and materials.
The following topics and research questions would be of particular interest:
Extraction
Manufacturing
Distribution
Construction site
Use
Maintenance
Demolition
Re-use
Disposal
2
Resource availability Availability is one of the key factors affecting the decisions on the usage of resources. In this context, the distance between the construction site and the source of the material must be considered, together with the technology required to transport the material and the efficiency of processes on the construction site. The decision not to use regionally available building materials touches on several other issues concerning construction practices, such as the underlying intentions associated with them, and the regional and global connectivity at a given time. How did the availability of resources influence the long-term economic developments of prehistoric, ancient, and modern societies? How did the availability of natural resources and their local exploitation affect the local and regional construction activity and the appearance of local architecture? Is the choice of a specific construction material determined by political events or agreements? How did the availability of resources influence the development of new extraction and construction technologies? Is there a connection between the technological innovations and the rationalization and efficiency of construction techniques throughout history? How can we apply the modern concept of efficiency to the construction of historic buildings? How does a calamity such as a war or a natural disaster affect the availability of resources?
Strategies of exploiting resources and the environment Beyond availability, exploiting resources had a major impact on the environment by depriving, for example, agriculture of its ground/terrain or by resulting overburdening of the local transport infrastructure. What was the impact of the strategies of exploiting construction-related resources on the environment and urban development?
Economic value of resources Both economic and cultural value of building materials has undergone fluctuation through time. What were the factors influencing the choice/ preference of certain materials and what are the economic implications of fluctuating demand for certain resources? Were construction-related resources a source of profit for the urban centers exploiting it? Were the benefits of resources of local importance (own construction purposes) or were stone, wood and clay traded goods generating profit? What economic branches benefit most from the construction related resources? Are such resources traded as raw materials, or are they simple trade goods (see e.g. raw material in shipwrecks)? Or are the resources further processed and traded with added value resulting from manufacturing (trade of prefabricated architectural elements or building material such as bricks or tiles)?
Material truth Each building material has its own properties that limit its range of application, determine its processing possibilities, and influence the design and shape of buildings. Material truth (Germ. Materialgerechtigkeit) refers to the idea that materials should be used where they are most appropriate and without their characteristic features being concealed. The term structural truth is also used in the literature to refer the expectation that the outward appearance of a work should conform its structural system, and to the properties of the materials of which it is made. But how does one know that a material is appropriate for the structure?
3
Are historical constructions materially and structurally true? Was truthful expression of material and structure a goal in ancient and historical building practices?
Laws and regulations As construction activity was not only determined by the environment, market or tradition, but also by state laws and religious regulations, the question arises as to how they influenced the construction process – especially regarding resources.
Traditional customs Traditional customs and common taste of a specific period can also lead the choice of materials. Sometimes they can be even more determinant than the legal incentives or the requirement to use a particular material. How does this situation affect the building economy?
Re-use It is a well-known phenomenon that pre-existing building of the pre-modern times served as resource for reusable building materials starting with late antiquity and beyond the middle ages. Re-use in architecture of course has effects on different areas such as construction planning, organization or building costs. Does the re-use of materials provide a significant economic advantage?