This paper provides a comparative analysis of planning approaches in divided cities in order to i... more This paper provides a comparative analysis of planning approaches in divided cities in order to investigate the role of planning in alleviating or exacerbating urban division in these societies. It analyses four urban areas—Berlin, Beirut, Belfast, Jerusalem—either of which has experienced or still experiences extreme divisions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, and/or culture. Each case study is investigated in terms of planning approaches before division and after reunifi-cation (if applicable). The relation between division and planning is reciprocal: planning effects, and is effected by urban division. Therefore, it is generally assumed that traditional planning approaches are insufficient and that the recognized engagement methods of planners in the planning process are ineffective to overcome the problems posed by divided cities. Theoretically, a variety of urban scholars have proposed different perspectives on this challenge. In analysing the role of planning in divided cities, both the role of planners, and planning interventions are evaluated within the light of related literature. The case studies indicate that even though different planning approaches have different consequences on the ground, there is a universal trend in harmony with the rest of the world in reshaping these cities. This conclusion draws another one; the contemporary planning interventions in divided cities do not address the root causes of division. Hence, incorporation of 'difference' as a prominent feature of the city to its plans is not addressed as it should be in these special cases.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09654310903141797, Sep 8, 2009
Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbaniz... more Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbanization. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In the major cities of developing countries like Istanbul, where the population is over 12 millions, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large-scale land consumption. Thus, many policy-makers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before ...
Housing is one of the key issues for sustainable development as it accounts for at least 50% of u... more Housing is one of the key issues for sustainable development as it accounts for at least 50% of urban land usage. Housing, with its physical aspect, is also economic sector creates direct and indirect multiplier effects and is evaluated as stimulant for economic development. Recent studies emphasizing the importance of housing for economy have some findings about an association between housing investment and economic growth. Realizing the importance of housing for economy, governments in Turkey changed the economic strategies and attempted to encourage housing construction with legal and planning regulations after 1980�s. However, fluctuations of macroeconomic condition such as high inflation and interest rate, and encountering national and international economic depressions affected the housing market stabilization. Where there was high interest rate and inflation, it has been observed a fall in housing construction and this made negative effects on economic development. After the 2001 economic depression, housing sector has been continuously growing with economic stabilization while inflation and interest rate has been decreasing. The amount of construction investment over total investment increased with economic development. This study aims to analysis the relationship between housing investment and economic development using correlation analysis in Turkey of which economy is growing. Using time series data from 1980 to 2005, housing is found to have strong effects on economic development similar to former studies.
In our contemporary world, thinking of all cities as ‘divided’ is inevitable. The term ‘divided c... more In our contemporary world, thinking of all cities as ‘divided’ is inevitable. The term ‘divided city’ is used to reflect two different discourses spearheaded in related urban literature: first one focusing on globalization, neo-liberal restructuring, socio-economic differences; second one on more disruptive circumstances of extreme tensions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion and culture. The former set of cities are usually referred to as ‘multicultural’, ‘global’, ‘cosmopolitan’, and/or ‘world’ cities—i.e. New York, London, Tokyo, Paris etc—, while the latter ones are nominated as ‘contested’, ‘polarized’, ‘divided’, and/or ‘partitioned’—Nicosia, Jerusalem, Belfast, Beirut etc. In this context, the central theme of this paper is to clarify this distinction by illuminating the root causes of division. A general review on the literature reveals a diverse set of reasons, factors or dimensions as the driving force of urban divisions. These dimensions are classified in order to...
This paper provides a comparative analysis of various planning approaches to managing difference ... more This paper provides a comparative analysis of various planning approaches to managing difference in divided cities. It analyzes six urban areas—Berlin, Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia—which experience extreme divisions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, and/or culture. Each case study is investigated in terms of planning approaches before division and after reunification (if applicable) in order to assess the effect of planning on urban division. The main assumption is that traditional planning approaches are insufficient and that the recognized engagement methods of planners in the planning process are ineffective to overcome the problems posed by divided cities. The case studies indicate that contemporary planning interventions in divided cities do not address the root causes of division; hence do not incorporate ‘difference’ as a prominent feature of the city and its plans. Even though several theoretical frameworks for planning practices in divided citi...
Şehirsel yayılma ve açık alanların hızla yapılaşmaya açılması, dünyada birçok şehir gibi İstanbul... more Şehirsel yayılma ve açık alanların hızla yapılaşmaya açılması, dünyada birçok şehir gibi İstanbul için de önemli bir problem haline gelmiştir. 1975 ve 2007 yılları arasında nüfusu her yıl yaklaşık 270 bin kişi artan ve Türkiye'nin en büyük şehri olan İstanbul’un, 1950'lerden beri hızlı büyüme ve kırsal göç nedeniyle mekânsal gelişimi sürekli değişim göstermiştir. İlk dönemlerinde düşük yoğunlukta olan ve çeperlerde yer seçen enformel konut alanları, başlangıç olarak İstanbul'un mekansal yayılmasında önemli bir etken olmuştur. Makroformdaki bu yayılma sonucunda yasadışı yerleşim alanları, su havzaları, ormanlar ve nitelikli tarım arazileri işgal edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Boğaziçi ve Haliç köprülerinin inşası sonucunda metropoliten alanda erişim olanakları artmış ve böylece arazi kullanım deseni bir mekânsal dönüşüm sürecine girmiştir. Buna ilave olarak sanayinin desantralizasyonu ve toplu konut yatırımlarının artması da İstanbul’un mekânsal değişimini etkileyen diğer önemli unsurlar olmuştur. Şehirlerin mekânsal biçimlenişinde desantralizasyon-merkezileşme, yoğunlaşma-yayılma, tek merkezli ve çok merkezli gelişme gibi farklı karakteristik özellikler rol oynamaktadır. Mekânsal biçimlenişe etki eden bu gelişmeler İstanbul’da ikili bir süreç içerisinde günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Zaman içerisindeki bu ikili süreçte, İstanbul, bir yandan gecekondulaşma ile özellikle çeperlerde düşük yoğunluklu olarak yayılmış; diğer taraftan merkez bölgelerine yakın düzenli konut alanlarının devamlı bir yenilenme süreciyle sağlıksız bir biçimde giderek yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı mekânsal biçimlenmeye etki eden temel faktörlerden olan arazi değerleri ile yoğunlukların değişiminin analiz edilerek, mekânsal büyüme ile ilişkisinin ortaya konmasıdır. Burada, ‘yoğunluk ve arazi değerlerinin azalım eğimi’ yöntemi kullanılarak İstanbul'un çekirdek-çeper ilişkisi açısından kentsel yapısal değişimi analiz edilmiştir. Üç farklı zaman diliminde her bir mahalle için, brüt yoğunluk (19803 1995 ve 2005 yılları), arazi değerleri (1994, 2002, 2006 yılları) ve kent merkezine olan mesafeler hesaplanarak bir CBS veritabanı oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra elde yoğunluk ve arazi değerleri için ‘değer azalım eğimi (density-land value gradient) üç dönem için hesaplanmış ve ArcGIS programı ile görselleştirilmiştir. Genel olarak, standart kentsel modeller nüfus yoğunluğunun çeperlere doğru gidildikçe mesafe ile ters orantılı olarak azalan bir üstel fonksiyon olarak tahmin etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda da, İstanbul’un negatif üstel yoğunluk ve arazi değeri yapısına sahip olduğu görülmüş ve mekânsal biçimlenişin tek merkezli yapıdan çok merkezli yapıya doğru bir değişim gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca zaman içerisinde çeperlerdeki arazi değerleri değişiminin merkez bölgelerdekinden fazla olması ve yine çeperlerdeki yoğunluk değerlerindeki değişimdeki artış, İstanbul’un geçmişten günümüze doğu olan makroform gelişiminde yayılarak ve yoğunlaşarak geliştiğini göstermektedir.
Her yerleşmenin kendine özgü bir morfolojisi bulunmaktadır. Bu morfoloji üzerinde kentsel dokunun... more Her yerleşmenin kendine özgü bir morfolojisi bulunmaktadır. Bu morfoloji üzerinde kentsel dokunun biçimsel özelliklerinin ve şehirsel büyüme biçiminin etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu etkinin geleneksel yöntemlerle ölçülmesi, şehirsel büyüme biçiminin ve kentsel dokunun mekânsal organizasyonunun anlaşılmasında ve değerlendirilmesinde yetersiz kalmaktadır. Şehirsel büyüme biçimi ve kentsel dokunun zaman içindeki dinamik yapısını ve mekânsal ilişki özelliklerini analiz etmek için bir dizi mekânsal çözümleme teknikerini kullanmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’un şehirsel büyüme biçimi ile kentsel doku arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edilmesi için, saçaklanma indeksinden ve fraktal geometriden yararlanılmıştır. Saçaklanma indeksi, şehirsel büyüme biçiminin ölçülmesi için faktör analizi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir ve 2005 yılı için İstanbul’un şehirsel büyüme biçimi analiz edilmiştir. Fraktal geometri ise kentsel dokunun mekânsal organizasyonunun analizi için kullanılmıştır ve kentsel dokuda ortaya çıkan değişimi fraktal boyuttaki farklılaşmayla ölçmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, İstanbul’daki şehirsel büyüme biçiminin şehirsel saçaklanma özelliğinde olduğu ve farklı dokuların fraktal boyut değerleri ile saçaklanma indeksleri arasında ilişki olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca İstanbul için Kuzey-Güney aksı ile Doğu-Batı aksındaki fraktal boyut ve saçaklanma indeksleri ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiğinde Kuzey-Güney yönünde iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İstanbul; morfoloji; saçaklanma indeksi; fraktal geometri; mekânsal büyüme
"Housing, which is a notably important part of the overall urban land usage, is a key factor... more "Housing, which is a notably important part of the overall urban land usage, is a key factor that affects urban form. As in many other metropolitan areas, the physical pattern of urban form is affected by housing policies and housing development process. In the literature, the physical pattern of urban form is mainly referred as “sprawled” or “compact”. The policies to control urban sprawl and to encourage more compact development has been witnessed a strong debate between proponents of compact cities. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In major cities all over the world, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large scale land consumption. Thus, many policymakers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before it becomes unmanageable. Urban planners require information related to the rate of growth, pattern and extent of sprawl to provide basic measurements for planning process. Measuring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars who investigate the urban landscape. The goal of this research is to provide a sprawl measurement methodology that contributes to the understanding of sprawl dynamics of Istanbul, and put forward the relationship between sprawling and compact development in Istanbul. By using GIS and spatial data along with modelling it is possible to identify the pattern of urban sprawl. This study presents the extent of urban sprawl of Istanbul over the three periods of 1980, 1995 and 2005. Keywords: Urban Sprawl Measurement; Urban Form, Urban Sprawl, Compact Development."
"The livability of a settlement is determined by the quality of the built and natural enviro... more "The livability of a settlement is determined by the quality of the built and natural environment in addition to the activities that take place within that environment. As is widely accepted “quality of life” has three broad dimensions: social, economic and environmental well being, and may be measured using objective and subjective indicators (Marans et al., Campbell, Connelly, Lee, Greenley and Grenberg, VanKamp et al). The physical quality of the residential environment and housing are among the basic indicators of the quality of life of any given community. In addition to the provision of shelter, a residential environment provides for a healthy family life, care of the children and personal fulfillment.This study aims to analyze the quality of the residential environment in Istanbul with the help of objective indicators. The study was undertaken by the Housing and Quality of Life Research Group in BIMTAS, Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office as part of the preparation of Istanbul Strategic Plan. The research concentrated on two aspects of the quality of life: I) quality of the physical environment in residential areas and ii) quality of life with respect to social and economic indicators and the satisfaction of the inhabitants. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the results of the first aspect that comprised the use of indicators related to the physical environment, such as the neighborhood densities, construction intensity (Floor Area Ratios and Building Coverage Ratios), house types ratios of livable open space, recreation area, car parks, proximity to various urban facilities, and urban centers, schools, parks, playgrounds, shopping, building heights, house prices and rents., illegal developments, housing developed on water basins, forest land, and geologically hazardous zones etc. The preliminary results of the survey were used to broadly demonstrate the problem areas with respect to the various indicators. Relationship between various indicators of the quality of residential environment and land values was analyzed and their economic relevance was discussed. Keywords: Quality of Life, Residential Areas, Istanbul"
Bolen, F., Kaya, H.S.,Terzi, F.,Turkoglu, H., Ergun, N., Yirmibesoglu, F.,Kundak, S., (2009). Ist... more Bolen, F., Kaya, H.S.,Terzi, F.,Turkoglu, H., Ergun, N., Yirmibesoglu, F.,Kundak, S., (2009). Istanbul is located 20 km north of the North Anatolian Fault, which broke on August 17, 1999. The fault has a long history of destructive earthquakes, and seismologists today are arguing that there is 60 percent probability of a major earthquake close to Istanbul within 30 years after the 1999 earthquake. This paper aims to demonstrate the vulnerability of urban structures to earthquakes with special emphasis on the development process of residential areas. The rapid urbanisation process in Istanbul since 1950s has produced uncontrolled, unplanned residential areas with poor construction quality usually on sites not suitable for development. The data is based on the residential area surveys carried out by the authors during the preparation of the 11100,000 Scaled Strategic Plan of Istanbul.
In the paper the application of GIS methodologies that combine statistical and spatial modelling ... more In the paper the application of GIS methodologies that combine statistical and spatial modelling techniques to analyse spatial patterns of subjective assesment of quality of life survey in Istanbul will be presented. The quality of life survey is undertaken as part of the Istanbul Strategic Plan prepared by the Greater Istanbul Municipality (BIMTAS, Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office) and partially supported by Istanbul Technical University. The key purpose of the research was to provide useful information for developing planning/design strategies that will foster sustainable urbanization through enhancing quality of life, which is one of the most important principles of sustainable urbanization. Another purpose was to explore the impact of environmental, economic, social, physical and health related indicators on quality of life satisfaction among Istanbul residents. The questionnaire was administrated to over 1600 residents through face-to-face interviews. Factor analysis technique will be used to derive the data of the subjective assesment of quality of life dimensions. The other application identifies and maps generalized spatial patterns of the underlying imensions of the subjective assesment of satisfaction attributes mapped using GIS.
This chapter presents an overview of a study examining the quality of urban life in the Istanbul ... more This chapter presents an overview of a study examining the quality of urban life in the Istanbul metropolitan area. The primary source of information was a household survey conducted as part of the strategic planning process undertaken by the Greater Istanbul Municipality. The specific goal of the study was to inform government officials and planners about residents' perceptions of urban life in a large and rapidly growing region. The quality of the broader residential environment and the housing unit are among the basic ...
ABSTRACT Residents’ perception of cultural activities is an important aspect of quality of life. ... more ABSTRACT Residents’ perception of cultural activities is an important aspect of quality of life. This paper explores the association between the residents’ perception of quality of life and their attendance in cultural activities. Firstly, we investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of existing cultural facilities on the level of attendance to cultural activities, and secondly, explore the relationship between the people’s socio-economic structure and their level of attendance to culture related activities. A dataset of 1,635 dwelling units was selected through a systematic random sampling method for face-to-face interviews. Using surface modeling technique, a close relationship between the socio-economic structure and attendance to culture related activities was observed and the results show a need for a balanced spatial distribution of cultural facilities in the city. In addition, attendance to culture related activities should be increased and be more widespread through a balanced distribution of accessible activity nodes. This may help to improve the quality of life in Istanbul.
Abstract Urban sprawl is one of the major issues regarding sustainable urban development. In resp... more Abstract Urban sprawl is one of the major issues regarding sustainable urban development. In response to concerns about sprawl, compact development strategies have been proposed to promote sustainable development. However, a compact development approach needs to pay attention to the crucial question of commercial profitability. The aim of this article is to inquire into the commercial profitability of compact development strategies by developing different scenarios and to put forward ways to control urban sprawl through ...
Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbaniz... more Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbanization. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In the major cities of developing countries like Istanbul, where the population is over 12 millions, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large-scale land consumption. Thus, many policy-makers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before ...
This paper provides a comparative analysis of planning approaches in divided cities in order to i... more This paper provides a comparative analysis of planning approaches in divided cities in order to investigate the role of planning in alleviating or exacerbating urban division in these societies. It analyses four urban areas—Berlin, Beirut, Belfast, Jerusalem—either of which has experienced or still experiences extreme divisions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, and/or culture. Each case study is investigated in terms of planning approaches before division and after reunifi-cation (if applicable). The relation between division and planning is reciprocal: planning effects, and is effected by urban division. Therefore, it is generally assumed that traditional planning approaches are insufficient and that the recognized engagement methods of planners in the planning process are ineffective to overcome the problems posed by divided cities. Theoretically, a variety of urban scholars have proposed different perspectives on this challenge. In analysing the role of planning in divided cities, both the role of planners, and planning interventions are evaluated within the light of related literature. The case studies indicate that even though different planning approaches have different consequences on the ground, there is a universal trend in harmony with the rest of the world in reshaping these cities. This conclusion draws another one; the contemporary planning interventions in divided cities do not address the root causes of division. Hence, incorporation of 'difference' as a prominent feature of the city to its plans is not addressed as it should be in these special cases.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09654310903141797, Sep 8, 2009
Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbaniz... more Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbanization. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In the major cities of developing countries like Istanbul, where the population is over 12 millions, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large-scale land consumption. Thus, many policy-makers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before ...
Housing is one of the key issues for sustainable development as it accounts for at least 50% of u... more Housing is one of the key issues for sustainable development as it accounts for at least 50% of urban land usage. Housing, with its physical aspect, is also economic sector creates direct and indirect multiplier effects and is evaluated as stimulant for economic development. Recent studies emphasizing the importance of housing for economy have some findings about an association between housing investment and economic growth. Realizing the importance of housing for economy, governments in Turkey changed the economic strategies and attempted to encourage housing construction with legal and planning regulations after 1980�s. However, fluctuations of macroeconomic condition such as high inflation and interest rate, and encountering national and international economic depressions affected the housing market stabilization. Where there was high interest rate and inflation, it has been observed a fall in housing construction and this made negative effects on economic development. After the 2001 economic depression, housing sector has been continuously growing with economic stabilization while inflation and interest rate has been decreasing. The amount of construction investment over total investment increased with economic development. This study aims to analysis the relationship between housing investment and economic development using correlation analysis in Turkey of which economy is growing. Using time series data from 1980 to 2005, housing is found to have strong effects on economic development similar to former studies.
In our contemporary world, thinking of all cities as ‘divided’ is inevitable. The term ‘divided c... more In our contemporary world, thinking of all cities as ‘divided’ is inevitable. The term ‘divided city’ is used to reflect two different discourses spearheaded in related urban literature: first one focusing on globalization, neo-liberal restructuring, socio-economic differences; second one on more disruptive circumstances of extreme tensions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion and culture. The former set of cities are usually referred to as ‘multicultural’, ‘global’, ‘cosmopolitan’, and/or ‘world’ cities—i.e. New York, London, Tokyo, Paris etc—, while the latter ones are nominated as ‘contested’, ‘polarized’, ‘divided’, and/or ‘partitioned’—Nicosia, Jerusalem, Belfast, Beirut etc. In this context, the central theme of this paper is to clarify this distinction by illuminating the root causes of division. A general review on the literature reveals a diverse set of reasons, factors or dimensions as the driving force of urban divisions. These dimensions are classified in order to...
This paper provides a comparative analysis of various planning approaches to managing difference ... more This paper provides a comparative analysis of various planning approaches to managing difference in divided cities. It analyzes six urban areas—Berlin, Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia—which experience extreme divisions related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, and/or culture. Each case study is investigated in terms of planning approaches before division and after reunification (if applicable) in order to assess the effect of planning on urban division. The main assumption is that traditional planning approaches are insufficient and that the recognized engagement methods of planners in the planning process are ineffective to overcome the problems posed by divided cities. The case studies indicate that contemporary planning interventions in divided cities do not address the root causes of division; hence do not incorporate ‘difference’ as a prominent feature of the city and its plans. Even though several theoretical frameworks for planning practices in divided citi...
Şehirsel yayılma ve açık alanların hızla yapılaşmaya açılması, dünyada birçok şehir gibi İstanbul... more Şehirsel yayılma ve açık alanların hızla yapılaşmaya açılması, dünyada birçok şehir gibi İstanbul için de önemli bir problem haline gelmiştir. 1975 ve 2007 yılları arasında nüfusu her yıl yaklaşık 270 bin kişi artan ve Türkiye'nin en büyük şehri olan İstanbul’un, 1950'lerden beri hızlı büyüme ve kırsal göç nedeniyle mekânsal gelişimi sürekli değişim göstermiştir. İlk dönemlerinde düşük yoğunlukta olan ve çeperlerde yer seçen enformel konut alanları, başlangıç olarak İstanbul'un mekansal yayılmasında önemli bir etken olmuştur. Makroformdaki bu yayılma sonucunda yasadışı yerleşim alanları, su havzaları, ormanlar ve nitelikli tarım arazileri işgal edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Boğaziçi ve Haliç köprülerinin inşası sonucunda metropoliten alanda erişim olanakları artmış ve böylece arazi kullanım deseni bir mekânsal dönüşüm sürecine girmiştir. Buna ilave olarak sanayinin desantralizasyonu ve toplu konut yatırımlarının artması da İstanbul’un mekânsal değişimini etkileyen diğer önemli unsurlar olmuştur. Şehirlerin mekânsal biçimlenişinde desantralizasyon-merkezileşme, yoğunlaşma-yayılma, tek merkezli ve çok merkezli gelişme gibi farklı karakteristik özellikler rol oynamaktadır. Mekânsal biçimlenişe etki eden bu gelişmeler İstanbul’da ikili bir süreç içerisinde günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Zaman içerisindeki bu ikili süreçte, İstanbul, bir yandan gecekondulaşma ile özellikle çeperlerde düşük yoğunluklu olarak yayılmış; diğer taraftan merkez bölgelerine yakın düzenli konut alanlarının devamlı bir yenilenme süreciyle sağlıksız bir biçimde giderek yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı mekânsal biçimlenmeye etki eden temel faktörlerden olan arazi değerleri ile yoğunlukların değişiminin analiz edilerek, mekânsal büyüme ile ilişkisinin ortaya konmasıdır. Burada, ‘yoğunluk ve arazi değerlerinin azalım eğimi’ yöntemi kullanılarak İstanbul'un çekirdek-çeper ilişkisi açısından kentsel yapısal değişimi analiz edilmiştir. Üç farklı zaman diliminde her bir mahalle için, brüt yoğunluk (19803 1995 ve 2005 yılları), arazi değerleri (1994, 2002, 2006 yılları) ve kent merkezine olan mesafeler hesaplanarak bir CBS veritabanı oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra elde yoğunluk ve arazi değerleri için ‘değer azalım eğimi (density-land value gradient) üç dönem için hesaplanmış ve ArcGIS programı ile görselleştirilmiştir. Genel olarak, standart kentsel modeller nüfus yoğunluğunun çeperlere doğru gidildikçe mesafe ile ters orantılı olarak azalan bir üstel fonksiyon olarak tahmin etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda da, İstanbul’un negatif üstel yoğunluk ve arazi değeri yapısına sahip olduğu görülmüş ve mekânsal biçimlenişin tek merkezli yapıdan çok merkezli yapıya doğru bir değişim gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca zaman içerisinde çeperlerdeki arazi değerleri değişiminin merkez bölgelerdekinden fazla olması ve yine çeperlerdeki yoğunluk değerlerindeki değişimdeki artış, İstanbul’un geçmişten günümüze doğu olan makroform gelişiminde yayılarak ve yoğunlaşarak geliştiğini göstermektedir.
Her yerleşmenin kendine özgü bir morfolojisi bulunmaktadır. Bu morfoloji üzerinde kentsel dokunun... more Her yerleşmenin kendine özgü bir morfolojisi bulunmaktadır. Bu morfoloji üzerinde kentsel dokunun biçimsel özelliklerinin ve şehirsel büyüme biçiminin etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu etkinin geleneksel yöntemlerle ölçülmesi, şehirsel büyüme biçiminin ve kentsel dokunun mekânsal organizasyonunun anlaşılmasında ve değerlendirilmesinde yetersiz kalmaktadır. Şehirsel büyüme biçimi ve kentsel dokunun zaman içindeki dinamik yapısını ve mekânsal ilişki özelliklerini analiz etmek için bir dizi mekânsal çözümleme teknikerini kullanmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’un şehirsel büyüme biçimi ile kentsel doku arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edilmesi için, saçaklanma indeksinden ve fraktal geometriden yararlanılmıştır. Saçaklanma indeksi, şehirsel büyüme biçiminin ölçülmesi için faktör analizi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir ve 2005 yılı için İstanbul’un şehirsel büyüme biçimi analiz edilmiştir. Fraktal geometri ise kentsel dokunun mekânsal organizasyonunun analizi için kullanılmıştır ve kentsel dokuda ortaya çıkan değişimi fraktal boyuttaki farklılaşmayla ölçmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, İstanbul’daki şehirsel büyüme biçiminin şehirsel saçaklanma özelliğinde olduğu ve farklı dokuların fraktal boyut değerleri ile saçaklanma indeksleri arasında ilişki olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca İstanbul için Kuzey-Güney aksı ile Doğu-Batı aksındaki fraktal boyut ve saçaklanma indeksleri ayrı ayrı değerlendirildiğinde Kuzey-Güney yönünde iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İstanbul; morfoloji; saçaklanma indeksi; fraktal geometri; mekânsal büyüme
"Housing, which is a notably important part of the overall urban land usage, is a key factor... more "Housing, which is a notably important part of the overall urban land usage, is a key factor that affects urban form. As in many other metropolitan areas, the physical pattern of urban form is affected by housing policies and housing development process. In the literature, the physical pattern of urban form is mainly referred as “sprawled” or “compact”. The policies to control urban sprawl and to encourage more compact development has been witnessed a strong debate between proponents of compact cities. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In major cities all over the world, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large scale land consumption. Thus, many policymakers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before it becomes unmanageable. Urban planners require information related to the rate of growth, pattern and extent of sprawl to provide basic measurements for planning process. Measuring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars who investigate the urban landscape. The goal of this research is to provide a sprawl measurement methodology that contributes to the understanding of sprawl dynamics of Istanbul, and put forward the relationship between sprawling and compact development in Istanbul. By using GIS and spatial data along with modelling it is possible to identify the pattern of urban sprawl. This study presents the extent of urban sprawl of Istanbul over the three periods of 1980, 1995 and 2005. Keywords: Urban Sprawl Measurement; Urban Form, Urban Sprawl, Compact Development."
"The livability of a settlement is determined by the quality of the built and natural enviro... more "The livability of a settlement is determined by the quality of the built and natural environment in addition to the activities that take place within that environment. As is widely accepted “quality of life” has three broad dimensions: social, economic and environmental well being, and may be measured using objective and subjective indicators (Marans et al., Campbell, Connelly, Lee, Greenley and Grenberg, VanKamp et al). The physical quality of the residential environment and housing are among the basic indicators of the quality of life of any given community. In addition to the provision of shelter, a residential environment provides for a healthy family life, care of the children and personal fulfillment.This study aims to analyze the quality of the residential environment in Istanbul with the help of objective indicators. The study was undertaken by the Housing and Quality of Life Research Group in BIMTAS, Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office as part of the preparation of Istanbul Strategic Plan. The research concentrated on two aspects of the quality of life: I) quality of the physical environment in residential areas and ii) quality of life with respect to social and economic indicators and the satisfaction of the inhabitants. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the results of the first aspect that comprised the use of indicators related to the physical environment, such as the neighborhood densities, construction intensity (Floor Area Ratios and Building Coverage Ratios), house types ratios of livable open space, recreation area, car parks, proximity to various urban facilities, and urban centers, schools, parks, playgrounds, shopping, building heights, house prices and rents., illegal developments, housing developed on water basins, forest land, and geologically hazardous zones etc. The preliminary results of the survey were used to broadly demonstrate the problem areas with respect to the various indicators. Relationship between various indicators of the quality of residential environment and land values was analyzed and their economic relevance was discussed. Keywords: Quality of Life, Residential Areas, Istanbul"
Bolen, F., Kaya, H.S.,Terzi, F.,Turkoglu, H., Ergun, N., Yirmibesoglu, F.,Kundak, S., (2009). Ist... more Bolen, F., Kaya, H.S.,Terzi, F.,Turkoglu, H., Ergun, N., Yirmibesoglu, F.,Kundak, S., (2009). Istanbul is located 20 km north of the North Anatolian Fault, which broke on August 17, 1999. The fault has a long history of destructive earthquakes, and seismologists today are arguing that there is 60 percent probability of a major earthquake close to Istanbul within 30 years after the 1999 earthquake. This paper aims to demonstrate the vulnerability of urban structures to earthquakes with special emphasis on the development process of residential areas. The rapid urbanisation process in Istanbul since 1950s has produced uncontrolled, unplanned residential areas with poor construction quality usually on sites not suitable for development. The data is based on the residential area surveys carried out by the authors during the preparation of the 11100,000 Scaled Strategic Plan of Istanbul.
In the paper the application of GIS methodologies that combine statistical and spatial modelling ... more In the paper the application of GIS methodologies that combine statistical and spatial modelling techniques to analyse spatial patterns of subjective assesment of quality of life survey in Istanbul will be presented. The quality of life survey is undertaken as part of the Istanbul Strategic Plan prepared by the Greater Istanbul Municipality (BIMTAS, Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office) and partially supported by Istanbul Technical University. The key purpose of the research was to provide useful information for developing planning/design strategies that will foster sustainable urbanization through enhancing quality of life, which is one of the most important principles of sustainable urbanization. Another purpose was to explore the impact of environmental, economic, social, physical and health related indicators on quality of life satisfaction among Istanbul residents. The questionnaire was administrated to over 1600 residents through face-to-face interviews. Factor analysis technique will be used to derive the data of the subjective assesment of quality of life dimensions. The other application identifies and maps generalized spatial patterns of the underlying imensions of the subjective assesment of satisfaction attributes mapped using GIS.
This chapter presents an overview of a study examining the quality of urban life in the Istanbul ... more This chapter presents an overview of a study examining the quality of urban life in the Istanbul metropolitan area. The primary source of information was a household survey conducted as part of the strategic planning process undertaken by the Greater Istanbul Municipality. The specific goal of the study was to inform government officials and planners about residents' perceptions of urban life in a large and rapidly growing region. The quality of the broader residential environment and the housing unit are among the basic ...
ABSTRACT Residents’ perception of cultural activities is an important aspect of quality of life. ... more ABSTRACT Residents’ perception of cultural activities is an important aspect of quality of life. This paper explores the association between the residents’ perception of quality of life and their attendance in cultural activities. Firstly, we investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of existing cultural facilities on the level of attendance to cultural activities, and secondly, explore the relationship between the people’s socio-economic structure and their level of attendance to culture related activities. A dataset of 1,635 dwelling units was selected through a systematic random sampling method for face-to-face interviews. Using surface modeling technique, a close relationship between the socio-economic structure and attendance to culture related activities was observed and the results show a need for a balanced spatial distribution of cultural facilities in the city. In addition, attendance to culture related activities should be increased and be more widespread through a balanced distribution of accessible activity nodes. This may help to improve the quality of life in Istanbul.
Abstract Urban sprawl is one of the major issues regarding sustainable urban development. In resp... more Abstract Urban sprawl is one of the major issues regarding sustainable urban development. In response to concerns about sprawl, compact development strategies have been proposed to promote sustainable development. However, a compact development approach needs to pay attention to the crucial question of commercial profitability. The aim of this article is to inquire into the commercial profitability of compact development strategies by developing different scenarios and to put forward ways to control urban sprawl through ...
Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbaniz... more Sprawling urban development is one of the major issues that mainly refer to the extent of urbanization. Less urban sprawl and more compact residential development have been viewed as important components of the environmental agenda. In the major cities of developing countries like Istanbul, where the population is over 12 millions, urban sprawl threatens the natural resources through large-scale land consumption. Thus, many policy-makers are starting to look for ways to control sprawl through smart growth policies before ...
Uploads
Papers by Fulin Bolen