Evren Dayar

Maps are highly valuable as historical sources because they offer a visual representation of the reality, they depict during the time they were created. The significance of maps as historical resources becomes even more apparent when studying cities like Antalya, which have experienced significant damage to their historical structures, or when attempting to identify structures that no longer exist today. The maps become crucial tools for reconstructing the historical fabric of such cities and bridging the gap between the past and the present. This article aims to evaluate two maps of Antalya prepared on March 27, 1905, utilizing archival documents, inscriptions, and various visual sources. These maps, created to document the damage to the walls and towers of Antalya in the early 20th century, are highly functional for identifying key reference points in the city and understanding urban modernization. In the article, based on the 1905 maps, the city’s harbor, Antalya Citadel (Tophane), Kaleiçi neighborhoods, city walls, city gates, and the settlement areas outside the walls are depicted, presenting a panoramic view of early 20th-century Antalya. In addition, the 1905 maps provide significant information about some structures that are no longer present today. Through the 1905 maps, it has been possible to identify the bathhouse structure in the citadel, the Bayrakdar Baba Tomb, and the original location of the clock tower, claimed to have been constructed in 1921.

A Dynasty of Antalya in the “Age of the Ayans”: Tekelioğulları (1770-1814)

Abstract: This paper deals with the dynasty of Tekelioğulları, an important provincial power in Antalya in the second half of the 18th century. In the paper, turning points of the Tekelioğulları family history, how they came into power despite the strong families they competed with, their relations with the capital and finally, their revolt against the imperial centre are examined. Two reasons behind the regional domination of the family are particularly emphasized in the paper. The first one was the support of the people, which essentially stemmed from the âyân function of the family. Another reason that increased the power of the family was the policy of the empire, which was based on negotiating with the provincial notables in the last periods of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The most important feature of the negotiation policy for the empire was to use the provincial notables as the representatives of the capital while preventing them from being an alternative powerfor the empire. For this purpose, the empire frequently resorted to confiscations, thus succeeding both in establishing a balance between the provincial powers and the centre and generating income for the treasury. Tekelioğulları, on the other hand, ruled Antalya and its districts for years, with the support of the provincial society in a geography where there were endless conflicts between families. The family also took advantage of the opportunities offered by the provincial politics that regulated the relations of the empire with the region. But neither support of the provincial society to the family did imply absolute loyalty, nor did the provincial politics of the capital remain unchanged. As a matter of fact, the change in the negotiation-based provincial policy of the empire with the reign of Sultan Mahmud II had an impact on the fate of the family, which resulted in a revolt and exile.

Keywords: Antalya, Tekelioğulları, revolt, II. Mahmud.

Antalya Kaleici Panhagia Church and New Mosque
Abstract:
Antalya Kaleiçi Panhagia Church, the Episcopal center in the Byzantine period, remained open to the Christian community for worship until the sixteenth century, when it was converted into a mosque. After the church was turned into a mosque by Sultan Bayezid II’s order, it was named New Mosque (Câmi-i Cedid). The church’s conversion into a mosque, which was used as a church for a long time during the period of Islamic rule and was mainly inhabited by the Christian Orthodox population, caused contentions between the two communities with the effect of the changes in the demographic structure of the city.
After the church was converted into a mosque, it served as a place of worship for about four centuries. At the end of the nineteenth century, it was burned and abandoned. This article aims to understand the transformation of Panhagia Church and New Mosque as it was called in the early twentieth century in the Ottoman period and the process that resulted in its abandonment. The existing literature was subjected to a critical analysis to understand this process, and historical sources were re-evaluated. In addition, under conditions of insufficient resources, the mosque’s importance in different periods was tried to be revealed, based on the mosque’s position in the city religioscape and demographic structure of the city.
Keywords: Panhagia Church, New Mosque, demographic structure, religioscape.

Surety Regulations for Civil Servants in the Ottoman Empire /
In this article, with the embezzlement which one of the most common civil servant crimes of the Tanzimat period and surety regulations for the control of financial officials are discussed. Embezzlement which is a financial crime that directly damages the state treasury unlike crimes such as bribery or favouritism was among the most important civil servant crimes for the Sublime Porte during the Tanzimat period. For this reason, from the beginning of the Tanzimat, the Sublime Porte had sought procedural unity prevent the civil servants from embezzling or steal state property, and issued instructions and decrees on this issue. One of the results of this process, it became compulsory to employ civil servants, especially financial officers, on surety. Subsequently, three legislations were issued regulating the details of the surety procedure in the second part of XIXth century. However, the surety institution established to prevent embezzlement and compensate it was based on personal guarantee, individuals were attached to individuals. Therefore, the surety system was criticized since the beginning of the XXth century, and had to be abandoned when the conditions of war made it difficult to find a personal guarantor. This process also prepared the formation of the surety funds that established in 1927.

On the eve of the Tanzimat Period, Antalya was a traditional Ottoman city surrounded and protected by walls. The main settlement area of the city was Kaleici, which consisted of three separate sections divided by two inner walls. Kaleici had a single landward gate and was divided into various sections by large streets that extend from the exterior and interior doors to the center, and smaller streets opening from the center or large streets to the neighborhoods. The streets of Kaleici were uneven and unpaved, and the houses were mostly made of wood. Apart from the walls; the city had a bazaar, suburbs neighborhoods and gardens. The small port of the city was a separate section, located outside both the residential area and the bazaar. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the most important factor affecting the appearance of the city was the need for security. For this reason, the city walls were not demolished, and the city did not extend much beyond the walls. On the other hand, the traditional appearance of the city started to change slightly as of the second half of the century. Behind this change was the state’s centralization process, mass migrations and the partial welfare period dated 1840 to 1890. In this period, the population of the neighbourhoods in the “suburbs” area increased, a new public center was created outside the walls and modern neighbourhoods were started to be built. In this period, the population of the neighborhoods in the “suburbs” area have increased, a new public center and modern neighborhoods have been started to build outside the walls. This study focuses on the townscape of Antalya in the late Ottoman Empire. In the first part of the study, the traditional city which is under the domination of a local family (Tekelioğulları) is depicted in detail. The second part of the study analyzes the city’s transformation since the second half of the 19th century. A response is sought to the questions of which dynamics were effective on the transformation process and what prevented it. In the conclusion part of the study, traditional Antalya and the Antalya of the Tanzimat period and the prominent actors of these periods are compared.

During the Ottoman Empire period, Antalya Castle was one of the most important port castles of Anatolia. It has been repaired many times due to its importance, and thus it has managed to remain standing until the beginning of the 20th century. One of the most extensive repairs of the Antalya Castle occurred after the Tekelioğlu Rebellion, which continued between the years of 1812-1814. During this period, when Ibrahim Bey rebelled against the Sultan Mahmud II and the city was besieged by the Ottoman Empire, many parts of the castle were ruined. Therefore, after the seizure of Antalya, the first repair teams came to the city and the reconstruction process which was going to continue for several years, started in 1815. In addition, during this period, for the repair of Antalya Castle, two different discovery reports were prepared in 1825 and 1836, and Antalya Castle has been repaired in accordance with these reports. The most detailed of all these discovery reports is the 1815 report prepared by the Architect Mustafa Raşid Efendi. In the report, the need for repair of Antalya Castle was written in detail. The map drawn by Mustafa Raşid Efendi shows the interior and exterior walls, the ditches surrounding the castle, the castle towers and the castle gates. Thus, it is possible to extract a structural panorama of Antalya Castle in the early 19th century thanks to the information in the discovery report and the map.  This article aims to come up with a detailed description of the drawing that we called the 1815 Map. On this occasion, the condition of Antalya Castle in the beginning of the 19th century will be tried to be depicted.
Keywords: Antalya Castle, city walls, towers, doors.

Examination of Cases Related to Plague and Cholera in Antalya Judicial Registers (1833-1870). This article brings forward the value of judicial registers in defining the deaths which for a particular period caused by plague and cholera, by analyzing the recorded death cases in 19th century Antalya’s judicial registers. It is claimed in the article that “passed away by the decree of God” cliché which was used to describe some death cases in Antalya judicial registers is generally the figural statement to describe the deaths caused by plague and cholera in Antalya’s judicial registers. The fact that this cliché was used frequently in the periods when plague and cholera were wide in Antalya and the information gained from judicial registers about the identities of the people whose death was registered with this cliché are supporting the argument of this article. However this is a speculative claim; but it has a reasonable internal consistency, it is not provable, it is convincing.
Bu makale 19. yüzyıla tarihlenen Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde kayıt altına alınmış ölüm vakalarının incelenmesinden hareketle, belirli bir dönemde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşmiş ölümlerin tespitinde şer’iyye sicillerinin değerini tartışmaya açmaktadır. Makalede, Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde bazı ölüm vakalarını tanımlamak için kullanılan “biemr-illâh teâlâ vefât eden” klişesinin, genel olarak sicillerde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşen ölümleri tanımlamanın biçimsel ifadesi olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Klişenin veba ve koleranın Antalya’da etkin olduğu dönemlerde sıklıkla kullanılması ve ölümü bu klişe ile kayıt altına alınanların kimliklerine ilişkin sicillerden edinilen bilgiler makalenin iddiasını desteklemektedir. Öte yandan bu spekülatif bir iddiadır; ancak mantıklı bir iç tutarlılığa sahiptir, kanıtlayıcı değil, ikna edicidir.

The Murder in the Mancarcik Well: Mashers, Liberated Slaves and
Prostitutes in Antalya in the 19th Century.


In the 19th century, Antalya was among the medium-sized port cities of Asia Minor. Due to its geographical location, the agricultural production capacity of the city was limited. For this reason, except for periods of compulsory mass migration, the population of the city had not changed much during the 19th century. The most important exception to this situation was the voluntary Greek migration in the 1860s. Indeed, after the 1860s, Antalya had become a permanent residence for many Greeks who came from the Aegean islands for trading. The intense Greek immigration changed the population structure of the city and also triggered a social transformation process.

The murder investigated in this article was committed in exactly in this
transformation process. Therefore, when evaluating the murder, it is possible to establish a link between the reasons behind the murder and this large-scale transformation process. Apart from that, the murder in the Mancarcik Well also makes it possible to reconsider the workings of communities in everyday life of 19th century Antalya together with mashers, abandoned women by their husbands, and liberated slaves. Also, relatively detailed inquiry minutes give an idea of ordinary people’s mindset.

In addition to these, as a result of the transformation process that was
experienced by the Ottoman State in the 19th century, the changing functions and the increasing influence of the state in the province is examined in the article. Finally, it is also mentioned that the infra judicial accommodation and the social mediation have lost their old importance over time.

In this article, life story of Mehmet Emin, founder of Turkey’s oldest provincial newspaper (Antalya), has been explained in its own historical context, by considering the characteristics of his time and developments that affect his life. Mehmet Emin, the delegate of the Committee of Union and Progress of Antalya, was one of the most important and influential names of Antalya politics since World War I until his death in 1928. Because of the Unionist identity, he carried on many of the characteristics of the Unionists. The controversial and stubborn character, nationalism and idealism were influential on Mehmet Emin’s life. Another happening affecting Mehmet Emin’s life story, was the transformation of Antalya in the period of his strong political influence in the city. Due to this transformation in World War I and National Struggle years, the population structure of the city has changed dramatically, economic resources have been limited, wealth has changed hands and a new class has emerged in the city. In addition to his political identity, this transformation in Antalya caused Mehmet Emin to make lots of enemies in his short life and made him an irreconcilable man of contend.

In this article, Official Antalya and Antalya newspapers published in Antalya during the One Party Period are examined. The Official Antalya was first printed in 1927 by the provincial administration, and closed in 1937. Antalya, a special newspaper, was published between 1939 and 1945. These newspapers were published in the years 1930 and 1940, when the one-party regime was institutionalized in Turkey. Therefore both newspapers functioned as propaganda tools for the regime. The article, which covers the Antalya press during the One Party Period in terms of political atmosphere, expresses the role of the press within press-politics relation. Also, the study aims to shed light on the political and cultural climate of the period. In this context, the press regime during the One Party Period, new press organs and the discussion topics of local political life are investigated.

Öz: Bu makalede, geçtiğimiz yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Antalya'yı etkisi altına almış sıtmanın, bu coğrafyada nasıl hâkim hale geldiği ve Antalya üzerindeki etkilerinin neler olduğu sorularına cevap aranmaktadır. Makalenin temel iddiası şudur: Antalya'da sıtmanın hâkimiyeti 16. yüzyılın ortalarında başlayan küçük buzul çağının ve bir dizi beşeri sebebin tetiklediği çevresel dönüşümün neticesinde artmıştır. 19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise ormanların tahribinin de etkisiyle sıtmanın Antalya'daki hâkimiyeti daha da güçlenmiştir. Öte yandan sıtmanın ve sıtma için uygun koşulları yaratan çevresel dönüşümün Antalya'da zirai ve iktisadi hayatı ilgilendiren, toplumsal ve kültürel örüntüleri belirleyen birçok sonucu da olmuştur.
Abstract: In this article, answers to the question of how malaria became dominant in this geography and what effects it had upon Antalya exercising influence over Antalya until the middle of the past century are given. The main claim of the article is the dominance of malaria in Antalya increased in consequence of the Little Ice Age in the middle 16 th century and the environmental change that was triggered through a serious of human actions. By the 19 th century, the dominance of malaria had been strengthened through the destruction of the forests. On the other hand, malaria and the related environmental transformation that created these conditions for malaria also had many consequences in Antalya, that determined social and cultural patterns regarding both agricultural and economic life. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antalya • Sıtma • Küçük Buzul Çağı Keywords: Antalya • Malaria • The Little Ice Age

This study explores the intricate history of the Antalya Clock Tower, examining its profound connection to the city's evolving identity. The research investigates crucial aspects such as the tower's origins, intended function, integration into urban life, symbolic importance, and its enduring place in the collective consciousness of Antalya's residents.
Employing a multifaceted methodology, the study draws upon a rich tapestry of sources, including archival records, historical city maps, local newspaper articles, eyewitness accounts, and period photographs. This diverse array of materials allows for a nuanced tracing of the tower's transformations across various historical epochs.
By illuminating these temporal shifts, the research aims to uncover how the Clock Tower's journey intertwined with Antalya's own process of identity formation. This analysis not only deepens our understanding of the tower's individual narrative but also casts light on the broader metamorphosis of Antalya itself, contextualizing these changes within the wider historical landscape.
The study's central thesis posits that the Clock Tower's construction was fundamentally driven by the evolution of timekeeping systems and the subsequent alterations in the city's daily rhythms. These changes were not merely technological in nature but reflected deeper local dynamics that were reshaping urban life, particularly gaining momentum in the latter half of the 19th century.
However, the Clock Tower's significance extends far beyond its practical origins. Over time, it transcended its utilitarian purpose, evolving into a beloved landmark and a powerful emblem of Antalya's identity. This transformation from functional timepiece to cultural icon embodies the complex interplay between urban infrastructure, social change, and collective memory.
Through this examination, the study seeks to provide a richer, more nuanced understanding of both the Antalya Clock Tower and the city it has come to symbolize. By weaving together threads of architectural history, social dynamics, and cultural symbolism, this research contributes to a deeper appreciation of how urban landmarks can serve as focal points for community identity and historical continuity.

Foundation of Antalya Museum, one of Turkey’s oldest regional museums, was the product of circumstances in which modern historiography and museology in the late Ottoman Empire developed. The first attempts to establish the museum date back to before World War I. However, the official opening of the museum took place in 1923. Since then, it was the personality of its founder what marked the development of the museum and its first twenty years. In this paper, the life story of Süleyman Fikri Erten who is the founder of Antalya Museum is evaluated together with his museologist and historian identity. In addition, it is claimed that these two inseparable themes, shaped the first years of the museum.
Keywords: Antalya Museum, regional museums, Süleyman Fikri Erten, local history studies.