The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused about 80,000 Corona... more The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused about 80,000 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidences during its first wave in Nigeria is an enveloped virus, with infective properties that make it susceptible to inactivation, upon exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Moreover, temperature has been reported to influence the spread and viability of most known human coronaviruses. The study examines the impact of temperature variables on the transmission of COVID-19, during its first wave in Nigeria. Daily COVID-19 incidences for 300 days of the virus presence in Nigeria used in the estimation of the instantaneous reproduction number (R). In this study, R was used to measure COVID-19 transmissibility, while the daily incidences reflected the spread rate of the virus in Nigeria. Meteorological data were then matched with each of R and COVID-19 incidences, to determine the correlation between them, using Spearman's correlation coefficient (r s) test. R estimation of 1.4 reflected the prevailing transmissibility of first wave of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Although no significant and positive relationship was observed between COVID-19 incidences and temperature variables. The strong relationship observed between R and the temperature parameters, suggests that temperature could be a driver modulating the transmission routes of COVID-19 in Nigeria.
Vegetables are widely exposed to microbial contamination, thus, harbor diverse microorganisms whi... more Vegetables are widely exposed to microbial contamination, thus, harbor diverse microorganisms which may lead to infection outbreak. Microbial load on lettuce was estimated in this study, with vinegar, as a disinfecting agent. Randomly purchased samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods to estimate microbial load in relation to disinfectant concentration and exposure time. Microbial load of samples rinsed with sterile distilled (control experiment) and tap water were 3.8 × 10 6 CFU/g and 4.0 × 10 6 CFU/g, while those rinsed with vinegar ranged from 1.0 × 10 5 CFU/g to 2.7 × 10 6 CFU/g. Upon subjection to different exposure times (0, 5, 10 min) and vinegar concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%), gradual reduction in microbial load was observed from 2.9 × 10 7 CFU/g, when rinsed with 0.5% vinegar to 1.0 × 10 6 CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar at initial time (0 min), at 5 min exposure, microbial load reduced from 1.9 × 10 7 CFU/g at 1.0% concentration to 3.0 × 10 5 CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar concentration, while the exposure of lettuce to 2.0% vinegar concentration for 10 min, showed no observable microbial growth. Lettuce samples analyzed were heavily contaminated with microorganisms, however, 2% vinegar at 10 min exposure time, was most effective at eliminating microbes. Healthy-looking vegetables may possibly harbor microorganisms, as such, good sanitary measures should be adopted before consumption.
Chilo partellus causes yield losses estimated at 73-100% in maize and 88-100% in sorghum in Kenya... more Chilo partellus causes yield losses estimated at 73-100% in maize and 88-100% in sorghum in Kenya. icipe spearheaded the importation and release of the larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes, in moist lowland, dry mid-altitude and moist mid-altitude Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Kenya against C. partellus. However, the establishment of C. flavipes is only well documented for the moist lowland AEZ. This study was thus carried out in the three AEZs in order to update establishment, spread and impact of the parasitoid on stem borer populations. Maize and sorghum farms were sampled radiating from parasitoid release points up to a distance of 45 km. Percentage infestation and parasitism were analyzed using one factor ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results of this study revealed that C. flavipes established and spread beyond release sites across the three AEZs. Overall stem borer infestation was 28.9 ± 3.1, 22.5 ± 7.4 and 2.7 ± 0.4% in the moist lowland, dry mid-altitude and moist mid-altitude AEZ, respectively, showing a significant reduction from parasitoid pre-release levels. Stem borer parasitism levels were 36.1 ± 3.0, 25.3 ± 3.3 and 5.5 ± 2.5% in the moist lowland, dry midaltitude and moist mid-altitude AEZ, respectively, showing a significant increase from parasitoid pre-release levels. Cotesia flavipes is steadily suppressing stem borer population in the three AEZs.
The prevalence and type of microorganisms present on surfaces is an important factor to consider ... more The prevalence and type of microorganisms present on surfaces is an important factor to consider in infection outbreaks. The study identified bacterial isolates from Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and screened the isolates against antibiotics of aminoglycosides, penicillins, tetracyclines, and phenicols classes for efficacy. The isolates were further tested for presence of genes that encodes for aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, penicillins, and betalactamases. The bacterial isolates were identified as clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae and frequently comprised Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. The isolates were more susceptible to gentamicin and kanamycin (95%) and more resistant to flucloxacillin (65%), cloxacillin (65%), and oxytetracycline (60%). Most of the isolates showed multiresistance to the antibiotics and were commonly associated with Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas alcaligenes. The bla TEM (90%) and strA (80%) encoding genes were the most abundant genes within the isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, S. rubidaea, Yersinia mollareti, and Salmonella Paratyphi co-habored 33% of carbapenemases, ESBLs, bla ampC , vanA, and strA encoding genes. This is the first study to highlight the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from ATMs as potential reservoir for emergence and spread of multidrug resistance genes in bacterial pathogens in Cape Coast, Ghana.
Examination of some Teleost fish caught in the Maga Lake located in the Far North Region of Camer... more Examination of some Teleost fish caught in the Maga Lake located in the Far North Region of Cameroon, revealed the presence of two new species of Myxosporidia belonging to the genus Myxobolus, of which morphological and histological description is given in the present study. These species are: Myxobolus kodjii sp. nov., parasite of the eyes of Labeo senegalensis and Myxobolus dzeufieti sp. nov., parasite of the skin of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia sp. M. kodjii sp. nov. forms ovoid myxospores, with rounded ends, 8.0 (7.0-9.0) µm long, 5.9 (5.5-6.6) µm wide and 3.8 (3.5-4.2) µm thick. Polar capsules are pyriform, equal in size and measure 3.7 (3.2-4.0) µm × 1.6 (1.4-2.0) µm. M. dzeufieti sp. nov. forms ovoid myxospores, with the anterior end slightly narrowed, 12.3 (11.4-13.7) µm long, 9.8 (9.2-10.6) µm wide and 5.7 (5.0-6.0) µm thick. Its polar capsules are pyriform and equal in size and measure 4.8 (4.0-5.5) µm × 2.9 (2.5-3.3) µm. These new species of Myxobolus are histozoic. The cysts of M. kodjii sp. nov. induce a local inflammatory reaction and their implantation in the sclera can affect the sight of the host fish. The presence of the cysts of M. dzeufieti sp. nov. on the skin did not cause an inflammatory reaction in host fish.
Information is scanty on the occurrence and population dynamics of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPN... more Information is scanty on the occurrence and population dynamics of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) in most cultivated fields in Nigeria. To this end, a study was designed to provide this information. Soil samples were collected randomly from crop fields (maize, rice, sugarcane, plantain, cassava, cowpea, cocoa and fallow land). The soil collection was with a core sampler at a distance of 10-15 cm from the plant root zone and at an approximate depth of 15-30 cm. The Baermann's method was adopted to extract nematodes from a 100 g representative soil sample. Extracted nematodes were identified to the genus level. All data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and mean separation. Results showed that a significantly highest nematode population, 791.66, was obtained from the fallow land, while the cocoa field was next, 580.00. The rice field had significantly lowest population of 125.00. In all, 17 genera, in 12 families, were identified and Meloidogyne spp. was the most frequently isolated and most abundant, Tylenchulus spp. was the least. Furthermore, the plantain field had the most diverse genera, 10.20, while the rice field had the least, 2.00. PPNs occur and are widely distributed in the study area.
Microplastics (MPs) are a global threat to marine life, but information available on the extent o... more Microplastics (MPs) are a global threat to marine life, but information available on the extent of pollution along the Kenya Indian ocean coast is absent. Ingestion of MPs by five common pelagic fish from the region was investigated in this study. Fish tissues were digested in 10% potassium Hydroxide (KOH) at 60°C for 14 h and the MPs separated by floatation method using supersaturated Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution. The benthic fish studied (Acanthopagrus berda with a mean of 0.48 ± 0.06 MPs per gram (g-1) tissue, Gerres oyena 0.20 ± 0.02, Terapon jarbua 0.20 ± 0.06) had higher MPs contamination compared to the pelagic (Rastrelliger kanagurta 0.054 ± 0.011) and reef fish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis 0.038 ± 0.009) reflecting the influence of habits and habitat on MPs contamination in fish. Fish caught in the second sampling had higher MPs contamination compared to the first and fish from Mida Creek had higher MPs contamination compared to those from Tudor and Port-Reitz probably because they were mainly benthic fish. Gut and gills of all species contained significantly higher concentrations of MPs than the flesh. Thus, we recommend that fish be gutted and thoroughly clean the gills before cooking to reduce MPs contamination. There is need for further research to evaluate the risk posed to humans by the consumption of marine water fish that ingested MPs.
Mosquito breeding habitats play an important role in determining adult mosquitoes' abundance and ... more Mosquito breeding habitats play an important role in determining adult mosquitoes' abundance and distribution. This study assessed the impact of physicochemical parameters of breeding water on Culex quinquefasciatus larval abundance. A larval survey was conducted in Epe, Eti-Osa, Kosofe, and Ojo local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state. Emerged adults of Culex mosquitoes were identified. Members of the Cx. pipiens complex were identified into subspecies using polymerase chain reaction. Physicochemical parameters of water from larval sampling sites were analyzed using standard techniques. Six Culex species; Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. decens, Cx. nebulosus, Cx. cinereus, Cx. tigripes and Cx. duttoni were encountered. Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus was the only member of the pipiens complex. Breeding habitat in Kosofe recorded the highest electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrients followed by Ojo, Eti-Osa and then Epe. Larval densities were found to have significant relationship with ammonia (r = 0.507, P = 0.027) and sulfate (r =-0.539, p = 0.017) contents of the breeding habitats. The study revealed that Cx. p. quinquefasciatus is the most dominant and only member of the Cx. pipiens complex. Ammonia and sulfate have a significant impact on the abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus immature stages. Manipulation of these two parameters could make Culex breeding water less suitable in the study areas.
The impacts of rapid industrialization in the periphery of the Sundarbans on the flora and fauna ... more The impacts of rapid industrialization in the periphery of the Sundarbans on the flora and fauna (tiger, deer, crocodile, dolphin, fishes, etc.) and ecosystem of the Sundarbans, surrounding areas and on the other components like river banks erosion, livelihoods of the people, etc. of the Sundarbans and surroundings areas were studied to develop a guideline for future conservation and restoration. The study area is 20 km inside and outside (Periphery) of the Sundarbans under Mongla and Rampal upazilas of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh. Fortnight sampling was carried out and air, water, soil and biological samples were studied in the field and laboratory. The recorded data indicate that the present condition of Sundarbans and its surrounding area has reflected a sign of threatened environment. The Sundarbans has lost both floral and faunal diversity by the years. Tigers are disappeared, fishes lost their habitat, trees are affected with unknown diseases, other faunal diversity are also disappeared, erosion is concentrated along the Pashur River, people are being helpless and migrated their occupation. The industries have also brought the curse for natural environment of this area by discharging waste, gases, hot water recklessly into river and surrounding water bodies. As a result the world largest mangrove forest-Sundarbans may can lose its recognition as world heritage site.
Heavy Metal (HM) toxicity is defended by plants using mechanisms such as metal chelation and vacu... more Heavy Metal (HM) toxicity is defended by plants using mechanisms such as metal chelation and vacuolar sequestration. HM-induced oxidative stress is also limited in plants by routine scavenging of free radicals including reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation. In this review, we focus on exogenous melatonin treatment to regulate its biosynthetic pathway, the metal accumulation, and redox system. Furthermore, the photosynthetic components are significantly modulated in melatonin-treated plants under metal and other abiotic stressed conditions. Melatonin is also involved in nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Evidence suggests that the improvement in stress tolerance is due to the application of melatonin in a dose-dependent manner. Reports have suggested that phytohormones such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid are mediated by melatonin. The genes related to secondary metabolites including flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin biosynthesis are mainly over-expressed in presence of melatonin.
Prenatal androgen exposure has suggested to be associated with lateral preferences in humans as p... more Prenatal androgen exposure has suggested to be associated with lateral preferences in humans as per the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda (GBG) theory, the Sexual Differentiation Hypothesis (SDH) and the Callosal Hypothesis (CH). The 2D:4D ratio is the putative marker of prenatal androgen exposure. The study aimed to determine the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and lateral preferences. The study was cross-sectional from May to June 2021 that involved 206 participants (females = 112, males = 94), aged between 18 to 32 years. Computer-assisted analysis was used to measure the right (2D:4DR) and the left (2D:4DL) digit ratios while lateral preferences were measured using the Lateral Preference Inventory (LPI) questionnaire. The females' 2D:4DL was significantly higher than males with a medium effect size (p = 0.033, d = 0.29). The odds that a male would have a preference for the left ear was greater relative to a female [AOR = 2.330 (95%CI: 1.034-5.251)]. There was a significant correlation between right-eye laterality and the 2D:4DR in females (r =-0.589, p = 0.030). Also, left-foot laterality significantly correlated with the 2D:4DL in males (r = 0.693, p = 0.046). Prenatal androgen exposure, as indexed by the 2D:4D ratio may be associated with lateral preferences of the eye in females and the foot in males. Further studies are however recommended.
The contraceptive potential of Acacia nilotica pods and Albizzia lebbeck stem bark methanolic ext... more The contraceptive potential of Acacia nilotica pods and Albizzia lebbeck stem bark methanolic extracts were evaluated in male rodent pests. Ninety (90) multimammate rats (M. natalensis) were randomized into a 3 × 3 factorial design for treatment groups (control, A. lebbeck and A. nilotica) (n = 10) and treatment durations (15, 30, or 60 days). Control rats consumed plain feed. Treated rats consumed feed with 2% w/w of either of the plant extract. Following treatment, male rats were mated to untreated females before they were sedated in ether and humanely sacrificed. Assessments were done on fertility success rates (number of impregnated females), weight of testes and reproductive glands, sperm cell parameters, and testes histopathology. Fertility success rate was reduced to 0% in the A. nilotica treated rats at all the treatment durations and in the A. lebbeck treated rats after 60 days of treatment. Also, the extract-treated rats revealed a significant reduction in the testes, seminal vesicles, and epididymides weights compared to the control group. Moreover, sperm cell density and the proportions of live and progressively motile spermatozoa were significantly reduced and there were numerous damaged seminiferous tubules reflected by sloughed off germ cells, thinned germinal epithelium and widened empty lumen in the extracttreated rats. Thus, treatment with A. nilotica or A. lebbeck extract in male M. natalensis reduced their fertility success rates through distortion of testicular structure and disruption of spermatogenesis.
To understand the quality attributes and acceptability of yogurt, three different varieties of Mu... more To understand the quality attributes and acceptability of yogurt, three different varieties of Musa sapentum (Paranta, Saro and Williams) were used to partially fortified yogurt. Each of the banana fruit was added at different proportion (10%, 15% and 20%) to produce the yogurts. The products were analyzed for proximate, P H, brix, titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and total phenol. Other parameters such as sensory properties and microbial loads were also determined. The results showed that protein values were between (2.9%-3.92%).The sample with 10% Paranta has the highest protein content (3.93%) which was found to be 5.76% and 36.59% higher than control and sample with 10% Saro which had the least protein respectively. The energy content was found to be between (194.03 kcal/100 g to 207.06 k cal/100 g). The sample fortified with 10%Paranta has highest energy value (207.06 kcal/100 g) which was (0.94%) and (4%) higher than control and sample with 10% Saro which had least energy content (194.03 kcal/100 g). Vitamin C ranged between (20.6 mg/100 g to 21.6 mg/100 g). The sample with 10% Paranta had the highest vitamin C concentration (21.6 mg/100 g), although not significantly different at (p < 0.05) compared with other samples. The total microbial count (TMC) was between (0.4 × 10 5 to 0.8 × 10 4 cfu/ml). There was no coliform detected in the entire samples. All microbial count observed were within the limit specified as acceptable counts, hence the samples were fit and safe for human consumption at the time the microbial count was done.
Acacia nilotica is a plant used for the treatment of various ailments. This research was conducte... more Acacia nilotica is a plant used for the treatment of various ailments. This research was conducted to assess the anti-ulcerogenic property of A. nilotica seedpod using ethanol and indomethacin as ulcer-inducing agents. Experimental rats were grouped and orally pre-treated with varying doses of aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod and ranitidine (10 mg/kg bw) before the ulcer was induced using ethanol. Another set of rats were also post-treated with graded doses of aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod and ranitidine following induction of ulcer using indomethacin. The effect of the extract on ulcer indices, inflammatory markers, antioxidant defense systems was monitored. Aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod gave optimum gastroprotection (42.86%) and ulcer healing (70.25%) effect at 50 mg/kg bw. LD 50 of the extract was greater than 3,000 mg/kg bw and secondary metabolites like phenolics,glycosides are present in trhe aqueous extract. The findings of the study show that A. nilotica seedpod has anti-ulcerogenic activity, thus, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Plants with insecticide effect is the main recourse to control cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus macu... more Plants with insecticide effect is the main recourse to control cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). This study assessed in laboratory, insecticidal effect of various doses of powder (125, 250, 375, 500, 625, 750 and 875 g of powder/kg of cowpea) and ethanolic extract (10%, 15%, 20% and 25% w/v) of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on adults of the weevil. 10 adult couples of newly emerged weevil were introduced into each jar containing powder-seed or extract-seed mixture at a rate of 16 g healthy cowpea per treatment and per replication. The results revealed that the mortality rate was positively correlated with dose of powder (22.43 to 69.46%) and concentration of ethanolic extract (11.65 to 44.95%) of C. aconitifolius. Emergence rate decreased with dose of powder (12.31 to 5.13%) and concentration of ethanolic extract (19.24 to 8.44%). Infestation and oviposition rate were significantly reduced (Prob. < 0.001) by both extracts of C. aconitifolius. The different results revealed the potential of this plant to reduce the damage of C. maculatus in cowpea in storage. It is therefore possible to consider the use of extracts of this plant for the control of C. maculatus.
Momordica charantia is a medicinal plant comprising of antidiabetic properties. Along with this, ... more Momordica charantia is a medicinal plant comprising of antidiabetic properties. Along with this, it has been recognized as a good source of trace elements which are beneficial for health. So it is important to find the actual trace element content in different M. charantia fruits cultivated in different areas. We have found 12 elements varying within the fruit parts where the fruit pulp was found to be key reservoir of calcium, manganese, potassium and sulfur. Charantin, being one of the important antidiabetic compounds found in M. charantia, were estimated using HPLC and found to be accumulated at maximum in the Tamluk region. Squalene synthase is the rate limiting enzyme in phytosterol biosynthesis and therefore, we have characterized the M. charantia Squalene Synthase (McSQS) gene, went through an in silico study and tried to find the expression correlation with charantin content in M. charantia fruits, where we found that McSQS expression is highest in Tamluk region.
Yield in barley is a complex trait that is dependent upon environmental, physiological and morpho... more Yield in barley is a complex trait that is dependent upon environmental, physiological and morphological factors of a genotype. The study aimed at evaluating yield and yield components of advanced barley lines. Field experiments were conducted under quarantine conditions at Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Njoro in the Central Rift Valley. Forty genotypes were sown in one meter twin rows arrange in a randomized complete block design with three replicates during the main season (March-August, 2015) and the off season (September 2015-January 2016). Data on plant height, spike length and grains per spike collected on ten randomly selected plants from each plot. Yield and biomass, thousand kernel weight for each plot were also collected followed by analyses using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.1. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference between seasons in all the parameters taken at p 0.01. Genotypes were significant for all parameters (p 0.01) while its interaction with season was significant for only the biomass and TKW (p 0.05) and non-significant for the rest of the traits. There was significant (p 0.05) difference for yield and yield components over seasons. The off season had higher values for plant height (7.9%), spike length (11.5%), grains per spike (5.7%), biomass (54.3%), yield (55.0%) and TKW (5.6%) than the Main season. However, harvest index was higher in Main season than in off season by 21.1%. Yield had a positive correlation with all the yield components but was significant only with biomass, harvest index and TKW (p 0.001). Harvest index correlated negatively with all yield components (p 0.001) except yield and thousand kernel weight. The number of grains per spike had a negative correlation with thousand kernel weight. Therefore, this study reveals that genetic variability for yield and yield components exists in barley genotypes and it can be used in barley improvement breeding programs.
This study determined the effect of Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. intercrop under no-till... more This study determined the effect of Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. intercrop under no-till with residue retention (Conservation Agriculture-CA) on composition and population of soil fungal species. Soil samples were collected from 64 farms, half of which had tested CA and the other half had tested Conventional Tillage (CT) for five years. Half of CA and CT farms were in Upper Midland (UM 3), the other half in Lower Midland (LM 4). Samples were analyzed for fungal microbial population, composition and soil fertility. In CT land was dug by hand held hoe and residue removed. CA resulted in increase of soil fungal populations of 56% and 113% in LM 4 and UM 3 respectively as compared to CT. Fungal species belonging to 11 genera were detected. Total fungal, Penicillium and Colletotrichum CFUs/g soil were significantly higher in CA than in CT. Soil populations of Aspergillus and Fusarium did not change significantly but their relative composition changed due to changes in soil populations of other fungal genera. Total fungal CFUs/g soil were significantly correlated to Penicillium (p 0.01) and Macrophomina (p 0.05) CFUs/g soil. There was no significant difference between CA and CT on crop diseases.
Late blight disease of Irish potato is caused by an Oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the... more Late blight disease of Irish potato is caused by an Oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the severe crop diseases worldwide that leads to poor production of Irish potatoes. The knowledge in management of the pathogen in terms of variation of nutrition and fungicide in the cultivation of potato remain limited. This study was conducted to determine the effects of nutrition and fungicide variation in relation to potato variety in management of P. infestans in potato crop. The experiment was conducted at Egerton University and Tumaini sites in a randomized complete block design-a split-split plot arrangement with Kenya sherekea and Dutch robjin potato varieties with treatments rates of N-P-K 17:17:17 fertilizer at 0, 90, 135 kg ha-1 and fungicide, Acrobat, 0, 2.5, 3.5 g/L. There was significant (p 0.05) difference in among the varieties, sites, fertilizer and fungicide levels for disease severity and incidence in the management of late blight in potato crop thus a potential in reduced cost of production and increased yield.
Global rice production is needed to be improved for ensuring food security in the coming decades.... more Global rice production is needed to be improved for ensuring food security in the coming decades. Prospective utilization of beneficial bacteria can be attributed as sustainable agricultural practices for the enhancement of the physiology of rice plants. This review focuses on and amalgamates the experimental findings where bacteria can assist the rice plant for better phenology. Bacteria in the rhizosphere are abundant and diverse compared to the bacteria in the endosphere and phyllosphere region of rice plants. Bacteria derived phytohormones can be utilized by rice plants to enhance phytohormone signaling for beneficiary purposes. Salicylic Acid (SA) may induce Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to the rice plant to eradicate pathogen attack. Moreover, bacteria modulated Jasmonic Acid (JA)/Ethylene concentrations can assure Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) for plant immunity. Some plant growth promotional activities of bacteria such as Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), siderophore production, mineral solubilization are addressed in this worthwhile discussion. Abiotic stresses include drought, salinity, high and low temperatures, affects severe loss in rice production annually. The utilization of plant growth-promoting bacteria is the well-established solution for evading abiotic stresses by initiating or inhibiting various signaling processes as well as improvement of the yield of rice.
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused about 80,000 Corona... more The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused about 80,000 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidences during its first wave in Nigeria is an enveloped virus, with infective properties that make it susceptible to inactivation, upon exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Moreover, temperature has been reported to influence the spread and viability of most known human coronaviruses. The study examines the impact of temperature variables on the transmission of COVID-19, during its first wave in Nigeria. Daily COVID-19 incidences for 300 days of the virus presence in Nigeria used in the estimation of the instantaneous reproduction number (R). In this study, R was used to measure COVID-19 transmissibility, while the daily incidences reflected the spread rate of the virus in Nigeria. Meteorological data were then matched with each of R and COVID-19 incidences, to determine the correlation between them, using Spearman's correlation coefficient (r s) test. R estimation of 1.4 reflected the prevailing transmissibility of first wave of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Although no significant and positive relationship was observed between COVID-19 incidences and temperature variables. The strong relationship observed between R and the temperature parameters, suggests that temperature could be a driver modulating the transmission routes of COVID-19 in Nigeria.
Vegetables are widely exposed to microbial contamination, thus, harbor diverse microorganisms whi... more Vegetables are widely exposed to microbial contamination, thus, harbor diverse microorganisms which may lead to infection outbreak. Microbial load on lettuce was estimated in this study, with vinegar, as a disinfecting agent. Randomly purchased samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods to estimate microbial load in relation to disinfectant concentration and exposure time. Microbial load of samples rinsed with sterile distilled (control experiment) and tap water were 3.8 × 10 6 CFU/g and 4.0 × 10 6 CFU/g, while those rinsed with vinegar ranged from 1.0 × 10 5 CFU/g to 2.7 × 10 6 CFU/g. Upon subjection to different exposure times (0, 5, 10 min) and vinegar concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%), gradual reduction in microbial load was observed from 2.9 × 10 7 CFU/g, when rinsed with 0.5% vinegar to 1.0 × 10 6 CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar at initial time (0 min), at 5 min exposure, microbial load reduced from 1.9 × 10 7 CFU/g at 1.0% concentration to 3.0 × 10 5 CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar concentration, while the exposure of lettuce to 2.0% vinegar concentration for 10 min, showed no observable microbial growth. Lettuce samples analyzed were heavily contaminated with microorganisms, however, 2% vinegar at 10 min exposure time, was most effective at eliminating microbes. Healthy-looking vegetables may possibly harbor microorganisms, as such, good sanitary measures should be adopted before consumption.
Chilo partellus causes yield losses estimated at 73-100% in maize and 88-100% in sorghum in Kenya... more Chilo partellus causes yield losses estimated at 73-100% in maize and 88-100% in sorghum in Kenya. icipe spearheaded the importation and release of the larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes, in moist lowland, dry mid-altitude and moist mid-altitude Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) of Kenya against C. partellus. However, the establishment of C. flavipes is only well documented for the moist lowland AEZ. This study was thus carried out in the three AEZs in order to update establishment, spread and impact of the parasitoid on stem borer populations. Maize and sorghum farms were sampled radiating from parasitoid release points up to a distance of 45 km. Percentage infestation and parasitism were analyzed using one factor ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results of this study revealed that C. flavipes established and spread beyond release sites across the three AEZs. Overall stem borer infestation was 28.9 ± 3.1, 22.5 ± 7.4 and 2.7 ± 0.4% in the moist lowland, dry mid-altitude and moist mid-altitude AEZ, respectively, showing a significant reduction from parasitoid pre-release levels. Stem borer parasitism levels were 36.1 ± 3.0, 25.3 ± 3.3 and 5.5 ± 2.5% in the moist lowland, dry midaltitude and moist mid-altitude AEZ, respectively, showing a significant increase from parasitoid pre-release levels. Cotesia flavipes is steadily suppressing stem borer population in the three AEZs.
The prevalence and type of microorganisms present on surfaces is an important factor to consider ... more The prevalence and type of microorganisms present on surfaces is an important factor to consider in infection outbreaks. The study identified bacterial isolates from Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and screened the isolates against antibiotics of aminoglycosides, penicillins, tetracyclines, and phenicols classes for efficacy. The isolates were further tested for presence of genes that encodes for aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, penicillins, and betalactamases. The bacterial isolates were identified as clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae and frequently comprised Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. The isolates were more susceptible to gentamicin and kanamycin (95%) and more resistant to flucloxacillin (65%), cloxacillin (65%), and oxytetracycline (60%). Most of the isolates showed multiresistance to the antibiotics and were commonly associated with Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas alcaligenes. The bla TEM (90%) and strA (80%) encoding genes were the most abundant genes within the isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, S. rubidaea, Yersinia mollareti, and Salmonella Paratyphi co-habored 33% of carbapenemases, ESBLs, bla ampC , vanA, and strA encoding genes. This is the first study to highlight the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from ATMs as potential reservoir for emergence and spread of multidrug resistance genes in bacterial pathogens in Cape Coast, Ghana.
Examination of some Teleost fish caught in the Maga Lake located in the Far North Region of Camer... more Examination of some Teleost fish caught in the Maga Lake located in the Far North Region of Cameroon, revealed the presence of two new species of Myxosporidia belonging to the genus Myxobolus, of which morphological and histological description is given in the present study. These species are: Myxobolus kodjii sp. nov., parasite of the eyes of Labeo senegalensis and Myxobolus dzeufieti sp. nov., parasite of the skin of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia sp. M. kodjii sp. nov. forms ovoid myxospores, with rounded ends, 8.0 (7.0-9.0) µm long, 5.9 (5.5-6.6) µm wide and 3.8 (3.5-4.2) µm thick. Polar capsules are pyriform, equal in size and measure 3.7 (3.2-4.0) µm × 1.6 (1.4-2.0) µm. M. dzeufieti sp. nov. forms ovoid myxospores, with the anterior end slightly narrowed, 12.3 (11.4-13.7) µm long, 9.8 (9.2-10.6) µm wide and 5.7 (5.0-6.0) µm thick. Its polar capsules are pyriform and equal in size and measure 4.8 (4.0-5.5) µm × 2.9 (2.5-3.3) µm. These new species of Myxobolus are histozoic. The cysts of M. kodjii sp. nov. induce a local inflammatory reaction and their implantation in the sclera can affect the sight of the host fish. The presence of the cysts of M. dzeufieti sp. nov. on the skin did not cause an inflammatory reaction in host fish.
Information is scanty on the occurrence and population dynamics of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPN... more Information is scanty on the occurrence and population dynamics of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) in most cultivated fields in Nigeria. To this end, a study was designed to provide this information. Soil samples were collected randomly from crop fields (maize, rice, sugarcane, plantain, cassava, cowpea, cocoa and fallow land). The soil collection was with a core sampler at a distance of 10-15 cm from the plant root zone and at an approximate depth of 15-30 cm. The Baermann's method was adopted to extract nematodes from a 100 g representative soil sample. Extracted nematodes were identified to the genus level. All data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and mean separation. Results showed that a significantly highest nematode population, 791.66, was obtained from the fallow land, while the cocoa field was next, 580.00. The rice field had significantly lowest population of 125.00. In all, 17 genera, in 12 families, were identified and Meloidogyne spp. was the most frequently isolated and most abundant, Tylenchulus spp. was the least. Furthermore, the plantain field had the most diverse genera, 10.20, while the rice field had the least, 2.00. PPNs occur and are widely distributed in the study area.
Microplastics (MPs) are a global threat to marine life, but information available on the extent o... more Microplastics (MPs) are a global threat to marine life, but information available on the extent of pollution along the Kenya Indian ocean coast is absent. Ingestion of MPs by five common pelagic fish from the region was investigated in this study. Fish tissues were digested in 10% potassium Hydroxide (KOH) at 60°C for 14 h and the MPs separated by floatation method using supersaturated Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution. The benthic fish studied (Acanthopagrus berda with a mean of 0.48 ± 0.06 MPs per gram (g-1) tissue, Gerres oyena 0.20 ± 0.02, Terapon jarbua 0.20 ± 0.06) had higher MPs contamination compared to the pelagic (Rastrelliger kanagurta 0.054 ± 0.011) and reef fish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis 0.038 ± 0.009) reflecting the influence of habits and habitat on MPs contamination in fish. Fish caught in the second sampling had higher MPs contamination compared to the first and fish from Mida Creek had higher MPs contamination compared to those from Tudor and Port-Reitz probably because they were mainly benthic fish. Gut and gills of all species contained significantly higher concentrations of MPs than the flesh. Thus, we recommend that fish be gutted and thoroughly clean the gills before cooking to reduce MPs contamination. There is need for further research to evaluate the risk posed to humans by the consumption of marine water fish that ingested MPs.
Mosquito breeding habitats play an important role in determining adult mosquitoes' abundance and ... more Mosquito breeding habitats play an important role in determining adult mosquitoes' abundance and distribution. This study assessed the impact of physicochemical parameters of breeding water on Culex quinquefasciatus larval abundance. A larval survey was conducted in Epe, Eti-Osa, Kosofe, and Ojo local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state. Emerged adults of Culex mosquitoes were identified. Members of the Cx. pipiens complex were identified into subspecies using polymerase chain reaction. Physicochemical parameters of water from larval sampling sites were analyzed using standard techniques. Six Culex species; Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. decens, Cx. nebulosus, Cx. cinereus, Cx. tigripes and Cx. duttoni were encountered. Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus was the only member of the pipiens complex. Breeding habitat in Kosofe recorded the highest electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrients followed by Ojo, Eti-Osa and then Epe. Larval densities were found to have significant relationship with ammonia (r = 0.507, P = 0.027) and sulfate (r =-0.539, p = 0.017) contents of the breeding habitats. The study revealed that Cx. p. quinquefasciatus is the most dominant and only member of the Cx. pipiens complex. Ammonia and sulfate have a significant impact on the abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus immature stages. Manipulation of these two parameters could make Culex breeding water less suitable in the study areas.
The impacts of rapid industrialization in the periphery of the Sundarbans on the flora and fauna ... more The impacts of rapid industrialization in the periphery of the Sundarbans on the flora and fauna (tiger, deer, crocodile, dolphin, fishes, etc.) and ecosystem of the Sundarbans, surrounding areas and on the other components like river banks erosion, livelihoods of the people, etc. of the Sundarbans and surroundings areas were studied to develop a guideline for future conservation and restoration. The study area is 20 km inside and outside (Periphery) of the Sundarbans under Mongla and Rampal upazilas of Bagerhat district, Bangladesh. Fortnight sampling was carried out and air, water, soil and biological samples were studied in the field and laboratory. The recorded data indicate that the present condition of Sundarbans and its surrounding area has reflected a sign of threatened environment. The Sundarbans has lost both floral and faunal diversity by the years. Tigers are disappeared, fishes lost their habitat, trees are affected with unknown diseases, other faunal diversity are also disappeared, erosion is concentrated along the Pashur River, people are being helpless and migrated their occupation. The industries have also brought the curse for natural environment of this area by discharging waste, gases, hot water recklessly into river and surrounding water bodies. As a result the world largest mangrove forest-Sundarbans may can lose its recognition as world heritage site.
Heavy Metal (HM) toxicity is defended by plants using mechanisms such as metal chelation and vacu... more Heavy Metal (HM) toxicity is defended by plants using mechanisms such as metal chelation and vacuolar sequestration. HM-induced oxidative stress is also limited in plants by routine scavenging of free radicals including reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation. In this review, we focus on exogenous melatonin treatment to regulate its biosynthetic pathway, the metal accumulation, and redox system. Furthermore, the photosynthetic components are significantly modulated in melatonin-treated plants under metal and other abiotic stressed conditions. Melatonin is also involved in nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Evidence suggests that the improvement in stress tolerance is due to the application of melatonin in a dose-dependent manner. Reports have suggested that phytohormones such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid are mediated by melatonin. The genes related to secondary metabolites including flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin biosynthesis are mainly over-expressed in presence of melatonin.
Prenatal androgen exposure has suggested to be associated with lateral preferences in humans as p... more Prenatal androgen exposure has suggested to be associated with lateral preferences in humans as per the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda (GBG) theory, the Sexual Differentiation Hypothesis (SDH) and the Callosal Hypothesis (CH). The 2D:4D ratio is the putative marker of prenatal androgen exposure. The study aimed to determine the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and lateral preferences. The study was cross-sectional from May to June 2021 that involved 206 participants (females = 112, males = 94), aged between 18 to 32 years. Computer-assisted analysis was used to measure the right (2D:4DR) and the left (2D:4DL) digit ratios while lateral preferences were measured using the Lateral Preference Inventory (LPI) questionnaire. The females' 2D:4DL was significantly higher than males with a medium effect size (p = 0.033, d = 0.29). The odds that a male would have a preference for the left ear was greater relative to a female [AOR = 2.330 (95%CI: 1.034-5.251)]. There was a significant correlation between right-eye laterality and the 2D:4DR in females (r =-0.589, p = 0.030). Also, left-foot laterality significantly correlated with the 2D:4DL in males (r = 0.693, p = 0.046). Prenatal androgen exposure, as indexed by the 2D:4D ratio may be associated with lateral preferences of the eye in females and the foot in males. Further studies are however recommended.
The contraceptive potential of Acacia nilotica pods and Albizzia lebbeck stem bark methanolic ext... more The contraceptive potential of Acacia nilotica pods and Albizzia lebbeck stem bark methanolic extracts were evaluated in male rodent pests. Ninety (90) multimammate rats (M. natalensis) were randomized into a 3 × 3 factorial design for treatment groups (control, A. lebbeck and A. nilotica) (n = 10) and treatment durations (15, 30, or 60 days). Control rats consumed plain feed. Treated rats consumed feed with 2% w/w of either of the plant extract. Following treatment, male rats were mated to untreated females before they were sedated in ether and humanely sacrificed. Assessments were done on fertility success rates (number of impregnated females), weight of testes and reproductive glands, sperm cell parameters, and testes histopathology. Fertility success rate was reduced to 0% in the A. nilotica treated rats at all the treatment durations and in the A. lebbeck treated rats after 60 days of treatment. Also, the extract-treated rats revealed a significant reduction in the testes, seminal vesicles, and epididymides weights compared to the control group. Moreover, sperm cell density and the proportions of live and progressively motile spermatozoa were significantly reduced and there were numerous damaged seminiferous tubules reflected by sloughed off germ cells, thinned germinal epithelium and widened empty lumen in the extracttreated rats. Thus, treatment with A. nilotica or A. lebbeck extract in male M. natalensis reduced their fertility success rates through distortion of testicular structure and disruption of spermatogenesis.
To understand the quality attributes and acceptability of yogurt, three different varieties of Mu... more To understand the quality attributes and acceptability of yogurt, three different varieties of Musa sapentum (Paranta, Saro and Williams) were used to partially fortified yogurt. Each of the banana fruit was added at different proportion (10%, 15% and 20%) to produce the yogurts. The products were analyzed for proximate, P H, brix, titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and total phenol. Other parameters such as sensory properties and microbial loads were also determined. The results showed that protein values were between (2.9%-3.92%).The sample with 10% Paranta has the highest protein content (3.93%) which was found to be 5.76% and 36.59% higher than control and sample with 10% Saro which had the least protein respectively. The energy content was found to be between (194.03 kcal/100 g to 207.06 k cal/100 g). The sample fortified with 10%Paranta has highest energy value (207.06 kcal/100 g) which was (0.94%) and (4%) higher than control and sample with 10% Saro which had least energy content (194.03 kcal/100 g). Vitamin C ranged between (20.6 mg/100 g to 21.6 mg/100 g). The sample with 10% Paranta had the highest vitamin C concentration (21.6 mg/100 g), although not significantly different at (p < 0.05) compared with other samples. The total microbial count (TMC) was between (0.4 × 10 5 to 0.8 × 10 4 cfu/ml). There was no coliform detected in the entire samples. All microbial count observed were within the limit specified as acceptable counts, hence the samples were fit and safe for human consumption at the time the microbial count was done.
Acacia nilotica is a plant used for the treatment of various ailments. This research was conducte... more Acacia nilotica is a plant used for the treatment of various ailments. This research was conducted to assess the anti-ulcerogenic property of A. nilotica seedpod using ethanol and indomethacin as ulcer-inducing agents. Experimental rats were grouped and orally pre-treated with varying doses of aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod and ranitidine (10 mg/kg bw) before the ulcer was induced using ethanol. Another set of rats were also post-treated with graded doses of aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod and ranitidine following induction of ulcer using indomethacin. The effect of the extract on ulcer indices, inflammatory markers, antioxidant defense systems was monitored. Aqueous extract of A. nilotica seedpod gave optimum gastroprotection (42.86%) and ulcer healing (70.25%) effect at 50 mg/kg bw. LD 50 of the extract was greater than 3,000 mg/kg bw and secondary metabolites like phenolics,glycosides are present in trhe aqueous extract. The findings of the study show that A. nilotica seedpod has anti-ulcerogenic activity, thus, supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Plants with insecticide effect is the main recourse to control cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus macu... more Plants with insecticide effect is the main recourse to control cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). This study assessed in laboratory, insecticidal effect of various doses of powder (125, 250, 375, 500, 625, 750 and 875 g of powder/kg of cowpea) and ethanolic extract (10%, 15%, 20% and 25% w/v) of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on adults of the weevil. 10 adult couples of newly emerged weevil were introduced into each jar containing powder-seed or extract-seed mixture at a rate of 16 g healthy cowpea per treatment and per replication. The results revealed that the mortality rate was positively correlated with dose of powder (22.43 to 69.46%) and concentration of ethanolic extract (11.65 to 44.95%) of C. aconitifolius. Emergence rate decreased with dose of powder (12.31 to 5.13%) and concentration of ethanolic extract (19.24 to 8.44%). Infestation and oviposition rate were significantly reduced (Prob. < 0.001) by both extracts of C. aconitifolius. The different results revealed the potential of this plant to reduce the damage of C. maculatus in cowpea in storage. It is therefore possible to consider the use of extracts of this plant for the control of C. maculatus.
Momordica charantia is a medicinal plant comprising of antidiabetic properties. Along with this, ... more Momordica charantia is a medicinal plant comprising of antidiabetic properties. Along with this, it has been recognized as a good source of trace elements which are beneficial for health. So it is important to find the actual trace element content in different M. charantia fruits cultivated in different areas. We have found 12 elements varying within the fruit parts where the fruit pulp was found to be key reservoir of calcium, manganese, potassium and sulfur. Charantin, being one of the important antidiabetic compounds found in M. charantia, were estimated using HPLC and found to be accumulated at maximum in the Tamluk region. Squalene synthase is the rate limiting enzyme in phytosterol biosynthesis and therefore, we have characterized the M. charantia Squalene Synthase (McSQS) gene, went through an in silico study and tried to find the expression correlation with charantin content in M. charantia fruits, where we found that McSQS expression is highest in Tamluk region.
Yield in barley is a complex trait that is dependent upon environmental, physiological and morpho... more Yield in barley is a complex trait that is dependent upon environmental, physiological and morphological factors of a genotype. The study aimed at evaluating yield and yield components of advanced barley lines. Field experiments were conducted under quarantine conditions at Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Njoro in the Central Rift Valley. Forty genotypes were sown in one meter twin rows arrange in a randomized complete block design with three replicates during the main season (March-August, 2015) and the off season (September 2015-January 2016). Data on plant height, spike length and grains per spike collected on ten randomly selected plants from each plot. Yield and biomass, thousand kernel weight for each plot were also collected followed by analyses using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.1. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference between seasons in all the parameters taken at p 0.01. Genotypes were significant for all parameters (p 0.01) while its interaction with season was significant for only the biomass and TKW (p 0.05) and non-significant for the rest of the traits. There was significant (p 0.05) difference for yield and yield components over seasons. The off season had higher values for plant height (7.9%), spike length (11.5%), grains per spike (5.7%), biomass (54.3%), yield (55.0%) and TKW (5.6%) than the Main season. However, harvest index was higher in Main season than in off season by 21.1%. Yield had a positive correlation with all the yield components but was significant only with biomass, harvest index and TKW (p 0.001). Harvest index correlated negatively with all yield components (p 0.001) except yield and thousand kernel weight. The number of grains per spike had a negative correlation with thousand kernel weight. Therefore, this study reveals that genetic variability for yield and yield components exists in barley genotypes and it can be used in barley improvement breeding programs.
This study determined the effect of Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. intercrop under no-till... more This study determined the effect of Zea mays L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. intercrop under no-till with residue retention (Conservation Agriculture-CA) on composition and population of soil fungal species. Soil samples were collected from 64 farms, half of which had tested CA and the other half had tested Conventional Tillage (CT) for five years. Half of CA and CT farms were in Upper Midland (UM 3), the other half in Lower Midland (LM 4). Samples were analyzed for fungal microbial population, composition and soil fertility. In CT land was dug by hand held hoe and residue removed. CA resulted in increase of soil fungal populations of 56% and 113% in LM 4 and UM 3 respectively as compared to CT. Fungal species belonging to 11 genera were detected. Total fungal, Penicillium and Colletotrichum CFUs/g soil were significantly higher in CA than in CT. Soil populations of Aspergillus and Fusarium did not change significantly but their relative composition changed due to changes in soil populations of other fungal genera. Total fungal CFUs/g soil were significantly correlated to Penicillium (p 0.01) and Macrophomina (p 0.05) CFUs/g soil. There was no significant difference between CA and CT on crop diseases.
Late blight disease of Irish potato is caused by an Oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the... more Late blight disease of Irish potato is caused by an Oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the severe crop diseases worldwide that leads to poor production of Irish potatoes. The knowledge in management of the pathogen in terms of variation of nutrition and fungicide in the cultivation of potato remain limited. This study was conducted to determine the effects of nutrition and fungicide variation in relation to potato variety in management of P. infestans in potato crop. The experiment was conducted at Egerton University and Tumaini sites in a randomized complete block design-a split-split plot arrangement with Kenya sherekea and Dutch robjin potato varieties with treatments rates of N-P-K 17:17:17 fertilizer at 0, 90, 135 kg ha-1 and fungicide, Acrobat, 0, 2.5, 3.5 g/L. There was significant (p 0.05) difference in among the varieties, sites, fertilizer and fungicide levels for disease severity and incidence in the management of late blight in potato crop thus a potential in reduced cost of production and increased yield.
Global rice production is needed to be improved for ensuring food security in the coming decades.... more Global rice production is needed to be improved for ensuring food security in the coming decades. Prospective utilization of beneficial bacteria can be attributed as sustainable agricultural practices for the enhancement of the physiology of rice plants. This review focuses on and amalgamates the experimental findings where bacteria can assist the rice plant for better phenology. Bacteria in the rhizosphere are abundant and diverse compared to the bacteria in the endosphere and phyllosphere region of rice plants. Bacteria derived phytohormones can be utilized by rice plants to enhance phytohormone signaling for beneficiary purposes. Salicylic Acid (SA) may induce Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) to the rice plant to eradicate pathogen attack. Moreover, bacteria modulated Jasmonic Acid (JA)/Ethylene concentrations can assure Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) for plant immunity. Some plant growth promotional activities of bacteria such as Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), siderophore production, mineral solubilization are addressed in this worthwhile discussion. Abiotic stresses include drought, salinity, high and low temperatures, affects severe loss in rice production annually. The utilization of plant growth-promoting bacteria is the well-established solution for evading abiotic stresses by initiating or inhibiting various signaling processes as well as improvement of the yield of rice.
Uploads
Papers