Deijenane Santos

This article gathered data referring to the trips and agreements signed between Brazil and the Middle East in the administrations of Lula da Silva and Cardoso, and it was showed that Lula, in comparison to FHC, intensified the partnerships with the countries of the Middle East.

O presente trabalho analisou as ideias sobre a longevidade e o possível declínio dos EUAcomo império no pós-Guerra Fria. A partir desta análise, foi possível entender que, apesarde grandes reveses sofridos pelos EUA tanto no campo econômico, quanto estratégico militar,um possível declínio total do império americano não se apresenta como uma realidadeiminente.Palavras-chave: EUA; império; declínio.

Resumo Este artigo faz uma análise de conjuntura do período em que a Sudene foi criada. O presente trabalho mostra os fatores que foram essenciais para que a ideia da nova instituição federal saísse do papel e viesse a se tornar a primeira experiência concreta de promoção e execução de ações que visavam o desenvolvimento econômico do Nordeste. Abstract This paper analyses the conjuncture of the period when Sudene was created. The present work shows the factors that were essential to cause the idea of the new federal institution to get out of the paper and become the first concrete experience of promotion and execution of actions that aimed to bring the economic development of Northeast. Resumen Este artículo analiza la coyuntura del período de la creación de la Superintendencia de Desarrollo del Nordeste-Sudene. El trabajo muestra los factores que fueron esenciales para que la idea de la nueva institución federal saliera del papel y viniera a tornarse la primera experiencia concreta de promoción y ejecución de acciones que tenían como objetivo el desarrollo económico del nordeste brasileño.

This master’s thesis aims at describing the Brazilian Foreign Policy (BFP) to the Middle East during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s administration (2003-2010). After assuming power, Lula sought closer diplomatic ties with the countries from that region, which, in historical retrospect, was always seen as a low-priority area to the BFP, despite the fact that the Middle East is a very important zone for international stability. Thereby, it was made a brief summary of the of the relations concerning Brazil and the Middle East since 1946 until Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s administration (1995-2002), then, the main aspects that defined the BFP’s performance to region in question during Lula’s terms were analyzed. To answer this research problem, that is, to what extent the BFP to the Middle East during Lula’s years differed from that practiced since 1946 until Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government, this work examined Brazil’s positions regarding important issues concerning the Middle East, namely the conflict between Israel and Palestine and the Iranian nuclear program; besides that, bilateral agreements between Brazil and the countries of the Middle East were quantified and analyzed; initiatives such as the Summit of South American- Arab Countries (ASPA); the level of commerce between the parts and the performance of Brazilian companies in Arab soil, amongst other factors. From these observations, it was noticed that the BFP during Lula’s administration didn’t distanced itself completely from that which has been performed since the end of World War II, but, regarding qualitative and quantitative terms, there was a significant rapprochement of Brazil with the countries of the region. In short, one may say that the Lula government approach to the Middle East was innovative compared to former presidents, something that, amongst other reasons, can be attributed, mainly to the role of leaders who were responsible for the formulation of the BFP to the Middle East.

Key-words: Foreign Policy. Brazil. Middle East. Lula.

Resumo Este artigo traça um panorama da conjuntura política do Nordeste dentro do contexto da Guerra Fria e investiga a inserção da Sudene na esfera internacional. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar ao leitor os arquivos que tratam da articulação que a Sudene manteve com países, organizações e personalidades estrangeiras, porém de maneira mais geral, sem pretensão de esgotar o assunto. Abstract This paper outlines a view on the political conjuncture of Northeast Brazil in the Cold War context and investigates the insertion of Sudene in the international sphere. The purpose of the article is to present to the reader the archives which deal with the articulation that Sudene kept with countries, organizations and foreign personalities, though in a general manner, without any pretension of covering every aspect of the issue. Resumen Este artículo hace un panorama de la coyuntura del Nordeste del Brasil dentro del contexto de la Guerra Fría e investiga la inserción de la Sudene en la esfera internacional. El propósito del artículo es presentar al lector los archivos históricos los cuales tratan de la articulación que Sudene mantuvo con países, organizaciones y personalidades internacionales, entretanto, sin ninguna pretensión de abarcar todos los aspectos del tema.

This paper aims to present a brief summary of three key moments in Celso Furtado’s life: his years of intellectual shaping, his time at the Superintendence for the Development of Northeast (Sudene), between 1959 and 1964 and his forced departure into exile, which initiates in Chile and prolongs itself in the United States and France. The methodology used is historic-descriptive, using as primary source, mainly Furtado’s biographic texts. The paper is divided into three parts: the first one describes his academic background and the context of creation and objectives of Sudene, the second part deals with the years Furtado was ahead of Sudene; and the last part focus on the moment of his exile, showing the path he has taken in Chile, the United States and in Europe. Finally, some reflections are presented articulating the three parts of the paper.

This paper analyses the creation process of SUDENE from the perspective of the agendasetting concept, which deals with media influence in putting on agenda issues regarded as relevant in the public sphere. This article analyses the mentions to SUDENE, to the Northeast Issue and to Celso Furtado in the Diário de Pernambuco and Jornal do Commercio, the two most important newspapers of Pernambuco, which were investigated by the PROCONDEL researchers. The time span is 1959, a year in which it was discussed the creation of a federal institution able to tackle the Northeast Issue and which came to be created on December the 15th that same year.

This study analyzed the ideas about the longevity and the possible decline of the US as an
empire in the post -Cold War context. From this analysis, it was possible to understand that,
besides the some setbacks experienced by the US both economically and militarily the total
decline of the American empire doesn’t present itself as an imminent reality.
Key-words: US; empire; decline