A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 y... more A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 years-of-age developed a dental malocclusion as a consequence of tooth overgrowth. The incisor premolar and molar teeth in this species are classified as aradicular hypsodont and continue to grow throughout life, presumably to counter the abrasive character of the high fiber high ash, and high silica natural diet. In this case, there was a developmental defect of the maxillary incisor teeth, preventing functional interaction of the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. In addition, the captive diet appeared to be insufficiently abrasive, resulting in overgrown and malaligned premolar and molar teeth that were progressively less effective in food mastication and impinged on the tongue and buccal mucosa resulting in soft tissue lesions. The wombat was humanely euthanized, and comparisons of skull appearance and tooth position were made with those features in a wild-caught zoological speci...
Three koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) presented with moderate to severe interproximal space accum... more Three koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) presented with moderate to severe interproximal space accumulation with Eucalyptus spp. at the San Diego Zoo. Premise trimodal composite was used to create dental onlay bridge-like prostheses to eliminate open, enlarged interproximal spaces. The prostheses prevented further leaf material accumulation within the interproximal spaces and consequently reduced periodontal disease. Aesthetically, the prosthesis replicates normal tooth coloration and appearance and wears at a similar rate to surrounding teeth. Prosthetic repair or replacement may be required, so periodic examination every 3-6 mo is recommended.
A novel model of arterial thrombosis was developed. A mechanical endothelium-denuding injury was ... more A novel model of arterial thrombosis was developed. A mechanical endothelium-denuding injury was created (using a scalpel blade) on harvested, freezer-stored rat carotid arteries. Vessel length of 5 mm. were grafted into the femoral arteries of recipient Sprague-Dawley rats using microvascular anastomotic technique. Patency rates in untreated animals were compared with those in animals receiving systemic aspirin or heparin. The control group patency after 2 hours of flow was 15%, while grafts in aspirin- and heparin-treated animals achieved 35% and 95% patency rates, respectively. Uninjured non-frozen carotid grafts in untreated animals yielded a 95% patency rate, while frozen grafts achieved an 80% patency. Therapeutic levels of aspirin, heparin, and urokinase were confirmed through tail bleeding and whole blood clotting tests, as well as platelet aggregation studies and scanning electron microscopy of the graft lumenal surfaces. A long-term series using syngeneic grafts placed in recipients (Lewis-to-Lewis) and employing systemic heparinization demonstrated maintenance of patency for 4 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy revealed good re-endothelialization, well advanced by one week. Histology confirmed the regrowth of endothelial cells, but showed sparse cellular repopulation of medial and adventitial layers. The mechanical injury model was compared to enzymatic de-endothelialization (using trypsin or collagenase), for which patency rates were similar (10% and 0%, respectively). Trypsin de-endothelialized vessels were tested in vitro for the amount of active trypsin remaining bound to the lumenal surface; no detectable activity was found when trypsin inhibitor was applied following trypsin treatment. The versatility of allowing both in vitro evaluation and in vivo patency assessment demonstrates the uniqueness and value of this new model, offering an avenue toward more direct investigations of surface-mediated thrombotic processes.
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998
To study the characteristics of birthweight and gestational age of third trimester fetal deaths w... more To study the characteristics of birthweight and gestational age of third trimester fetal deaths which occurred before the onset of labour. Review of computerised confidential perinatal mortality records. Data originated from the 1992 Trent Region Perinatal Mortality Survey. One hundred and forty-nine antepartum stillbirths of at least 24 weeks of gestation confirmed by early ultrasound scan. Congenital abnormalities and multiple pregnancies were excluded. Reported causes of stillbirth; weight-for-gestational age centiles based on a standard derived from normal pregnancies; pregnancy characteristics compared with the local maternity population. Of 149 stillbirths, 83 (56%) were preterm and 66 were at term, and the majority (126; 85%) occurred from 31 weeks. Most of the deaths (97; 65%) were reported as 'unexplained' even though post-mortems had been carried out in 60% of all cases. Using a gestational age-specific fetal weight standard derived from normal, term live births, 41% of all cases of stillborn infants were small-for-gestational age (< 10th centile; OR 6.2; 95% CI 3.3-11.5); 39% of which had been classified as unexplained were small for gestational age (OR 5.6; 2.6-12.0). This excess of small stillbirths was most pronounced between 31 and 33 weeks, where the weights of 63% of all stillbirths and 72% of unexplained fetal deaths were < 10th centile. Overall, a higher proportion of preterm (< 37 weeks) than term stillbirths were small for gestational age: 53% vs 26% (OR 3.3; 1.6-6.5). However, at term there were also more subtle differences in weight deficit, with more fetuses with a weight between the 10th and 50th centiles than between 50th and 90th (36 vs 11; OR 3.3; 1.4-7.8). Mothers of pregnancies ending in stillbirth were similar in age, size, parity and ethnic group to mothers of live born babies, but were more likely to be smokers (37 vs 27%, OR 1.6; 1.2-2.3). Many stillborn babies are small for gestational age. In the absence of significant differences in physiological pregnancy characteristics, this is unlikely to be a constitutional smallness, but represents a preponderance of intrauterine growth restriction. For a full appreciation of the strength of this association, appropriate weight standards and classifications need to be applied in perinatal mortality surveys. Many antepartum stillbirths which are currently designated as unexplained may be avoidable if slow fetal growth could be recognised as a warning sign.
Although necrobacillosis remains a common condition of captive macropods, there have been limited... more Although necrobacillosis remains a common condition of captive macropods, there have been limited reports of successful treatment modalities by which it can be treated. Comprehensive endodontic therapy with apicoectomy has been used reliably in human and domestic animal dentistry. This report describes a case of periapical osteomyelitis involving a mandibular incisor in a Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) that was successfully treated using these techniques in conjunction with low-level laser therapy at 810 nm, which was used for decontamination of the pulp cavity, anti-inflammatory, and biostimulatory effects.
A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 y... more A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 years-of-age developed a dental malocclusion as a consequence of tooth overgrowth. The incisor premolar and molar teeth in this species are classified as aradicular hypsodont and continue to grow throughout life, presumably to counter the abrasive character of the high fiber high ash, and high silica natural diet. In this case, there was a developmental defect of the maxillary incisor teeth, preventing functional interaction of the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. In addition, the captive diet appeared to be insufficiently abrasive, resulting in overgrown and malaligned premolar and molar teeth that were progressively less effective in food mastication and impinged on the tongue and buccal mucosa resulting in soft tissue lesions. The wombat was humanely euthanized, and comparisons of skull appearance and tooth position were made with those features in a wild-caught zoological speci...
Three koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) presented with moderate to severe interproximal space accum... more Three koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) presented with moderate to severe interproximal space accumulation with Eucalyptus spp. at the San Diego Zoo. Premise trimodal composite was used to create dental onlay bridge-like prostheses to eliminate open, enlarged interproximal spaces. The prostheses prevented further leaf material accumulation within the interproximal spaces and consequently reduced periodontal disease. Aesthetically, the prosthesis replicates normal tooth coloration and appearance and wears at a similar rate to surrounding teeth. Prosthetic repair or replacement may be required, so periodic examination every 3-6 mo is recommended.
A novel model of arterial thrombosis was developed. A mechanical endothelium-denuding injury was ... more A novel model of arterial thrombosis was developed. A mechanical endothelium-denuding injury was created (using a scalpel blade) on harvested, freezer-stored rat carotid arteries. Vessel length of 5 mm. were grafted into the femoral arteries of recipient Sprague-Dawley rats using microvascular anastomotic technique. Patency rates in untreated animals were compared with those in animals receiving systemic aspirin or heparin. The control group patency after 2 hours of flow was 15%, while grafts in aspirin- and heparin-treated animals achieved 35% and 95% patency rates, respectively. Uninjured non-frozen carotid grafts in untreated animals yielded a 95% patency rate, while frozen grafts achieved an 80% patency. Therapeutic levels of aspirin, heparin, and urokinase were confirmed through tail bleeding and whole blood clotting tests, as well as platelet aggregation studies and scanning electron microscopy of the graft lumenal surfaces. A long-term series using syngeneic grafts placed in recipients (Lewis-to-Lewis) and employing systemic heparinization demonstrated maintenance of patency for 4 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy revealed good re-endothelialization, well advanced by one week. Histology confirmed the regrowth of endothelial cells, but showed sparse cellular repopulation of medial and adventitial layers. The mechanical injury model was compared to enzymatic de-endothelialization (using trypsin or collagenase), for which patency rates were similar (10% and 0%, respectively). Trypsin de-endothelialized vessels were tested in vitro for the amount of active trypsin remaining bound to the lumenal surface; no detectable activity was found when trypsin inhibitor was applied following trypsin treatment. The versatility of allowing both in vitro evaluation and in vivo patency assessment demonstrates the uniqueness and value of this new model, offering an avenue toward more direct investigations of surface-mediated thrombotic processes.
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998
To study the characteristics of birthweight and gestational age of third trimester fetal deaths w... more To study the characteristics of birthweight and gestational age of third trimester fetal deaths which occurred before the onset of labour. Review of computerised confidential perinatal mortality records. Data originated from the 1992 Trent Region Perinatal Mortality Survey. One hundred and forty-nine antepartum stillbirths of at least 24 weeks of gestation confirmed by early ultrasound scan. Congenital abnormalities and multiple pregnancies were excluded. Reported causes of stillbirth; weight-for-gestational age centiles based on a standard derived from normal pregnancies; pregnancy characteristics compared with the local maternity population. Of 149 stillbirths, 83 (56%) were preterm and 66 were at term, and the majority (126; 85%) occurred from 31 weeks. Most of the deaths (97; 65%) were reported as 'unexplained' even though post-mortems had been carried out in 60% of all cases. Using a gestational age-specific fetal weight standard derived from normal, term live births, 41% of all cases of stillborn infants were small-for-gestational age (< 10th centile; OR 6.2; 95% CI 3.3-11.5); 39% of which had been classified as unexplained were small for gestational age (OR 5.6; 2.6-12.0). This excess of small stillbirths was most pronounced between 31 and 33 weeks, where the weights of 63% of all stillbirths and 72% of unexplained fetal deaths were < 10th centile. Overall, a higher proportion of preterm (< 37 weeks) than term stillbirths were small for gestational age: 53% vs 26% (OR 3.3; 1.6-6.5). However, at term there were also more subtle differences in weight deficit, with more fetuses with a weight between the 10th and 50th centiles than between 50th and 90th (36 vs 11; OR 3.3; 1.4-7.8). Mothers of pregnancies ending in stillbirth were similar in age, size, parity and ethnic group to mothers of live born babies, but were more likely to be smokers (37 vs 27%, OR 1.6; 1.2-2.3). Many stillborn babies are small for gestational age. In the absence of significant differences in physiological pregnancy characteristics, this is unlikely to be a constitutional smallness, but represents a preponderance of intrauterine growth restriction. For a full appreciation of the strength of this association, appropriate weight standards and classifications need to be applied in perinatal mortality surveys. Many antepartum stillbirths which are currently designated as unexplained may be avoidable if slow fetal growth could be recognised as a warning sign.
Although necrobacillosis remains a common condition of captive macropods, there have been limited... more Although necrobacillosis remains a common condition of captive macropods, there have been limited reports of successful treatment modalities by which it can be treated. Comprehensive endodontic therapy with apicoectomy has been used reliably in human and domestic animal dentistry. This report describes a case of periapical osteomyelitis involving a mandibular incisor in a Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) that was successfully treated using these techniques in conjunction with low-level laser therapy at 810 nm, which was used for decontamination of the pulp cavity, anti-inflammatory, and biostimulatory effects.
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