Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference, 2010
Most residential-used electricity is nowadays generated at inefficient central power plants consu... more Most residential-used electricity is nowadays generated at inefficient central power plants consuming environmental unfriendly resources like coal or natural gas. However, a trend towards distributed generation, distributed storage and demand side load management is seen to improve the energy efficiency. In order to analyze the impact and requirements of these emerging technologies and control methodologies, good simulation models and software
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of... more Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies have been developed to improve this efficiency. Next to large scale technologies such as wind turbine parks, domestic technologies are developed. These domestic technologies can be divided in (1) Distributed Generation (DG), (2) Energy Storage
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of... more Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies and optimization methodologies were developed to increase the efficiency, maintain the grid stability and support large scale introduction of renewable sources. In previous work, we showed the effectiveness of our three-step methodology to reach these
2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), 2012
ABSTRACT Energy conservation becomes more important nowadays. The use of smart meters and, in the... more ABSTRACT Energy conservation becomes more important nowadays. The use of smart meters and, in the near future, smart appliances, are the key to achieve reduction in energy consumption. This research proposes a non-intrusive appliance monitor and recognition system for implementation on an embedded system. The research focuses on computational efficiency of such a system as embedded systems usually have limited computation power. In this paper, research has been done on the effects on the accuracy of the sample frequency. The algorithm first detects an event in which an appliance is turned either on or off. Subsequently its profile is extracted. A hierarchical support vector machine (HSVM) is used to classify the appliance. The result is a complete algorithm that recognizes individual appliances within a household. Tests on this appliance recognizer show that the proposed algorithm can correctly detect appliances with reasonable accuracy.
2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), 2012
ABSTRACT Due to increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect, a more efficient energy suppl... more ABSTRACT Due to increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect, a more efficient energy supply is desirable, preferably based on renewable sources. To cope with the decrease of flexibility due to the introduction of renewables in production side of the supply chain, a more flexible consumer side is required. In literature, a lot of management methodologies are proposed to exploit the flexibility of consuming devices. Due to the large number of devices, these methodologies are often based on cost functions. Comparing the results of different methodologies is hard since differences in results can be caused by the methodologies itself or by less good defined cost functions. In this paper an auction based realtime control is compared with an ILP based realtime control using identical cost functions. Furthermore, the influence of planning on these strategies is studied. The simulation results show that planning leads to better and more predictable results. Furthermore, planning is best combined with an auction. However, the auction should slightly be altered to decrease communication and to be able to cope with (local) grid constraints.
IFAC Conference on Control Methodologies and Technology for Energy Efficiency (2010), 2010
One of the options to increase the energy efficiency of current electricity network is the use of... more One of the options to increase the energy efficiency of current electricity network is the use of a Virtual Power Plant. By using multiple small (micro)generators distributed over the country, electricity can be produced more efficiently since these small generators are more efficient and located where the energy is needed. In this paper we focus on micro Combined Heat and
This paper focuses on the planning of electricity resources in the developing electricity infrast... more This paper focuses on the planning of electricity resources in the developing electricity infrastructure. First we model the existing infrastructure and extend this model to a smart grid infrastructure, where we focus on the large scale introduction of small electricity generators, leading to generation possibilities at both ends of the electricity network. Then the traditional Unit Commitment Problem (UCP) is given. We extend this formulation to the Multilevel Unit Commitment Problem (MUCP), where we describe and include the possibilities that arise in the developing smart grid, in a general way. Based on the characteristics of the problem with its subdivision into different levels, a planning method for the MUCP is described. Finally we solve and analyze a scenario, where a fleet of 5000 houses is added to a small collection of power plants.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, the demand for more energy efficient elec... more The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, the demand for more energy efficient electricity produc- tion and the increase in distributed electricity generation causes a shift in the way electricity is produced and consumed. The downside of these changes in the electricity grid is that network stability and controllability become more difficult compared to the old situation. The new network has to accommodate various means of production, consumption and buffering and needs to offer control over the energy flows between these three elements. In order to offer such a control mechanism we need to know more about the individual aspects. In this paper we focus on the modelling of distributed production. Especially, we look at the use of microCHP (Combined Heat and Power) appliances in a group of houses. The problem of planning the production runs of the microCHP is modelled via an ILP formulation, both for a single house and for a group of houses.
The µCHP is expected as the successor of the conventional high-efficiency boiler producing next t... more The µCHP is expected as the successor of the conventional high-efficiency boiler producing next to heat also electricity with a comparable overall efficiency. A µCHP appliance saves money and reduces greenhouse gas emission. An additional functionality of the µCHP is using the appliance as a backupgenerator in case of a power outage. The µCHPcould supply the essential loads, the heating and reduce the discomfort up to a certain level. This requires modifications on the µCHP appliance itself as well as on the domestic electricity infrastructure. Furthermore some extra hardware and a control algorithm for load balancing are necessary. Our load balancing algorithm is supposed to start and stop the µCHP and switch off loads if necessary. The first simulation results show that most of the electricity usage is under the maximum generation line, but to reduce the discomfort an electricity buffer is required.
A change in future electricity grids is expected caused by the introduction of distributed genera... more A change in future electricity grids is expected caused by the introduction of distributed generation, distributed storage and demand side load management. To analyse the impact of these technologies, a simulator has been developed. With this simulator, a small group of households with micro-generators can already be analysed. However, due to the large memory footprint, larger groups of houses cannot be simulated. In this paper an improved simulator which is capable of distributing simulations over multiple PCs via a network is presented. Using this distributed approach, more (memory) resources can be utilised and more calculations can be done in parallel. Although the introduction of the network stack gives some overhead, still a large speedup is seen when more PCs are used. Furthermore, far bigger groups of houses can simulated.
â–º Modeling a scheduling problem arising in the energy supply chain to plan a fleet of microCHP ... more â–º Modeling a scheduling problem arising in the energy supply chain to plan a fleet of microCHP appliances. â–º Developing a dynamic programming (DP) approach for the planning problem for a single house. â–º Developing an iterative approach for the fleet scheduling problem based on the DP approach for the single house.
... Uncontrolled charging of electrical cars will result in high peak demands of electricity sinc... more ... Uncontrolled charging of electrical cars will result in high peak demands of electricity since these ... Examples of devices with optimization potential are (smart) freezers and fridges which can adjust ... Agency concludes that, although DG has higher capital costs than power plants, it ...
Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference, 2010
Most residential-used electricity is nowadays generated at inefficient central power plants consu... more Most residential-used electricity is nowadays generated at inefficient central power plants consuming environmental unfriendly resources like coal or natural gas. However, a trend towards distributed generation, distributed storage and demand side load management is seen to improve the energy efficiency. In order to analyze the impact and requirements of these emerging technologies and control methodologies, good simulation models and software
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of... more Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies have been developed to improve this efficiency. Next to large scale technologies such as wind turbine parks, domestic technologies are developed. These domestic technologies can be divided in (1) Distributed Generation (DG), (2) Energy Storage
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of... more Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies and optimization methodologies were developed to increase the efficiency, maintain the grid stability and support large scale introduction of renewable sources. In previous work, we showed the effectiveness of our three-step methodology to reach these
2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), 2012
ABSTRACT Energy conservation becomes more important nowadays. The use of smart meters and, in the... more ABSTRACT Energy conservation becomes more important nowadays. The use of smart meters and, in the near future, smart appliances, are the key to achieve reduction in energy consumption. This research proposes a non-intrusive appliance monitor and recognition system for implementation on an embedded system. The research focuses on computational efficiency of such a system as embedded systems usually have limited computation power. In this paper, research has been done on the effects on the accuracy of the sample frequency. The algorithm first detects an event in which an appliance is turned either on or off. Subsequently its profile is extracted. A hierarchical support vector machine (HSVM) is used to classify the appliance. The result is a complete algorithm that recognizes individual appliances within a household. Tests on this appliance recognizer show that the proposed algorithm can correctly detect appliances with reasonable accuracy.
2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), 2012
ABSTRACT Due to increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect, a more efficient energy suppl... more ABSTRACT Due to increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect, a more efficient energy supply is desirable, preferably based on renewable sources. To cope with the decrease of flexibility due to the introduction of renewables in production side of the supply chain, a more flexible consumer side is required. In literature, a lot of management methodologies are proposed to exploit the flexibility of consuming devices. Due to the large number of devices, these methodologies are often based on cost functions. Comparing the results of different methodologies is hard since differences in results can be caused by the methodologies itself or by less good defined cost functions. In this paper an auction based realtime control is compared with an ILP based realtime control using identical cost functions. Furthermore, the influence of planning on these strategies is studied. The simulation results show that planning leads to better and more predictable results. Furthermore, planning is best combined with an auction. However, the auction should slightly be altered to decrease communication and to be able to cope with (local) grid constraints.
IFAC Conference on Control Methodologies and Technology for Energy Efficiency (2010), 2010
One of the options to increase the energy efficiency of current electricity network is the use of... more One of the options to increase the energy efficiency of current electricity network is the use of a Virtual Power Plant. By using multiple small (micro)generators distributed over the country, electricity can be produced more efficiently since these small generators are more efficient and located where the energy is needed. In this paper we focus on micro Combined Heat and
This paper focuses on the planning of electricity resources in the developing electricity infrast... more This paper focuses on the planning of electricity resources in the developing electricity infrastructure. First we model the existing infrastructure and extend this model to a smart grid infrastructure, where we focus on the large scale introduction of small electricity generators, leading to generation possibilities at both ends of the electricity network. Then the traditional Unit Commitment Problem (UCP) is given. We extend this formulation to the Multilevel Unit Commitment Problem (MUCP), where we describe and include the possibilities that arise in the developing smart grid, in a general way. Based on the characteristics of the problem with its subdivision into different levels, a planning method for the MUCP is described. Finally we solve and analyze a scenario, where a fleet of 5000 houses is added to a small collection of power plants.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, the demand for more energy efficient elec... more The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, the demand for more energy efficient electricity produc- tion and the increase in distributed electricity generation causes a shift in the way electricity is produced and consumed. The downside of these changes in the electricity grid is that network stability and controllability become more difficult compared to the old situation. The new network has to accommodate various means of production, consumption and buffering and needs to offer control over the energy flows between these three elements. In order to offer such a control mechanism we need to know more about the individual aspects. In this paper we focus on the modelling of distributed production. Especially, we look at the use of microCHP (Combined Heat and Power) appliances in a group of houses. The problem of planning the production runs of the microCHP is modelled via an ILP formulation, both for a single house and for a group of houses.
The µCHP is expected as the successor of the conventional high-efficiency boiler producing next t... more The µCHP is expected as the successor of the conventional high-efficiency boiler producing next to heat also electricity with a comparable overall efficiency. A µCHP appliance saves money and reduces greenhouse gas emission. An additional functionality of the µCHP is using the appliance as a backupgenerator in case of a power outage. The µCHPcould supply the essential loads, the heating and reduce the discomfort up to a certain level. This requires modifications on the µCHP appliance itself as well as on the domestic electricity infrastructure. Furthermore some extra hardware and a control algorithm for load balancing are necessary. Our load balancing algorithm is supposed to start and stop the µCHP and switch off loads if necessary. The first simulation results show that most of the electricity usage is under the maximum generation line, but to reduce the discomfort an electricity buffer is required.
A change in future electricity grids is expected caused by the introduction of distributed genera... more A change in future electricity grids is expected caused by the introduction of distributed generation, distributed storage and demand side load management. To analyse the impact of these technologies, a simulator has been developed. With this simulator, a small group of households with micro-generators can already be analysed. However, due to the large memory footprint, larger groups of houses cannot be simulated. In this paper an improved simulator which is capable of distributing simulations over multiple PCs via a network is presented. Using this distributed approach, more (memory) resources can be utilised and more calculations can be done in parallel. Although the introduction of the network stack gives some overhead, still a large speedup is seen when more PCs are used. Furthermore, far bigger groups of houses can simulated.
â–º Modeling a scheduling problem arising in the energy supply chain to plan a fleet of microCHP ... more â–º Modeling a scheduling problem arising in the energy supply chain to plan a fleet of microCHP appliances. â–º Developing a dynamic programming (DP) approach for the planning problem for a single house. â–º Developing an iterative approach for the fleet scheduling problem based on the DP approach for the single house.
... Uncontrolled charging of electrical cars will result in high peak demands of electricity sinc... more ... Uncontrolled charging of electrical cars will result in high peak demands of electricity since these ... Examples of devices with optimization potential are (smart) freezers and fridges which can adjust ... Agency concludes that, although DG has higher capital costs than power plants, it ...
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Papers by Vincent Bakker