Asep Kurniawan

: Pesantren should not only concentrate on developing religious education only, but also must be concerned on local economy. This concern is a manifestation of partnership management between pesantren and community. In fact, many Pesantrens are not able to play such a role in an integrated way. This study aimed to find partnership management patterns in Pesantren Alam Internasional Saung Balong al-Barokah and the community in the context of management education in economic and education. The research method was qualitative. Instruments of collecting data were an interview, unstructured observation, and documentation. Data validation was done through credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability. Techniques of data analysis were done by collecting the data, reducing data, displaying data, and concluding data. Researcher found that Pesantren Alam Internasional Saung Balong al-Barokah successfully worked together in harmony with the community in economic empowerment an...

Penelitian ini menjelaskan manajemen strategik (formulasi, implementasi serta evaluasi strategi) pada Pondok Pesantren Terpadu Darussyifa Al-fitroh dalam rangka menyiapkan kader da’i yang berkualitas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, studi dokumentasi dan wawancara. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keputusan strategi Pondok Pesantren Terpadu Darussyifa Al-fitroh adalah mendukung kebijakan pertumbuhan yang agresif yang diformulasikan dalam strategi utama berupa pertumbuhan terkonsentrasi, berdasarkan analisis lingkungan internal dan eksternalnya, juga implementasi yang terkoordinir, baik dalam (struktural, kepemimpinan maupun budaya), disertai program, anggaran dan prosedur pelaksanaan yang jelas. Serta tingkat evaluasi strategi yang intensif sehingga inovasi dan pengendalian strategi selalu sesuai dengan tuntutan dan perubahan zaman. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa manajemen strategik ...

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui sejauhmana peningkatan kegiatan belajar peserta didik mata pelajaran pendidikan Agama Islam melalui implementasi manajemen kelas di MTsN 1 Kota Cirebon. Penelitian ini adalah mixed method. Dalam penelitian kualitatif subyek penelitian yaitu 3 orang guru PAI dan siswa-siswa kelas 8. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi mendalam, dokumentasi. Teknik analisisnya menggunakan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, display data, dan penyimpulan data. Sementara itu dalam penelitian kuantitatif populasi 10 dan 939 siswa dengan proportionate stratifield random sampling, yakni sebesar 5%, maka ada 47 siswa. Instumen yang digunakan adalah angket. Uji coba instrumen ditempuh melalui validitas dan reliabilitas. Tekhnik analisis menggunakan uji t. Temuan penelitian secara kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa implementasi manajemen kelas dalam proses belajar mengajar Pendidikan Agama Islam di MTsN 1 Kota Cirebon sudah berjalan cukup baik....

The purpose of this study is to reveal in depth the ability of principals to improve teacher professionalism through performance management based on religious culture in al-Azhar 5 Islamic Middle School, Cirebon City. This research is a qualitative descriptive case study. Data collection instruments adopted by in-depth observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Stages of data analysis, namely data collection, data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that (1) the school principal planned to increase the professionalism of teachers based on religious culture including planning based on the Strategic Plan, vision, mission, school goals, and needs, involving all school members, recruiting new teachers. (2) Providing guidance through involving teachers in scientific forums, further studies, revitalizing MGMP, establishing teacher silaturrahim forums, and adding supporting facilities. (3) Evaluation through individual or group supervision both di...

So far the lessons of Islamic religion always emphasize concepts. It does not instill values and practices. Therefore, religious teachers must change learning models, which instill values and practice Islamic teachings in daily life, including the implementation of congregational prayers. The research aimed to reveal the extent of the influence of Islamic religious education on the motivation to pray in congregation at state senior high schools 4 Cirebon City. This research method was a quantitative descriptive correlation. The instrument was a questionnaire. This population was 156 respondents of class XIII of the Natural Sciences and Social Sciences. The data analysis technique was Chi-Square formula. Islamic education learning in class XIII in state senior high schools 4 Cirebon City is categorized as medium. This was indicated from the average value of 26.75. Similarly, the motivation to pray in the congregation of class XIII students at in state senior high schools 4 Cirebon Ci...

The transformation of IAIN Sheikh Nurjati to a university is inevitability. This is due to the tendency of the educational market which increasingly leaves "typical" science of IAIN to the general science. In addition, the dichotomy of science is believed to be continuously maintained, If IAIN Sheikh Nurjati is institute. This situation is responded by IAIN Sheikh Nurjati with establishing the plan and strategic management of the university transformation. But apparently, the plan is not accordance with the implementation of its management. Many things that indicate IAIN Sheikh Nurjati is not ready to become a university. The unreadiness could be more obvious when it is viewed by the Balanced Scorecard approach. For that, this research is conducted to evaluate the, so far, the strategic management with the Balanced Scorecard approach in IAIN Sheikh Nurjati in an effort to transform into a university. The reseach is based on the Kaplan's and Norton's theory of Balan...

ABSTRAK Dakwah bil hal di sekolah berfungsi mempersiapkan para siswa menjadi anggota masyarakat yang memahami dan mengamalkan nilai-nilai agamanya yang berwawasan luas, kritis, kreatif, inovatif dan dinamis dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa yang beriman, bertakwa dan berakhlak mulia. Penelitian ini difokuskan dengan tujuan untuk lebih jauh mengungkap tentang bagaimana penerapan dakwah bil hal ini sehingga bisa menciptakan budaya agama melalui pembiasaan shalat berjamaah. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Keterpercayaan data kualitatif dilakukan melalui kredibilitas data, transferabilitas data, konfirmabilitas data, dan dependabilitas data. Tehnik analisis menggunakan tahapan collecting data, displaying data, reducing data dan conclusing data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) dakwah bil hal dalam penciptaan budaya agama di SMP Islam al-Azhar 5 Cirebon...

The loyal teamworks are a key of successful management of Islamic boarding school. That loyalty does not happen accidentally, but caused by a clear vision and the goal congruence of the insiders. Teamworks require individual commitment by maintaining uniqueness of the individual and respect for differences. Considering teamwork is an integral part of the management of Islamic boarding school, so it is found that the loyalty to the kiai leadership is very strong. Teamworks Islamic boarding school loyalty arises from kiai leadership who uses the model-collegial partners, the exemplary and spiritual leadership. The essence of leadership is a test, a mandate from God and man, and influencing teamworks, so a leader must show an exemplary, inspiration, actuating, and humanizing. The targets of leadership are to build affection, to spread virtue, and to channel the Mercy of God. Abstrak Teamwork yang loyal menjadi kunci keberhasilan pengelolaan sebuah pondok pesantren. Keadaan ini tidaklah...

ABSTRAK The topic of this research is "Managerial Skill of the Principals to Increase Teacher›s Performance in Promoting Excellence School (Research in SDIT Sabilul Huda and SDIT Sains al-Farabi)". Based on the fact that management skill of the principals contributed to teachers performance, and in any way related in increasing the quality of teaching and learning in the school. The purpose of this research is to elaborate the role of the principals in implementing management functions: planning, organizing, actuating, controlling and evaluating of school resources; in order to promote better teaching and learning in the class through teacher›s performance. Research used descriptive qualitative approach, while data collected by interview, observation, and documentation study, focused on the principals, teachers, and school committee. Characteristic of the sample is SDIT Sabilul Huda at the educational area and SDIT Sains al-Farabi at non educational area. Research conclude...

Masyarakat pesisir di Indonesia adalah masyarakat yang pada umumnya memiliki tipikal terbuka. Sifat keterbukaannya pada dunia luar membuat celah dan peluang bagi masuknya proses pendidikan dalam wujud pengaruh baik ekonomi, budaya maupun kepercayaan dari luar yang datang silih berganti. Dinamika kehidupan masyarakat pesisir yang mayoritas adalah berdagang (pengusaha) dan nelayan membuka ruang bagi mereka untuk membangun relasi dengan orang-orang luar. Relasi-relasi itulah yang membuka jalan bagi mereka yang memiliki visi, misi dan tujuan  tertentu dalam arus pendidikan. Namun sayangnya pendidikan bagi masyarakat pesisir yang awalnya memberikan dinamika positif bagi kemajuan berbagai bidang kehidupan, pada perkembangan selanjutnya mengalami degradasi seiring semakin marjinalnya kehidupan masyarakat pesisir yang dikenal dengan the poorest of the poor. Key words: Pendidikan, Masyarakat, Terbuka, Pesisir

Management of STAIS in Cirebon Region III should be flexible, fast,innovative, and integrated with creative human resources. Therefore, Islamic private colleges are required to be able to adapt, develop and conduct learning through learning organization (Kogut and Zander, 1992; Henderson and Cockburn 1994). This study aimed to verify and analyze the influence of learning organization capabilities on competencies, level of diversification, and performance of Islamic private college in Cirebon Region III West Java. In order to achieve and maintain competitive advantages in a business environment that changes rapidly, the organizations must be able to increase their capacities of learning (Marquardt, 1996:15). This study used quantitative methods. Research respondents were all management team of 6 STAIS in Region III Cirebon. Respondents totaled 134 people consist of 31 leaders as population, 59 employees, and 41 lecturers as samples. Research instrument was a questionnaire. Data analy...

The learning process in schools mostly occurs in the classroom where students learn to interact for many hours. Meanwhile the condition of the class frequently does not support, classes are too crowded, hot, stuffy, and others. So complete sufferings of those who learn in them. In fact comfortable classrooms can ensure the achievement of effective learning. In this case, how can it be achieved? One of the frequently overlooked in classroom management, to create a learning conducive atmosphere, is the placement of plants. In addition to the aesthetic of class decoration, plants are useful to create the ideal temperature, produce oxygen for the needs of the students in class that are generally crowded, and clean up pollutants. Thereby, the class will be lovely and comfortable which ultimately will lead to a positive attitude and mind in learning. Kata Kunci: Tanaman, Kelas, Pembelajaran, Kondusif

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap secara mendalam tentang kepemimpinan kepala Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Terpadu Sabilul Huda dalam mengelola lembaga pendidikannya. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif eksplanatoris studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan snowball sampling dengan instrumen wawancara mendalam, observasi mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data dilakukan melalui kredibilitas dengan cara ketekunan pengamat, triangulasi sumber, waktu, dan instrumen, serta bahan referensi yang memadai. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa kepala TKIT Sabilul Huda sudah menjalankan kepemimpinannya dalam menyusun perencanaan sekolah untuk setiap program pendidikan dengan cukup baik. Perencanaan yang sudah yang dimaksud meliputi rencana strategis dan rencana operasional. Kepala TKIT Sabilul Huda dalam menjalankan fungsi kepemimpinan dalam pengorganisasian sudah menyusun struktur organisasi dan pembagian wewenang dengan baik kepada bawahannya. Pembinaan d...

Pesantren should not only concentrate on developing religious education only, but also must be concerned local economy. This concern is a manifestation of partnership management between pesantren and community. In fact, many Pesantrens are not able to play such a role in an integrated way. This study aimed to find partnership management patterns in Pesantren Alam Internasional Saung Balong al-Barokah and the community in the context of management education in economics and education. The research method was qualitative. Instruments of collecting data were an interview, unstructured observation, and documentation. Data validation was done through credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability. Techniques of data analysis were done by collecting the data, reducing data, displaying data, and concluding data. Researcher found that Pesantren Alam Internasional Saung Balong al-Barokah successfully worked together in harmony with the community in economic empowerment and ed...

The loyal teamworks are a key of successful management of Islamic boarding school. That loyalty does not happen accidentally, butcaused by a clear vision and the goal congruence of the insiders.Teamworks require individual commitment by maintaininguniqueness of the individual and respect for differences. Consideringteamwork is an integral part of the management of Islamic boardingschool, so it is found that the loyalty to the kiai leadership is verystrong. Teamworks Islamic boarding school loyalty arises from kiaileadership who uses the model-collegial partners, the exemplaryand spiritual leadership. The essence of leadership is a test, amandate from God and man, and influencing teamworks, so a leadermust show an exemplary, inspiration, actuating, and humanizing.The targets of leadership are to build affection, to spread virtue,and to channel the Mercy of God.

Pesantren harus berperan dalam perkembangan masyarakat sekitarnya. Hal itu karena pondok pesantren merupakan lembaga pendidikan keagamaan dan lembaga sosial kemasyarakatan. Peran ini cukup diperlihatkan oleh Pondok Pesantren Miftahulhuda al-Musri terhadap masyarakat sekitarnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sejauhmana peran tersebut dilakukan sebagai bahan masukan bagi lembaga serupa dalam berdakwah. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif studi kasus. Informan adalah kiai, para ustadz, santri, masyarakat Desa Kertajaya, dan tokoh masyarakat. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan observasi mendalam, interview mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Data divalidasi melalui kredibilitas data yang meliputi trianggulasi waktu, sumber dan tehnik. Kredilitas yang lain adalah ketekunan dan lamannya penelitian, peer debriving. Data juga divalidasi dengan transferabilitas, dependabilitas, dan konfirmalibilitas. Analisis Data dilakukan dengan tahapan pengumpulan data, display data, reducing data,...

The purpose of this study was to reveal in depth the leadership of women during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on her. This research used a qualitative method with normative law which was carried out by reviewing the literature. The approach used a contextual and statutory approach. The data were organized, analyzed inductively, and classified into many units and formulated into a pattern. The results showed that the progress of female leaders during Covid-19 was quite successful in controlling the condition with their leadership strengths. However, in general, this Covid-19 pandemic negatively impact on the lives of almost the entire population of the world, especially for women, namely, the multiple burdens of child care and work, the threat of domestic violence, and unequal treatment in the economic sector. All of these impacts showed that the Covid-19 pandemic was not gender-neutral due to the position of women who positioned unbalanced from the beginning with men in the economic and social sectors. For this reason, there should be emancipation efforts to initiate policies that were sensitive to gender issues in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic.

This paper aims to determine the implementation of total quality management in state and private senior high schools in Cirebon City and to compare the level of their implementation. This research is a descriptive exploratory study. The instrumens of collecticting data are questionnaires, observation and interviews. Data are analyzed using descriptive and statistical t-test. The analysis finds that total quality is implemented by state and private high schools. However, the level of application is significantly different (t-value = 9,208, p-value = <0,0001). State senior high schools applys it very well, and private schools applys it well. The Differences of total quality management are in all measured aspects. The observation shows that the state senior high schools implemented maximum total quality management, while the private senior high schools implement it not optimally, due to limited resources. The implication is the higher organization's resources, the more optimal i...

Efektivitas dari kepemimpinan kepala sekolah adalah diantara faktor dari sejumlah faktor yang berkaitan dengan kinerja guru, melalui kinerja yang baik, maka proses komunikasi pendidikan di suatu sekolah akan terlaksana dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap sejauhmana pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah perempuan terhadap kinerja guru di MTsN Ciledug Cirebon. Metode penelitian ini ialah kuantitatif korelasional. Populasi penelitian adalah 67 guru dengan sampel 30 guru. Instrumen yang dipergunakan adalah angket. Teknik analisis yang dipakai ialah teknik analisis Statistik Parametris sebagaimana jenis penelitian bersifat asosiatif, dengan memakai korelasi bivariate atau Product Moment Pearson. Hasil yang memperlihatkan bahwa ada hubungan yang sangat kuat antara Variabel Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah perempuan (X), dengan Kinerja Guru di MTsN Ciledug Cirebon sebesar 0,825 atau memiliki pengaruh langsung sebesar 68,0625%. Hal tersebut berarti apabila kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah perempuan sudah baik, maka kinerja guru pun menjadi baik.

So far, women's leadership is still underestimated; especially her managerial skills as a principal in an educational institution.Actually, she can lead the school and bring it to good quality. This research was intended to further uncover the conceptual skills, human skills and technical skills of female principals in State High Schools 6 Cirebon City. This research was a survey research. The respondents were 250 students. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The result showed that the principal’s managerial skills of State High Schools 6 Cirebon City were very good. It could be viewed from the conceptual skills (86.4%) and human skills (83.2%) were very good.  Meanwhile, technical skills were good (76.8%). Based on the results of the respondents' assessment, the technical skills of female principals of State High Schools 6 Cirebon City were lower than conceptual and human skills. Keywords : ability, gender, assessment

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap secara mendalam tentang penerimaan sosial siswa di sekolah inklusif di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Harapan Kita Kota Cirebon. Metode penelitian adalah kualitatif studi kasus. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi mendalam, wawancara mendalam, angket, dan dokumentasi. Tehnik analisis dilakukan melalui reduksi data, display data, dan penyimpulan data. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa siswa telah melakukan penerimaan sosial dengan baik. Mereka menerima kondisi apapun yang ada pada diri siswa meskipun mereka adalah siswa “yang terbuang”. Hal ini diawali oleh sekolah dengan memberikan kesempatan kepada mereka mengenyam pendidikan tanpa adanya diskriminasi apapun. Pembelajaran yang disajikan menyenangkan, hal ini berimplikasi kepada prestasi siswa yang cukup bagus, walaupun dalam keterbatasan sarana dan keuangan yang ada, dikarenakan memang sekolah tidak banyak memberikan tuntutan biaya kepada siswa. Pandangan siswa terhadap perbedaan di setiap siswa adalah sebagai sesuatu yang biasa, hal ini meminimalisir perundungan. Untuk itu guru membaurkan, memotivasi dan mengapresiasi siswa yang sudah memperlakukan teman dengan baik. Kata Kunci: Penerimaan Sosial, Persamaan, Sekolah Inklusif ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to reveal in-depth the students’ social acceptance of in inclusive schools of Junior High Harapan Kita Cirebon. The research method was a qualitative case study. Data collection instruments were in-depth observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The analysis technique was done through data reduction, data display, and data inference. The findings showed that students performed social acceptance well. They accepted students' conditions even though they were “wasted” students. This was initiated by the school by giving them the opportunity to get an education without any discrimination. Learning was fun, it had implication for good students’ achievement, despite limited facilities and finances, because schools did not demand large amount of school fees to students. Students view ed the differences in each student were common. It minimized harassment. For this reason, teachers integrated, motivated and appreciated students who treated their friends well. Keywords: Social Acceptance, Equations, Inclusive School

Benchmarking encourages an institution to look deep into the process of similar competitors, and is proven to provide better results. But, this strategy is often forgotten. The purpose of this study is to uncover the application of benchmarking in improving performance at Islamic State Institute Sheikh Nurjati and Islamic Institute Bunga Bangsa, Cirebon, West Java. This research is a multi-case studi with qualitative approach. Data were collected by participant-observation, documentation-studi, and in-depth interviews. Analysis techniques were conducted through collecting data, reducing data, displaying data and concluding data. The results showed that benchmarking at Islamic State Institute Sheikh Nurjati and Islamic Institute Bunga Bangsa, Cirebon was sufficient to provide results in improving the performance of good institutions. Benchmarking plans were formulated through comprehensive planning and team building. Benchmarking implementation was formulated by selecting and adaptin...

Maju mundurnya suatu sekolah sangat berpengaruh pada kepala sekolah. Dia memiliki peran penting untuk memajukan sekolah yang dipimpinnya khususnya yang berhubungan dengan kompetensi pedagogik guru. Untuk itulah penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengungkap secara mendalam peran kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogik guru di sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Sultan Agung Cirebon. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif kualitatif lapangan. Sumber data didapatkan dari Kepala Sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah, guru-guru, para staf. Pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam, observasi mendalam non partisipasif, dan studi dokumentasi. Dalam melaksanakan analisis data digunakan sejumlah langkah, yakni reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kepala sekolah berperan cukup baik dalam meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogik guru, yakni dengan memfasilitasi dan memotivasi guru-guru untuk lebih meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ...

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap lebih jauh tentang pengaruh kepemimpinan kharismatik kyai dan motivasi orang tua terhadap etos belajar santri:  Studi kasus atas Pondok Pesantren ‘Ainurrafiq Kuningan. Metode penelitian adalah kuantitatif korelasional. Sampel berjumlah 29 santri dari populasi 150 santri. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, observasi dan dokumentasi. (1) Kepemimpinan kharismatik kyai mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap etos belajar santri. (2) Motivasi orang tua mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap etos belajar santri . (3) Kepemimpinan kharismatik kyai dan motivasi orang tua secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap etos belajar santri . Temuan ini berimplikasi bahwa (1) semakin besar pengaruh kepemimpinan kharismatik kyai, maka akan semakin tinggi pula etos belajar santri. (2) Semakin besar pengaruh motivasi orang tua, maka akan semakin tinggi pula etos belajar santri. (3) Semakin besar pengaruh kepemimpinan kharismatik kyai dan motivasi orang tua, maka akan semakin tinggi pula etos belajar santri . Kata Kunci : keteladanan, peniruan, perubahan hasil belajar

Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam selama ini masih belum banyak diterapkan di lembaga pendidikan. Padahal hal ini berfungsi membantu peserta didik untuk berperilaku yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Bimbingan Konseling Islam terhadap perilaku peserta didik di MTsN 1 Kota Cirebon. Jenis penelitian ialah kuantitatif. Populasinya ialah 301 peserta didik MTsN 1 Kota Cirebon 2018-2019 dengan sampel 177. Instrumen pengumpulan data ialah kuesioner. Teknik analisis data: uji validitas, reliabilitas, normalitas, linearitas, dan regresi dengan bantuan SPSS for Windows 24.0. Temuan penelitian: (1) terdapat pengaruh yang sedang Bimbingan Konseling Islam terhadap Perilaku Individu peserta didik. (2) Terdapat pengaruh yang cukup pada Bimbingan Konseling Islam terhadap perilaku sosial peserta didik. (3) Terdapat pengaruh yang sedang pada Bimbingan Konseling Islam terhadap perilaku individu dan sosial peserta didik. Kata Kunci: Bimbingan Konseling Islam; Perilaku; Peserta Didik.

: Education is every single effort to maintain and develop human nature both esoteric and exoteric aspects. Reality in education shows that the human esoteric aspect left behind far from the progress of exoteric. Wrong paradigm that limits religious knowledge just in Islamic schools or Islamic boarding schools gradually can dissociate public school students from education of faith and devotion. Consequently, the orientation of education in schools turns into more materialistic, individualistic, and secularistic. Thus, there is a massive reduction of human existence itself. To overcome this, it is noteworthy to reorient education towards the holistic education with investment values of religious spirituality (Sufism) to get closer to God through Islamic extracurricular in school. This solution will make vertical integration of submission to God and horizontally dialectical dimension to humanity and the environment. The integration produces an educational output, such as students with righteous personality and noble behavior. Therefore, it can be understood that the values of Sufism are very esensial and cannot be separated from the educational problem-solving.