Restricted and controlled drug delivery to the heart remains a challenge giving frequent off-targ... more Restricted and controlled drug delivery to the heart remains a challenge giving frequent off-target effects as well as limited retention of drugs in the heart. There is a need to develop and optimize tools to allow for improved design of drug candidates for treatment of heart diseases. Over the last decade, novel drug platforms and nanomaterials were designed to confine bioactive materials to the heart. Yet, the research remains in its infancy, not only in the development of tools but also in the understanding of effects of these materials on cardiac function and tissue integrity. Upconverting nanoparticles are nanomaterials that recently accelerated interest in theranostic nanomedicine technologies. Their unique photophysical properties allow for sensitive in vivo imaging that can be combined with spatio-temporal control for targeted release of encapsulated drugs. Here we synthesized upconverting NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles and show for the first time their innocuity in the heart, wh...
Dry immersion (DI) is used to simulate weightlessness. We investigated in healthy volunteers if D... more Dry immersion (DI) is used to simulate weightlessness. We investigated in healthy volunteers if DI induces changes in ONSD, as a surrogate marker of intracranial pressure (ICP) and how these changes could affect cerebral autoregulation (CA). Changes in ICP were indirectly measured by changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). 12 healthy male volunteers underwent 3 days of DI. ONSD was indirectly assessed by ocular ultrasonography. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of the middle cerebral artery was gauged using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. CA was evaluated by two methods: (1) transfer function analysis was calculated to determine the relationship between mean CBFV and mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) and (2) correlation index Mxa between mean CBFV and mean ABP.ONSD increased significantly during the first day, the third day and the first day of recovery of DI ( < 0.001).DI induced a reduction in Mxa index ( < 0.001) and an elevation in phase shift in low freque...
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrome that occurs a... more Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrome that occurs after spaceflight and after long-term inactivity. During long-term confinement in a hyperbaric chamber, decreased physical activity is commonly observed, as it is in space. Because confinement in a limited space for 28 days was the principal characteristic of the Isolation Study for European Manned Space Infrastructure (ISEMSI) experiment, there was to be expected a considerable decrease in the physical activity of the subjects. Hence, there was the possibility of the occurrence of a certain degree of cardiac deconditioning. To investigate this, a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) experiment was carried out as part of the ISEMSI program. From the LBNP experiment carried out during the ISEMSI project, it can be concluded that there was no indication of the cardiac deconditioning syndrome in any of the subjects. The absence of such effects can probably be ascribed to two conditions: the subjects were not in inactive conditions and there was only a slight overpressure in the hyperbaric chamber.
Background and Purpose —Asymptomatic microembolic signals (MES) can be demonstrated in patients w... more Background and Purpose —Asymptomatic microembolic signals (MES) can be demonstrated in patients with cerebral ischemia using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonographic monitoring of the middle cerebral artery. However, the clinical relevance of MES remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to estimate the independent contribution of microembolism to the risk of early ischemic recurrence (EIR) in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) of presumed arterial origin. Methods —We studied the incidence of EIR in 73 consecutive patients with carotid stroke or TIA in whom TCD scanning of the symptomatic middle cerebral artery was performed within 7 days from the onset of symptoms. Patients with a potential cardiac source of embolism were excluded from the study. Results —Eight patients had EIR during a mean±SD follow-up of 10±8 days. The incidence of EIR was 4.3 per 100 patient-days in patients with MES and only 0.5 per 100 patient-days in patients without MES. The p...
This paper summarizes what has been learned from studies of the effects of artificial gravity gen... more This paper summarizes what has been learned from studies of the effects of artificial gravity generated by centrifugation in actual and simulated weightless conditions. The experience of artificial gravity during actual space flight in animals and humans are discussed. Studies using intermittent centrifugation during bed rest and water immersion, as a way to maintain orthostatic tolerance and exercise capacity, are reviewed; their results indicate that intermittent centrifugation is a potential countermeasure for maintaining the integrity of these physiological functions in extended space missions. These results can help set guidelines for future experiments aimed at validating the regimes of centrifugation as a countermeasure for space missions. Current and future research projects using artificial gravity conditions in humans are discussed.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1996
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-day head-down tilt (HDT; -6 degrees) an... more The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-day head-down tilt (HDT; -6 degrees) and 4-day confinement on several indicators that might reflect a state of cardiovascular deconditioning on eight male subjects. Measurements were made of endocrine responses, heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex response (SBR) slope before, during and after each intervention. Plasma volume decreased by 10 percent after the 4-day HDT. The concentration of active renin was increased and that of urinary atrial natriuretic peptide decreased during the 4-day experiment in both groups. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentration decreased significantly only after 4-day confinement. After the 4-day HDT, one of the spectrum analysis parameters was statistically changed: the parasympathetic indicator decreased significantly (P &lt;0.05) whereas the sympathetic indicator and the total power spectrum were unaltered. After 4-day confinement spectrum analysis parameters were not statistically altered. A significant decrease of SBR (P &lt;0.05) was noticed only after the 4-day HDT. These data would suggest that exposure to a 4-day HDT was sufficient to induce a cardiovascular deconditioning which may have been induced by confinement and inactivity.
Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2018
Multimodal MRI approach is based on a combination of MRI parameters sensitive to different tissue... more Multimodal MRI approach is based on a combination of MRI parameters sensitive to different tissue characteristics (eg, volume atrophy, iron deposition, and microstructural damage). The main objective of the present study was to use a multimodal MRI approach to identify brain differences that could discriminate between matched groups of patients with multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, and healthy controls. We assessed the 2 different MSA variants, namely, MSA-P, with predominant parkinsonism, and MSA-C, with more prominent cerebellar symptoms. Twenty-six PD patients, 29 MSA patients (16 MSA-P, 13 MSA-C), and 26 controls underwent 3-T MRI comprising T2*-weighted, T1-weighted, and diffusion tensor imaging scans. Using whole-brain voxel-based MRI, we combined gray-matter density, T2* relaxation rates, and diffusion tensor imaging scalars to compare and discriminate PD, MSA-P, MSA-C, and healthy controls. Our main results showed that this approach reveals multiparametric m...
Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2016
Patients with cardiovascular disease show autonomic dysfunction, including sympathetic activation... more Patients with cardiovascular disease show autonomic dysfunction, including sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, which leads to fatal events. This review aims to place sympathovagal balance as an essential element to be considered in management for cardiovascular disease patients who benefit from a cardiac rehabilitation program. Many studies showed that exercise training, as non-pharmacologic treatment, plays an important role in enhancing sympathovagal balance and could normalize levels of markers of sympathetic flow measured by microneurography, heart rate variability or plasma catecholamine levels. This alteration positively affects prognosis with cardiovascular disease. In general, cardiac rehabilitation programs include moderate-intensity and continuous aerobic exercise. Other forms of activities such as high-intensity interval training, breathing exercises, relaxation and transcutaneous electrical stimulation can improve sympathovagal balance and should be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Currently, the exercise training programs in cardiac rehabilitation are individualized to optimize health outcomes. The sports science concept of the heart rate variability (HRV)-vagal index used to manage exercise sessions (for a goal of performance) could be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation to improve cardiovascular fitness and autonomic nervous system function.
Simulated microgravity produces sustained inhibition of sympathoneural release, turnover, and syn... more Simulated microgravity produces sustained inhibition of sympathoneural release, turnover, and synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and hypersensitization of beta-adrenergic pathways. These changes may explain the orthostatic intolerance experienced by astronauts returning from spaceflights. Chronic administration of yohimbine would prevent the increase of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity to epinephrine (Epi) induced by simulated microgravity. Eight healthy young subjects received 8 mg of yohimbine (an antagonist of alpha2adrenoceptors) orally twice a day during the simulated microgravity achieved through -6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). The catecholamine-induced lipolysis was studied on isolated fat cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue before HDBR and on the fifth day of HDBR. Epi was infused at three graded rates (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 40 min each) before and at the end of the HDBR period. The effects of Epi on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ac...
ABSTRACT Introduction: l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (droxidopa) is a pro-drug that is metabo... more ABSTRACT Introduction: l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (droxidopa) is a pro-drug that is metabolized to norepinephrine in nerve endings and in other tissues. It has been commercialized in Japan since 1989 for treatment of orthostatic hypotension (OH) symptoms in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) with Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage III, Shy-Drager syndrome, familial amyloid polyneuropathy and hemodialytic patients. It has also been recently approved by the FDA for symptomatic neurogenic OH. Areas covered: In this review, clinical uses of droxidopa in neurogenic OH and other neurodegenerative disorders will be reviewed. Results from a MEDLINE search with the keywords ‘droxidopa&#39; or ‘l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine&#39; or ‘L-DOPS&#39; will be discussed. Abstracts from international congresses will also be explored. Expert opinion: Results from a few small and short placebo-controlled trials and clinical studies in neurogenic OH showed significant reductions in the manometric drop of blood pressure after posture changes or meals. Larger Phase III studies suggest a positive effect of the drug on dizziness, which has only been shown in the short term (i.e., Keywords: Parkinson&#39;s disease; droxidopa; multiple system atrophy; norepinephrine; orthostatic hypotension; pure autonomic failure; sympathetic autonomic nervous system; synucleinopathies; treatment Document Type: Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/21678707.2014.901167 Affiliations: 1 University of Toulouse III and INSERM, University Hospital, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Toulouse, France Publication date: May 1, 2014 More about this publication? Information for Authors Subscribe to this Title Terms &amp; Conditions ingentaconnect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites $(document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = $(&quot;.originaldescription&quot;).text().replace(/\\&amp;/g, &#39;&amp;&#39;).replace(/\\, &#39;&lt;&#39;).replace(/\\&gt;/g, &#39;&gt;&#39;).replace(/\\t/g, &#39; &#39;).replace(/\\n/g, &#39;&#39;); if (shortdescription.length &gt; 350){ shortdescription = &quot;&quot; + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + &quot;... more&quot;; } $(&quot;.descriptionitem&quot;).prepend(shortdescription); $(&quot;.shortdescription a&quot;).click(function() { $(&quot;.shortdescription&quot;).hide(); $(&quot;.originaldescription&quot;).slideDown(); return false; }); }); Related content In this: publication By this: publisher By this author: Perez-Lloret, Santiago ; Rey, María Verónica ; Pavy-Le Traon, Anne ; Rascol, Olivier GA_googleFillSlot(&quot;Horizontal_banner_bottom&quot;);
ABSTRACT Since more than 40 years, manned Space flights have shown that sleep in space is possibl... more ABSTRACT Since more than 40 years, manned Space flights have shown that sleep in space is possible. However, in-flight studies have reported reduced sleep duration and sleep disturbances which may lead to performance impairment. The causes of these changes are not well known. These disturbances have been particularly reported in case of abnormal work-rest schedule due to operational constraints. But space environment factors as microgravity and changes in light/dark cycle may also induce changes in sleep and circadian rhythms. This review discusses how different factors may influence sleep and biological rhythms in space flight and simulation experiments.
1 University of Udine, Italy 2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France 3 O... more 1 University of Udine, Italy 2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France 3 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA 4 University of Brescia, Italy 5 University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland 6 Karolinska ...
Restricted and controlled drug delivery to the heart remains a challenge giving frequent off-targ... more Restricted and controlled drug delivery to the heart remains a challenge giving frequent off-target effects as well as limited retention of drugs in the heart. There is a need to develop and optimize tools to allow for improved design of drug candidates for treatment of heart diseases. Over the last decade, novel drug platforms and nanomaterials were designed to confine bioactive materials to the heart. Yet, the research remains in its infancy, not only in the development of tools but also in the understanding of effects of these materials on cardiac function and tissue integrity. Upconverting nanoparticles are nanomaterials that recently accelerated interest in theranostic nanomedicine technologies. Their unique photophysical properties allow for sensitive in vivo imaging that can be combined with spatio-temporal control for targeted release of encapsulated drugs. Here we synthesized upconverting NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles and show for the first time their innocuity in the heart, wh...
Dry immersion (DI) is used to simulate weightlessness. We investigated in healthy volunteers if D... more Dry immersion (DI) is used to simulate weightlessness. We investigated in healthy volunteers if DI induces changes in ONSD, as a surrogate marker of intracranial pressure (ICP) and how these changes could affect cerebral autoregulation (CA). Changes in ICP were indirectly measured by changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). 12 healthy male volunteers underwent 3 days of DI. ONSD was indirectly assessed by ocular ultrasonography. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of the middle cerebral artery was gauged using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. CA was evaluated by two methods: (1) transfer function analysis was calculated to determine the relationship between mean CBFV and mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) and (2) correlation index Mxa between mean CBFV and mean ABP.ONSD increased significantly during the first day, the third day and the first day of recovery of DI ( < 0.001).DI induced a reduction in Mxa index ( < 0.001) and an elevation in phase shift in low freque...
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrome that occurs a... more Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cardiovascular deconditioning syndrome that occurs after spaceflight and after long-term inactivity. During long-term confinement in a hyperbaric chamber, decreased physical activity is commonly observed, as it is in space. Because confinement in a limited space for 28 days was the principal characteristic of the Isolation Study for European Manned Space Infrastructure (ISEMSI) experiment, there was to be expected a considerable decrease in the physical activity of the subjects. Hence, there was the possibility of the occurrence of a certain degree of cardiac deconditioning. To investigate this, a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) experiment was carried out as part of the ISEMSI program. From the LBNP experiment carried out during the ISEMSI project, it can be concluded that there was no indication of the cardiac deconditioning syndrome in any of the subjects. The absence of such effects can probably be ascribed to two conditions: the subjects were not in inactive conditions and there was only a slight overpressure in the hyperbaric chamber.
Background and Purpose —Asymptomatic microembolic signals (MES) can be demonstrated in patients w... more Background and Purpose —Asymptomatic microembolic signals (MES) can be demonstrated in patients with cerebral ischemia using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonographic monitoring of the middle cerebral artery. However, the clinical relevance of MES remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to estimate the independent contribution of microembolism to the risk of early ischemic recurrence (EIR) in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) of presumed arterial origin. Methods —We studied the incidence of EIR in 73 consecutive patients with carotid stroke or TIA in whom TCD scanning of the symptomatic middle cerebral artery was performed within 7 days from the onset of symptoms. Patients with a potential cardiac source of embolism were excluded from the study. Results —Eight patients had EIR during a mean±SD follow-up of 10±8 days. The incidence of EIR was 4.3 per 100 patient-days in patients with MES and only 0.5 per 100 patient-days in patients without MES. The p...
This paper summarizes what has been learned from studies of the effects of artificial gravity gen... more This paper summarizes what has been learned from studies of the effects of artificial gravity generated by centrifugation in actual and simulated weightless conditions. The experience of artificial gravity during actual space flight in animals and humans are discussed. Studies using intermittent centrifugation during bed rest and water immersion, as a way to maintain orthostatic tolerance and exercise capacity, are reviewed; their results indicate that intermittent centrifugation is a potential countermeasure for maintaining the integrity of these physiological functions in extended space missions. These results can help set guidelines for future experiments aimed at validating the regimes of centrifugation as a countermeasure for space missions. Current and future research projects using artificial gravity conditions in humans are discussed.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1996
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-day head-down tilt (HDT; -6 degrees) an... more The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-day head-down tilt (HDT; -6 degrees) and 4-day confinement on several indicators that might reflect a state of cardiovascular deconditioning on eight male subjects. Measurements were made of endocrine responses, heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex response (SBR) slope before, during and after each intervention. Plasma volume decreased by 10 percent after the 4-day HDT. The concentration of active renin was increased and that of urinary atrial natriuretic peptide decreased during the 4-day experiment in both groups. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentration decreased significantly only after 4-day confinement. After the 4-day HDT, one of the spectrum analysis parameters was statistically changed: the parasympathetic indicator decreased significantly (P &lt;0.05) whereas the sympathetic indicator and the total power spectrum were unaltered. After 4-day confinement spectrum analysis parameters were not statistically altered. A significant decrease of SBR (P &lt;0.05) was noticed only after the 4-day HDT. These data would suggest that exposure to a 4-day HDT was sufficient to induce a cardiovascular deconditioning which may have been induced by confinement and inactivity.
Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2018
Multimodal MRI approach is based on a combination of MRI parameters sensitive to different tissue... more Multimodal MRI approach is based on a combination of MRI parameters sensitive to different tissue characteristics (eg, volume atrophy, iron deposition, and microstructural damage). The main objective of the present study was to use a multimodal MRI approach to identify brain differences that could discriminate between matched groups of patients with multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, and healthy controls. We assessed the 2 different MSA variants, namely, MSA-P, with predominant parkinsonism, and MSA-C, with more prominent cerebellar symptoms. Twenty-six PD patients, 29 MSA patients (16 MSA-P, 13 MSA-C), and 26 controls underwent 3-T MRI comprising T2*-weighted, T1-weighted, and diffusion tensor imaging scans. Using whole-brain voxel-based MRI, we combined gray-matter density, T2* relaxation rates, and diffusion tensor imaging scalars to compare and discriminate PD, MSA-P, MSA-C, and healthy controls. Our main results showed that this approach reveals multiparametric m...
Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2016
Patients with cardiovascular disease show autonomic dysfunction, including sympathetic activation... more Patients with cardiovascular disease show autonomic dysfunction, including sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, which leads to fatal events. This review aims to place sympathovagal balance as an essential element to be considered in management for cardiovascular disease patients who benefit from a cardiac rehabilitation program. Many studies showed that exercise training, as non-pharmacologic treatment, plays an important role in enhancing sympathovagal balance and could normalize levels of markers of sympathetic flow measured by microneurography, heart rate variability or plasma catecholamine levels. This alteration positively affects prognosis with cardiovascular disease. In general, cardiac rehabilitation programs include moderate-intensity and continuous aerobic exercise. Other forms of activities such as high-intensity interval training, breathing exercises, relaxation and transcutaneous electrical stimulation can improve sympathovagal balance and should be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Currently, the exercise training programs in cardiac rehabilitation are individualized to optimize health outcomes. The sports science concept of the heart rate variability (HRV)-vagal index used to manage exercise sessions (for a goal of performance) could be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation to improve cardiovascular fitness and autonomic nervous system function.
Simulated microgravity produces sustained inhibition of sympathoneural release, turnover, and syn... more Simulated microgravity produces sustained inhibition of sympathoneural release, turnover, and synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and hypersensitization of beta-adrenergic pathways. These changes may explain the orthostatic intolerance experienced by astronauts returning from spaceflights. Chronic administration of yohimbine would prevent the increase of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity to epinephrine (Epi) induced by simulated microgravity. Eight healthy young subjects received 8 mg of yohimbine (an antagonist of alpha2adrenoceptors) orally twice a day during the simulated microgravity achieved through -6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). The catecholamine-induced lipolysis was studied on isolated fat cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue before HDBR and on the fifth day of HDBR. Epi was infused at three graded rates (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 40 min each) before and at the end of the HDBR period. The effects of Epi on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ac...
ABSTRACT Introduction: l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (droxidopa) is a pro-drug that is metabo... more ABSTRACT Introduction: l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (droxidopa) is a pro-drug that is metabolized to norepinephrine in nerve endings and in other tissues. It has been commercialized in Japan since 1989 for treatment of orthostatic hypotension (OH) symptoms in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) with Hoehn &amp; Yahr stage III, Shy-Drager syndrome, familial amyloid polyneuropathy and hemodialytic patients. It has also been recently approved by the FDA for symptomatic neurogenic OH. Areas covered: In this review, clinical uses of droxidopa in neurogenic OH and other neurodegenerative disorders will be reviewed. Results from a MEDLINE search with the keywords ‘droxidopa&#39; or ‘l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine&#39; or ‘L-DOPS&#39; will be discussed. Abstracts from international congresses will also be explored. Expert opinion: Results from a few small and short placebo-controlled trials and clinical studies in neurogenic OH showed significant reductions in the manometric drop of blood pressure after posture changes or meals. Larger Phase III studies suggest a positive effect of the drug on dizziness, which has only been shown in the short term (i.e., Keywords: Parkinson&#39;s disease; droxidopa; multiple system atrophy; norepinephrine; orthostatic hypotension; pure autonomic failure; sympathetic autonomic nervous system; synucleinopathies; treatment Document Type: Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/21678707.2014.901167 Affiliations: 1 University of Toulouse III and INSERM, University Hospital, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Toulouse, France Publication date: May 1, 2014 More about this publication? Information for Authors Subscribe to this Title Terms &amp; Conditions ingentaconnect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites $(document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = $(&quot;.originaldescription&quot;).text().replace(/\\&amp;/g, &#39;&amp;&#39;).replace(/\\, &#39;&lt;&#39;).replace(/\\&gt;/g, &#39;&gt;&#39;).replace(/\\t/g, &#39; &#39;).replace(/\\n/g, &#39;&#39;); if (shortdescription.length &gt; 350){ shortdescription = &quot;&quot; + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + &quot;... more&quot;; } $(&quot;.descriptionitem&quot;).prepend(shortdescription); $(&quot;.shortdescription a&quot;).click(function() { $(&quot;.shortdescription&quot;).hide(); $(&quot;.originaldescription&quot;).slideDown(); return false; }); }); Related content In this: publication By this: publisher By this author: Perez-Lloret, Santiago ; Rey, María Verónica ; Pavy-Le Traon, Anne ; Rascol, Olivier GA_googleFillSlot(&quot;Horizontal_banner_bottom&quot;);
ABSTRACT Since more than 40 years, manned Space flights have shown that sleep in space is possibl... more ABSTRACT Since more than 40 years, manned Space flights have shown that sleep in space is possible. However, in-flight studies have reported reduced sleep duration and sleep disturbances which may lead to performance impairment. The causes of these changes are not well known. These disturbances have been particularly reported in case of abnormal work-rest schedule due to operational constraints. But space environment factors as microgravity and changes in light/dark cycle may also induce changes in sleep and circadian rhythms. This review discusses how different factors may influence sleep and biological rhythms in space flight and simulation experiments.
1 University of Udine, Italy 2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France 3 O... more 1 University of Udine, Italy 2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France 3 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA 4 University of Brescia, Italy 5 University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland 6 Karolinska ...
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