Ana Prudente

The leading causes of the worldwide decline in biodiversity are global warming, allied with natural habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we propose an analysis of the synergistic effects of these two factors in 63 species of Amazonian lizards. We predicted that the high-climatic suitability areas of species would be significantly impacted by different deforestation scenarios and the resultant landscape structure and considered that forest-dwelling species would be especially susceptible to deforestation scenarios. We also pointed out species threatened by both drivers and suggested critical areas for their future conservation. According to our results, most species will face future reductions in suitable areas for their occurrence according to five different patterns, two of which represent significant risks for 15 species. Some of these species already deal with severe habitat loss and fragmentation of their current distribution ranges, whereas others will suffer a considerable area reduction related to future range shifts. We emphasize the importance of protected areas (PAs), especially indigenous lands, and the need to plan combined strategies involving PAs’ maintenance and possible implementation of ecological corridors. Finally, we highlight eight species of thermoconformer lizards that constitute present and future conservation concerns related to the combined effects of climate change and habitat loss and that should be carefully evaluated in extinction risk assessments.

Atractus potschi es una pequeña serpiente endémica de Brasil. Su distribución está restringida a los biomas Mata Atlántica y Caatinga, en los estados de Alagoas, Bahia y Sergipe. Expandimos su distribución en el interior en 270 km desde el registro más cercano. Esta es también un nuevo registro en la margen izquierda del río São Francisco.

Imantodes compreende um grupo de serpentes primariamente arboricolas, com ampla distribuicao Neotropical, agrupando sete especies atualmente reconhecidas com grande variacao cromatica, sendo I. cenchoa a que apresenta a maior distribuicao (sul do Mexico ao norte da Argentina). A necessidade de estudos abordando a variacao morfologica de I. cenchoa na America do Sul foi apontada por alguns autores, que sugeriram a provavel existencia de mais de um taxon distinguivel. Estudos com base em dados moleculares apresentaram resultados divergentes quanto a diversidade genetica de I. cenchoa. Assumindo que a diferenciacao genetica pode refletir a variacao morfologica, a proposicao de barreiras impedindo o fluxo genico de I. cenchoa pode ser testada mediante um estudo criterioso de variacao morfologica das populacoes sul-americanas, abordando e verificando os padroes populacionais e a estruturacao destes padroes. Para isto, este trabalho foi organizado em tres secoes: Introducao Geral, capitul...

The arboreal snake Imantodes lentiferus (Cope, 1894) is distributed in lowland rainforests of the Amazon basin and Guiana region, reported from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Brazil it occurs in the north and central-west regions, in the states of Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, and Mato Grosso. This study reports new records of Imantodes lentiferus from Pará and Mato Grosso. These new records fill a large gap in the known distribution of this species.

O Acervo de Herpetologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, possui atualmente 95.255 exemplares de anfíbios e répteis, principalmente da região Amazônica. São 58.548 exemplares de répteis e 36.707 exemplares de anfíbios. A coleção de Répteis está representada, na sua grande Maioria pelos répteis squamatas (57.140). Os indivíduos são preservados na grande maioria em via úmida (Álcool), contando também com alguns indivíduos em via seco, como é o caso das carapaças e esqueletos dos quelônios. o Acervo Conta também com Amostras de Tecido.

O Acervo de Herpetologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, possui atualmente 95.255 exemplares de anfíbios e répteis, principalmente da região Amazônica. São 58.548 exemplares de répteis e 36.707 exemplares de anfíbios. A coleção de Répteis está representada, na sua grande Maioria pelos répteis squamatas (57.140). Os indivíduos são preservados na grande maioria em via úmida (Álcool), contando também com alguns indivíduos em via seco, como é o caso das carapaças e esqueletos dos quelônios. o Acervo Conta também com Amostras de Tecido.

O Acervo de Herpetologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, possui atualmente 95.255 exemplares de anfíbios e répteis, principalmente da região Amazônica. São 58.548 exemplares de répteis e 36.707 exemplares de anfíbios. A coleção de Répteis está representada, na sua grande Maioria pelos répteis squamatas (57.140). Os indivíduos são preservados na grande maioria em via úmida (Álcool), contando também com alguns indivíduos em via seco, como é o caso das carapaças e esqueletos dos quelônios. o Acervo Conta também com Amostras de Tecido.

O Acervo de Herpetologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, possui atualmente 95.255 exemplares de anfíbios e répteis, principalmente da região Amazônica. São 58.548 exemplares de répteis e 36.707 exemplares de anfíbios. A coleção de Répteis está representada, na sua grande Maioria pelos répteis squamatas (57.140). Os indivíduos são preservados na grande maioria em via úmida (Álcool), contando também com alguns indivíduos em via seco, como é o caso das carapaças e esqueletos dos quelônios. o Acervo Conta também com Amostras de Tecido.

Factors driving the spatial configuration of centres of endemism have long been a topic of broad interest and debate. Due to different eco-evolutionary processes, these highly biodiverse areas may harbour different amounts of ancient and recently diverged organisms (paleo- and neo-endemism, respectively). Patterns of endemism still need to be measured at distinct phylogenetic levels for most clades and, consequently, little is known about the distribution, the age and the causes of such patterns. Here we tested for the presence of centres with high Phylogenetic Endemism (PE) in the highly diverse Neotropical snakes, testing the age of these patterns (paleo- or neo-endemism), and the presence of PE centres with distinct phylogenetic composition. We then tested whether PE is predicted by topography, by climate (seasonality, stability, buffering and relictualness), or biome size. We found that most areas of high PE for Neotropical snakes present a combination of both ancient and recent...

O Acervo de Herpetologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, possui atualmente 95.255 exemplares de anfíbios e répteis, principalmente da região Amazônica. São 58.548 exemplares de répteis e 36.707 exemplares de anfíbios. A coleção de Répteis está representada, na sua grande Maioria pelos répteis squamatas (57.140). Os indivíduos são preservados na grande maioria em via úmida (Álcool), contando também com alguns indivíduos em via seco, como é o caso das carapaças e esqueletos dos quelônios. o Acervo Conta também com Amostras de Tecido.

FIGURE 2. General views of the holotypes of Micrurus spixii spixii (A—ZSM 209/0, SVL= 1167 mm) from Solimões River, state of Amazonas, Brazil; M. s. martiusi (B—MCZ 2612, SVL= 1213 mm) from municipality of Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil; M. s. obscurus (C—picture modified from the Jan & Sordelli 1872) from province of Iquitos, department of Loreto, Peru; and the lectotype of M. s princeps (D—BMNH 1946.1.20.44, SVL= 1241 mm) from province of Sara, department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and lateral views of head; dorsal, ventral and lateral views of midbody; and ventral and lateral views of tail of Erythrolamprus reginae (RMNH 13662—A), E. oligolepis (MPEG 25180—B), and E. macrosomus (FUNED 802—C). Scale Bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 1. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the lectotype (NRM 44; SVL= 185 mm—A) and paralectotype of Coluber reginae (NRM 45; SVL= 165 mm—B), holotype of Coluber graphicus (BMNH 1946.1.5.73b; SVL= 340 mm—C), lectotype of Natrix semilineata (ZSM 1832-0-1; SVL= 375 mm—D); and holotype of Liophis oligolepis (BMNH 1946.1.4.66; SVL= 247 mm—E). Photos by B. Kajrup (B), P. Campbell (C, E), and M. Franzen (D).

A new species of Atractus from the “Estacao Cientifica Ferreira Penna”, Eastern Amazonia, Para State, Brazil is described, and diagnosed by the following set of characters: 17-17-17 smooth dorsal scales without pits; 162 ventrals and 30 pairs of subcaudals in the single measurable male and 171 ventrals and 24 pairs of subcaudals in the single avaliable female; the three available specimens (two males and one female) has frontal wider than long; nasal contacting loreal, internasals, rostral, and the two first pairs of supralabials; loreal contacting internasal, and second and third supralabials; preocular absent; two postoculars; two light spots on the back of the head; wide-black median ventral band; and subcaudals totally black.

Eutrachelophis contains two species – Eu. bassleri and Eu. steinbachi – that are known from the lowland rainforests of western Amazonia (Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). Due to their unusual hemipenial morphology, they have been considered to belong to a separate tribe – Eutrachelophiini – of dipsadids. Here, we describe a new species of Eutrachelophis that fills an important morphological gap in the hemipenial pattern known for this genus. Although highly modified, apical disks are recognizable in the hemipenes of both species, supporting their inclusion in the tribe Xenodontini. We further allocate Eu. steinbachi in a new genus, due to the contrasting morphological disparities and lack of uniquely derived features shared with the remaining species of Eutrachelophis. The new genus can be distinguished from all other genera of Dipsadidae by the presence of deeply divided lobes with lobular projections that expand beyond the tip of the sulci, the latter ending on the middle surface of th...

Eutrachelophis contains two species-Eu. bassleri and Eu. steinbachi-that are known from the lowland rainforests of western Amazonia (Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). Due to their unusual hemipenial morphology, they have been considered to belong to a separate tribe-Eutrachelophiini-of dipsadids. Here, we describe a new species of Eutrachelophis that fills an important morphological gap in the hemipenial pattern known for this genus. Although highly modified, apical disks are recognizable in the hemipenes of both species, supporting their inclusion in the tribe Xenodontini. We further allocate Eu. steinbachi in a new genus, due to the contrasting morphological disparities and lack of uniquely derived features shared with the remaining species of Eutrachelophis. The new genus can be distinguished from all other genera of Dipsadidae by the presence of deeply divided lobes with lobular projections that expand beyond the tip of the sulci, the latter ending on the middle surface of the lobes ...

We present a dataset with information from the snake collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, known as the “Ophidia Collection”. This collection currently has 26,728 specimens of snakes, including 9 families, 66 genera and 220 species. For the most part, it represents material from the Amazon Region. Specimens are preserved mostly in wet (alcohol) preparation, with some samples preserved in dry form, as is the case of the shells and skeletons of turtles. The dataset is now available for public consultation on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility portal (https://doi.org/10.15468/lt0wet). The Herpetological collection of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi comprises the largest collection of its kind in the Amazon region with about 100,000 specimens of amphibians and reptiles (chelonians, alligators, lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians). This collection currently has 26,728 specimens of snakes, including 9 families, 66 genera and 220 species, some of which are endemic to the Am...

Abstract. Accurate and detailed species distribution maps are fundamental for documenting and interpreting biological diversity. For snakes, an ecologically diverse group of reptiles, syntheses and detailed data on distribution patterns remain scarce. We present the first comprehensive collection of detailed, voucher-based, point-locality, range maps for all described and documented Brazilian snakes, with the major aim of mitigating the Wallacean shortfall and as a contribution towards a better understanding of this rich, threatened, and poorly studied megadiverse fauna. We recorded a total of 412 snake species in Brazil on the basis of an extensive and verified point-locality database of 163,498 entries and 75,681 unique records (available here as Online Supporting Information). Our results reveal previously undocumented patterns of distribution, sampling effort, richness, and endemism levels, resulting in a more objective view of snake diversity in the Neotropics. Apart from these achievements, we understand that the most relevant and enduring contribution of the present atlas is to stimulate researchers to publish corrections, additions, and new discoveries.

We present a dataset with information from the snake collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, known as the “Ophidia Collection”. This collection currently has 26,728 specimens of snakes, including 9 families, 66 genera and 220 species. For the most part, it represents material from the Amazon Region. Specimens are preserved mostly in wet (alcohol) preparation, with some samples preserved in dry form, as is the case of the shells and skeletons of turtles. The dataset is now available for public consultation on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility portal (https://doi.org/10.15468/lt0wet).

The genus Dipsas includes approximately 32 species, distributed from Mexico to South America (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru). High variability in color pattern and scalation has made it difficult to define limits among Dipsas species and to interpret patterns of geographic variation. We analyzed 14 meristic and 18 morphometric characters of 483 specimens of D. catesbyi and 129 specimens of D. pavonina, as well as their color pattern, coloration, hemipenis, cephalic glands and geographic distribution. We describe variation in meristic and morphometric characters and incorporate new characters into revised diagnoses. The results indicate a greater morphological similarity between D. catesbyi and species of Sibynomorphus than with the other species of Dipsas. More morphological studies should be done to evaluate current phylogenetic proposals for relationships within the tribe Dipsadini.

The genus Xenoxybelis contains two species, X. argenteus and X. boulengeri, characterized by semi-arboreal habits and an extremely thin rostral area, classified in the subfamily Xenodontinae (Colubridae). Xenoxybelis boulengeri is considered a rare species and is poorly represented in scientific collections. Its external morphology is known only from the original description and seven other specimens. In this study, twenty additional specimens were examined from the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia. Variation in meristic and morphometric characters are described, and new characters are incorporated in a revised diagnosis of the species. Illustrations and a description of the hemipenes of X. boulengeri are presented for the first time. Analysis of morphological and molecular characters permit allocation of Xenoxybelis to the tribe Phylodryadini, together with Ditaxodon, Philodryas, Pseudablabes and Tropidodryas.

The taxonomic status of Atractus torquatus is revised on the basis of concordance between quantitative and qualitativeanalyses of morphological characters (meristic, morphometric, colour pattern, and hemipenis) throughout its geographicaldistribution. We propose the synonymy of Atractus davidhardi, A. janethae, and A. lucilae based on wide overlap of mor-phological characters (qualitative and quantitative). Despite some differences in the frequency of the number of suprala-bials, infralabials and maxillary teeth among A. torquatus populations, we find that these characters exhibit a high levelof polymorphism and therefore cannot unambiguously diagnose Guiana Shield and Amazon Basin populations. Addition-ally, we discuss the polymorphism and geographical variation in A. torquatus and its appropriateness for hypotheses of landscape evolution in Amazonia.

A Neotropical snake, Micrurus paraensis Cunha & Nascimento 1973 from east of Pará state, Brazil is described. This snake is found in secondary forest vegetation and remnants of tropical rainforest in Suriname, and Brazil from Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso and Rondônia states. Some authors disagree about the validity of the specific status and they prefer to maintain the subspecific status. The objective of this paper is to enlarge the knowledge about M. paraensis morphology with a description of new systematic characters. External morphology of 64 specimens were analyzed. The species is characterized by the number of black bands on body (12 to 21) and by having a black cap beginning on rostral. The hemipenis is long and bifurcated.

Typhlopidae is the most diverse family of Scolecophidia, with 269 species. Amerotyphlops was recently erected within subfamily Typhlopinae and comprises fifteen species distributed from Mexico to Argentina and the southern Lesser Antilles. Despite recent advances, affinities among typhlopines remain poorly explored, and the phylogenetic relationships and morphology of the South American (SA) species were never accessed before. Here, we performed a phylogenetic analysis including 106 species of Typhlopidae and ten genes. Our dataset represents the most comprehensive for SA species, containing seven of eight recognized species. Corroborating previous studies, we recovered the main groups of Typhlopoidea, and for typhlopines, we recovered with strong support two clades: (a) the Greater Antilles radiation, and the (b) Lesser Antilles and SA radiation. Within the SA radiation, we recovered four main lineages: (a) a clade formed by A. tasymicris and A. minuisquamus; (b) a clade composed by A. reticulatus as the sister group of all other SA species; (c) a clade composed by A. brongersmianus as the sister group of a clade comprising all Northeast Brazilian Species (NBS); and (d) a clade of the NBS, including A. yonenagae, A. arenensis, A. paucisquamus, and A. amoipira. We supplemented our phylogenetic result with the description of hemipenial morphology for seven SA species and comment their relevance to the systematics of Typhlopinae. Hemipenes of SA Amerotyphlops follow the general pattern in scolecophidians (single organ with undivided sulcus). Only A. reticulatus and A. minuisquamus have organs with calcified spines. According to our results, hemipenial ornamentation have shown highly informative and could represent a potential source of systematic and taxonomic characters in that group. We also present an extensive review of the geographical distribution for all SA species. Our study represents the first integrative analysis of a poorly known evolutionary radiation of one of the most widespread SA fossorial snakes.

We generated a novel database of Neotropical snakes (one of the world's richest herpetofauna) combining the most comprehensive, manually compiled distribution dataset with publicly available data. We assess, for the first time, the diversity patterns for all Neotropical snakes as well as sampling density and sampling biases. We compiled three databases of species occurrences: a dataset downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), a verified dataset built through taxonomic work and specialized literature, and a combined dataset comprising a cleaned version of the GBIF dataset merged with the verified dataset. Neotropics, Behrmann projection equivalent to 1° × 1°. Specimens housed in museums during the last 150 years. Squamata: Serpentes. Geographical information system (GIS). The combined dataset provides the most comprehensive distribution database for Neotropical snakes to date. It contains 147,515 records for 886 species across 12 families, representing...

We present the first species list of squamate reptiles of the municipality of Barcarena and surroundings, in state of Pará, north of Brazil. The study area is dominated by secondary florest at different successional stages. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and inventories of the herpetofauna conducted in the Barcarena region. This list comprises 17 families (Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae; Sauria: Gekkonidae, Gymnophthalmidae, Iguanidae, Phyllodactylidae, Polychrotidae, Scincidae, Sphaerodactylidae, Teiidae, Tropiduridae; Serpentes: Aniliidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Dipsadidae, Elapidae, Typhlopidae and Viperidae), 44 genera and 59 species of squamate reptiles. 

Abstract. We present results obtained from the record of 156 snake specimens belonging to 42 species, that were run over in a 50 km stretch of paved roads located in the Geólogo Pedro de Moura Operational Base in the Urucu oil field, municipality of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Of the total specimens collected, 61.54% belong to primarily terrestrial species, 16.03% are primarily arboreal, 10.89% are semi-arboreal, 7.69% are fossorial, and one specimen (0.64%) is aquatic. Just over half (57.05%) of the specimens are diurnal, 25.64% are nocturnal, and 12.82% are cathemeral. The vast majority (96%) of snakes were > 200 mm snout—vent length. Aggregation zones were identified in localities where vehicle traffic is more intense, indicating that the highways are characterized as true physical barriers. We suggest that a collective effort is necessary to bring to light the ecological importance of snakes in the environment by conducting environmental education practices and trying to eliminate the myth that all snakes are dangerous to humans. Moreover, these practices should be applied jointly with programs that reduce speed on the roads, which can reduce the number of snake road-kills.

Neotropical "goo-eating" dipsadine snakes display a set of morphological and histo-chemical adaptations linked to the capture of their soft-bodied, viscous invertebrate prey. Within this group, species from the genus Sibynomorphus feed chiefly on snails and slugs. Here, we analyzed a series of skull and mandible characters in S. mikanii, S. neuwiedi and S. turgidus using geometric morphometrics, with the aim of assessing morphological adaptations related to slug- and snail-feeding in that genus. We further compared the results with Leptodeira annulata, a species that feeds on vertebrates. To evaluate shape differences of the skull and mandible between species we performed a multivariate analysis of variance and a linear discriminant analysis. Our results show that the narrow, elongate skull in S. mikanii may help with slug ingestion, while asymmetry in teeth number and mandibular shape in S. neuwiedi and S. turgidus are likely related to snail feeding.

Abstract:  We redescribe Atractus punctiventris based on the examination of its holotype, two topotypes, and two additional specimens recently collected. We describe two new species of Atractus with 15 dorsal scale rows, previously confused with Atractus insipidus, from the eastern and western portions of Brazilian Amazonia, respectively. The new species are recognized on the basis of unique combinations of morphological characters. We compare Atractus punctiventris and the two new species with all congeners from most lowland provinces of cis-Andean South America. We discuss potential affinities of the three species, mainly by sharing exclusive hemipenial traits with congeners placed in different phenetic groups, and allocate them to distinct species groups of Atractus.

We describe a new species of Imantodes, morphologically similar to I. chocoensis, from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. This new species is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: smooth dorsal scale rows 17/17/15; apical pits absent; infralabials 12-13; ventrals 227-236; subcaudals 147-148; presence of loreal scale; cloacal plate divided; dark temporal stripe on the suture between the lower edge of temporal scales and upper region of supralabials; dorsum of body light brown with dark brown transversal streaks, weakly evident in lateral view; hemipenis in situ extending to the level of 11<sup>th</sup> subcaudal and reaches the 10<sup>th</sup> subcaudal when everted; hemipenis with sulcus spermaticus expanded at the base of capitulum and extending distally. Additionally, we discuss the lateral expansion of the sulcus spermaticus in the new species, similar to that of species of Leptodeira.

We present the first species amphibian list for municipality of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and inventories conducted in the Urucu Petrol Base, in 2003-2004 and 2007-2009. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individual on the road. Fifty four species were recorded. Rhinella gr. margaritifera (n= 68), Adenomera gr. marmorata (n= 59), and Osteocephalus leprieurii (n= 20) were the most collected, while ten species were less collected. Compared with other studies in eastern Amazonia, the region of Urucu presented a large number of anurans. Nonetheless, it ́s not possible to confirm this because the data collected were not standardized among studies. However, further studies by, increasing th...

Gomesophis and Ptychophis are both monotypic, poorly known genera. They are small, viviparous, opisto-glyphous snakes with a semi-aquatic lifestyle. They belong to the tribe Tachymenini and occur in the highlands of south-ern and southeastern Brazil. Here we present a redescription of their holotypes and expand the species' diagnoses. We report on intraspecific variation, testing the differences amongst disjunctive subpopulations of Ptychophis flavovirgatus, and reporting on the sexual dimorphism of both species. We examined 155 Gomesophis brasiliensis and 52 Ptychophis flavo virgatus for meristic and morphometric character states. Ptychophis flavovirgatus is found in lotic-, clear-and cold-water environments in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Gomesophis brasilien sis is found in areas with slow-flowing waters, in the mud of wetlands, and along the margins of streams and ponds in the Federal District and Brazilian states of Mi...

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