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Alex Gardner

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My name is Alex Gardner. I have been self teaching myself physics related subjects through Coursera, textbooks, and other online resources. I love everything space/engineering related subjects and I am aspiring to become an aerospace engineer with a focus in hypersonic propulsion systems. I am constantly thinking and creating interesting ideas, and have been recently formulating some of them into papers for others to see. I hope some of my ideas interests you!

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Ahmed Almeldein

UMass Lowell

Ajeenkya DY Patil University

Nehemiah Williams

University of Tennessee Space Institute

IAEME Publication

Iaeme

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

Isaiah Blankson

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Papers by Alex Gardner

Integrated Combined Cycle Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet-Rocket Engine

by Alex Gardner and Shane Boardman

Alex Gardner, 2023

The Trident Engine is an innovative integrated propulsion system (U-TRSR) that combines turbine, ... more The Trident Engine is an innovative integrated propulsion system (U-TRSR) that combines turbine, ramjet, scramjet, and rocket engine technologies into a single, cohesive engine system. This advanced system enables aerospace vehicles to seamlessly transition across propulsion modes in various speed regimes and altitudes. The Trident Engine features primarily additively manufactured components, facilitating the production of integrated parts with intricate cooling geometries essential for diverse engine operations. The engine also incorporates a unique transitional nozzle geometry, which utilizes hydraulic systems to actuate single-piece nozzles during mode transitions. Additionally, the Trident Engine presents a novel variable combustion chamber with interlocking plates forming a mechanical iris atop the rocket engine combustion chamber. This groundbreaking engine system empowers runway takeoff, supersonic, hypersonic, and exo-atmospheric flight capabilities, representing a significant leap forward in aerospace technology.

Superconductive 3D Printing Heating Module

Alex Gardner , 2022

In recent years, 3D printing technologies have been ever-expanding the ability to rapidly reduce ... more In recent years, 3D printing technologies have been ever-expanding the ability to rapidly reduce manufacturing costs, create complex 3D structures that standard manufacturing methods can’t produce, and allow for extremely rapid design and development. Through the use of superconductivity and induction heating, I have created a simple extruder integrated heating mechanism using a superconducting material that would enable the user to efficiently 3d print metallic structures on terrestrial planets, as well as in non-atmospheric environments without requiring specialized extrusion components for different materials. The Superconductive 3D Printing Heating Module concept has been designed as a universal heating and extruder system, where the heating module has the ability to use a wide variety of materials, and print in many conditions without the need of additional components.

Variable Volume Combustion Chamber Allowing for Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet Engine Unification

This is a patent application document for my ground to hypersonic Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet integra... more This is a patent application document for my ground to hypersonic Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet integrated engine (TRS engine) system. The TRS Engine works by applying variable volume combustion chambers and hydraulic based systems to allow for compressor, combustor, and nozzle geometries to be altered during operation. This allows for the integration of a Turbine, Ramjet, and Scramjet all into one system, eliminating the need for a reusable ground to hypersonic vehicle to have any auxiliary propulsion systems onboard.

Boundary-Layer Driven forced Induction Turbine System

Alex Gardner , 2021

This is a part of the patent application for my Turbocharger System as described in this paper. T... more This is a part of the patent application for my Turbocharger System as described in this paper. The use of forced induction in vehicles that require combustion to operate is widespread and can be applied to nearly all standard engine types. Forced induction works by having a mechanism that can force more air into the combustion chamber, and is usually driven by the engine’s exhaust gases. Unlike most turbochargers which have a turbine wheel, I have designed a system that replaces it with disks, making use of the forces caused by boundary layer exhaust flow. By using this, one can achieve higher RPMs, which means more forced induction in an overall smaller size design by applying a Tesla Turbine like system.

Counter Rotating Turbine Engine Compressor Blade System

Alex Gardner , 2020

This document is a provisional patent application for my counter-rotating turbine engine compress... more This document is a provisional patent application for my counter-rotating turbine engine compressor system. My design works by having counter-rotating gears separated by direct power shafts to allow for stationary stator blades to be replaced with counter-rotating blades. This allows a turbine engine to be greatly reduced in both size and weight, while still providing optimal compression for combustion.

Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and Cooling System (HyperCase)

Alex Gardner , 2020

This is a patent application for my Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and... more This is a patent application for my Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and Cooling System (also known as HyperCase). This system uses the onboard cryogenic fuel in a vehicle, and supercools YBCO based superconducting solenoids inside the skin to allow for superconductivity. This allows for large currents to be sustained without power loss, causing powerful magnetic fields to be created. These magnetic fields then are used during high mach flight to decrease plasma density, causing a decreased surface temperature, reduced black out periods, and a more aerodynamic vehicle.

Using Abstract Multi-dimensional Vector Spaces to Describe Quantum States, Entanglement, and Wave Function Collapse

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to describe a theoretical framework representing all space, time, and particl... more This paper is meant to describe a theoretical framework representing all space, time, and particles as the effects of abstract multi-dimensional vector spaces. The use of vector spaces predict a new representation of all particles, how we represent them, could and help solve previously unanswered questions such as faster than light information travel with quantum entanglement and wave function collapse. By using abstract multi-dimensional vector spaces to describe discrete particles, we can build a framework that can describe subatomic particles and their interactions more easily while following the rules and ideas set forth by quantum mechanics.

Theoretical Black Hole Geometry, Perceptions of Time Travel, and the Evolution of the Known Universe

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to explain the possibility of an observer experiencing multiple versions of t... more This paper is meant to explain the possibility of an observer experiencing multiple versions of the evolution of the known universe and how the past, present, and future are all related in the interior spacetime of a black hole. I represent all spacetime in a triangular way and explain the interworking of the diagrams and the effects they have on time. The diagrams described in the paper allow for an observer given certain characteristics that could change an observer's perception of time and how the universe evolves. Using these diagrams, I also explain the relationship between an observer's speed and how their perception of time can change from the past, present, and future while inside the inverted spacetime as described in the paper. This paper is split into three parts: two explaining the two theories and a third part conjoining the two theories.

Abstract Interacting Geometries as a Method of Non-Numerical Encryption

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to describe a cryptographic system which, in theory, could render computer-ba... more This paper is meant to describe a cryptographic system which, in theory, could render computer-based implications useless. This system uses abstract changing geometries and their orientation and interaction relative to each other to securely store information. This system uses a non-numerical representation of all descriptive information, resulting in anyone except for the intended users to not know how to use the system and access stored information.

The Creation of Waves and Time Energy Equivalency

Alex Gardner , 2020

In this paper I discuss a theory of mine that introduces three main ideas, which are all relevant... more In this paper I discuss a theory of mine that introduces three main ideas, which are all relevant for each other's existence. I begin this theory of The Creation of Waves and Time Energy Equivalency by explaining why waves occur on the smallest of scales, the effects of viewing time as an interactable fluid, and the correlation between the energy of entities, and their effects on the flow of time. These predictions lead to the same effects as that of General Relativity and explain the notion of a possible relation of the stretching of spacetime on both the quantum and astronomical scales.

Binary Neutron Star Mergers and the Effects of Non-Geometrically Normalized High Energy Density Cores Causing the Creation of Black Holes and Short Gamma Ray Bursts

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to explain and describe my theory of why Short GRBs (Gamma-Ray Bursts) occur ... more This paper is meant to explain and describe my theory of why Short GRBs (Gamma-Ray Bursts) occur when two neutron stars merge. I describe my theory and how it works, accompanied by a simulation made by a supercomputer from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, which indirectly illustrates my theory of evolution inside of high energy density neutron star cores, and causation of non perfectly spherical neutron star core geometries leading to a nearly instant event horizon expansion, expelling extremely high energy electromagnetic radiation in a jet form. This theory provides an in-depth explanation of the reasoning behind such high energy interactions in space, and the reasoning behind the abstract high energy density geometries associated with binary neutron star cores and black hole formations. This hopefully gives a new perspective to the possible effects of non-optimized geometries in high energy density events in space, and an explanation of why Short GRBs occur. Created: February 7, 2020

Higher Dimensional States Allowing Matter to Circumvent Lower Dimensional Limitations Causing Faster Than Light Information Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This idea of mine is a theoretical process which could explain why things such as quantum entangl... more This idea of mine is a theoretical process which could explain why things such as quantum entanglements seemingly instantaneous information travel, and why electrons "teleport" between energy states. The idea uses higher dimensional spacetime to circumvent lower dimensional spacetime, allowing for a higher dimensional object to move around lower dimensional space, giving the illusion of teleportation, and causing faster than light travel. This theory of higher dimensions and quantum entanglement is also testable and is described in the paper.

Theoretical Superfluid Quark and Quark-Gluon Plasma Fission Processes with Stable Neutrons near the core of Neutron Stars Causing The Creation of Higher Dimensional Spacetime

Alex Gardner , 2019

This paper goes over a theoretical fission like process that could occur near the core of neutron... more

Theory of Quantum Gravity Based on Particle Probability

Alex Gardner, September 14, 2019

This is a General Theory of Quantum Gravity that unifies General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics... more This is a General Theory of Quantum Gravity that unifies General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. This paper explains my idea of Quantum Gravity being a probability of the quantum particles probability in the observed area. This paper also explains how the so called randomness of quantum mechanics may not be so random after all and just be from the observers perspective. Published September 14, 2019

Higher Dimensional Spacetime Causing Gravitational Singularities

Alex Gardner , 2019

This theory states my idea of gravitational singularities storing energy in higher dimensional sp... more This theory states my idea of gravitational singularities storing energy in higher dimensional spacetime due to there being a maximum energy density for all 3 dimensional spacetime. As the gravitational singularity increases in energy, it also increases in dimensions in which the energy density can be reallocated into a larger volume.

Dark Energy Fields And The Impossible Nature Of Faster Than Light Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This idea could be a new way to look at the reasoning for the expansion of the universe due to da... more

Dark Energy's Relation to Quantum Fields and Gravity

Alex Gardner , 2019

This theory is a new way to think about Dark Energy and its affects on our universe. This paper a... more

Quantum Entanglements Relation To Particle-Antiparticle Interactions And Faster Than Light Information Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This new theory is a theoretical way of explaining why quantum entangled particles can seemingly ... more

Light Absorbent Mechanical Grid System to Minimize Starlink Light Pollution

Alex Gardner , 2019

This paper is about a possible solution fro Astronomers and fro Elon Musks future Starlink Conste... more This paper is about a possible solution fro Astronomers and fro Elon Musks future Starlink Constellation. Considering that amateur astronomers were able to see the first 60 satellites in orbit using with an infrared telescope/camera combination, there will be many more problems for astronomers doing deep space observations with 12,000 future starlink satellites in orbit. My solution is to use a light absorbent grid system to be able to reduce the light pollution of a satellite and allowing deep space observations to continue to work with as little light pollution as possible.

Theoretical Nuclear Thermal Pulsejet Engine Using Space Vacuum as a Reactor Coolant

Alex Gardner , 2019

This brief paper is to explain one of my ideas relating to deep space propulsion. This paper expl... more

Integrated Combined Cycle Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet-Rocket Engine

by Alex Gardner and Shane Boardman

Alex Gardner, 2023

The Trident Engine is an innovative integrated propulsion system (U-TRSR) that combines turbine, ... more The Trident Engine is an innovative integrated propulsion system (U-TRSR) that combines turbine, ramjet, scramjet, and rocket engine technologies into a single, cohesive engine system. This advanced system enables aerospace vehicles to seamlessly transition across propulsion modes in various speed regimes and altitudes. The Trident Engine features primarily additively manufactured components, facilitating the production of integrated parts with intricate cooling geometries essential for diverse engine operations. The engine also incorporates a unique transitional nozzle geometry, which utilizes hydraulic systems to actuate single-piece nozzles during mode transitions. Additionally, the Trident Engine presents a novel variable combustion chamber with interlocking plates forming a mechanical iris atop the rocket engine combustion chamber. This groundbreaking engine system empowers runway takeoff, supersonic, hypersonic, and exo-atmospheric flight capabilities, representing a significant leap forward in aerospace technology.

Superconductive 3D Printing Heating Module

Alex Gardner , 2022

In recent years, 3D printing technologies have been ever-expanding the ability to rapidly reduce ... more In recent years, 3D printing technologies have been ever-expanding the ability to rapidly reduce manufacturing costs, create complex 3D structures that standard manufacturing methods can’t produce, and allow for extremely rapid design and development. Through the use of superconductivity and induction heating, I have created a simple extruder integrated heating mechanism using a superconducting material that would enable the user to efficiently 3d print metallic structures on terrestrial planets, as well as in non-atmospheric environments without requiring specialized extrusion components for different materials. The Superconductive 3D Printing Heating Module concept has been designed as a universal heating and extruder system, where the heating module has the ability to use a wide variety of materials, and print in many conditions without the need of additional components.

Variable Volume Combustion Chamber Allowing for Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet Engine Unification

This is a patent application document for my ground to hypersonic Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet integra... more This is a patent application document for my ground to hypersonic Turbine-Ramjet-Scramjet integrated engine (TRS engine) system. The TRS Engine works by applying variable volume combustion chambers and hydraulic based systems to allow for compressor, combustor, and nozzle geometries to be altered during operation. This allows for the integration of a Turbine, Ramjet, and Scramjet all into one system, eliminating the need for a reusable ground to hypersonic vehicle to have any auxiliary propulsion systems onboard.

Boundary-Layer Driven forced Induction Turbine System

Alex Gardner , 2021

This is a part of the patent application for my Turbocharger System as described in this paper. T... more This is a part of the patent application for my Turbocharger System as described in this paper. The use of forced induction in vehicles that require combustion to operate is widespread and can be applied to nearly all standard engine types. Forced induction works by having a mechanism that can force more air into the combustion chamber, and is usually driven by the engine’s exhaust gases. Unlike most turbochargers which have a turbine wheel, I have designed a system that replaces it with disks, making use of the forces caused by boundary layer exhaust flow. By using this, one can achieve higher RPMs, which means more forced induction in an overall smaller size design by applying a Tesla Turbine like system.

Counter Rotating Turbine Engine Compressor Blade System

Alex Gardner , 2020

This document is a provisional patent application for my counter-rotating turbine engine compress... more This document is a provisional patent application for my counter-rotating turbine engine compressor system. My design works by having counter-rotating gears separated by direct power shafts to allow for stationary stator blades to be replaced with counter-rotating blades. This allows a turbine engine to be greatly reduced in both size and weight, while still providing optimal compression for combustion.

Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and Cooling System (HyperCase)

Alex Gardner , 2020

This is a patent application for my Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and... more This is a patent application for my Hypersonic Superconducting Plasma Repelling Magnetic Skin and Cooling System (also known as HyperCase). This system uses the onboard cryogenic fuel in a vehicle, and supercools YBCO based superconducting solenoids inside the skin to allow for superconductivity. This allows for large currents to be sustained without power loss, causing powerful magnetic fields to be created. These magnetic fields then are used during high mach flight to decrease plasma density, causing a decreased surface temperature, reduced black out periods, and a more aerodynamic vehicle.

Using Abstract Multi-dimensional Vector Spaces to Describe Quantum States, Entanglement, and Wave Function Collapse

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to describe a theoretical framework representing all space, time, and particl... more This paper is meant to describe a theoretical framework representing all space, time, and particles as the effects of abstract multi-dimensional vector spaces. The use of vector spaces predict a new representation of all particles, how we represent them, could and help solve previously unanswered questions such as faster than light information travel with quantum entanglement and wave function collapse. By using abstract multi-dimensional vector spaces to describe discrete particles, we can build a framework that can describe subatomic particles and their interactions more easily while following the rules and ideas set forth by quantum mechanics.

Theoretical Black Hole Geometry, Perceptions of Time Travel, and the Evolution of the Known Universe

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to explain the possibility of an observer experiencing multiple versions of t... more This paper is meant to explain the possibility of an observer experiencing multiple versions of the evolution of the known universe and how the past, present, and future are all related in the interior spacetime of a black hole. I represent all spacetime in a triangular way and explain the interworking of the diagrams and the effects they have on time. The diagrams described in the paper allow for an observer given certain characteristics that could change an observer's perception of time and how the universe evolves. Using these diagrams, I also explain the relationship between an observer's speed and how their perception of time can change from the past, present, and future while inside the inverted spacetime as described in the paper. This paper is split into three parts: two explaining the two theories and a third part conjoining the two theories.

Abstract Interacting Geometries as a Method of Non-Numerical Encryption

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to describe a cryptographic system which, in theory, could render computer-ba... more This paper is meant to describe a cryptographic system which, in theory, could render computer-based implications useless. This system uses abstract changing geometries and their orientation and interaction relative to each other to securely store information. This system uses a non-numerical representation of all descriptive information, resulting in anyone except for the intended users to not know how to use the system and access stored information.

The Creation of Waves and Time Energy Equivalency

Alex Gardner , 2020

In this paper I discuss a theory of mine that introduces three main ideas, which are all relevant... more In this paper I discuss a theory of mine that introduces three main ideas, which are all relevant for each other's existence. I begin this theory of The Creation of Waves and Time Energy Equivalency by explaining why waves occur on the smallest of scales, the effects of viewing time as an interactable fluid, and the correlation between the energy of entities, and their effects on the flow of time. These predictions lead to the same effects as that of General Relativity and explain the notion of a possible relation of the stretching of spacetime on both the quantum and astronomical scales.

Binary Neutron Star Mergers and the Effects of Non-Geometrically Normalized High Energy Density Cores Causing the Creation of Black Holes and Short Gamma Ray Bursts

Alex Gardner , 2020

This paper is meant to explain and describe my theory of why Short GRBs (Gamma-Ray Bursts) occur ... more This paper is meant to explain and describe my theory of why Short GRBs (Gamma-Ray Bursts) occur when two neutron stars merge. I describe my theory and how it works, accompanied by a simulation made by a supercomputer from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, which indirectly illustrates my theory of evolution inside of high energy density neutron star cores, and causation of non perfectly spherical neutron star core geometries leading to a nearly instant event horizon expansion, expelling extremely high energy electromagnetic radiation in a jet form. This theory provides an in-depth explanation of the reasoning behind such high energy interactions in space, and the reasoning behind the abstract high energy density geometries associated with binary neutron star cores and black hole formations. This hopefully gives a new perspective to the possible effects of non-optimized geometries in high energy density events in space, and an explanation of why Short GRBs occur. Created: February 7, 2020

Higher Dimensional States Allowing Matter to Circumvent Lower Dimensional Limitations Causing Faster Than Light Information Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This idea of mine is a theoretical process which could explain why things such as quantum entangl... more This idea of mine is a theoretical process which could explain why things such as quantum entanglements seemingly instantaneous information travel, and why electrons "teleport" between energy states. The idea uses higher dimensional spacetime to circumvent lower dimensional spacetime, allowing for a higher dimensional object to move around lower dimensional space, giving the illusion of teleportation, and causing faster than light travel. This theory of higher dimensions and quantum entanglement is also testable and is described in the paper.

Theoretical Superfluid Quark and Quark-Gluon Plasma Fission Processes with Stable Neutrons near the core of Neutron Stars Causing The Creation of Higher Dimensional Spacetime

Alex Gardner , 2019

This paper goes over a theoretical fission like process that could occur near the core of neutron... more

Theory of Quantum Gravity Based on Particle Probability

Alex Gardner, September 14, 2019

This is a General Theory of Quantum Gravity that unifies General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics... more This is a General Theory of Quantum Gravity that unifies General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. This paper explains my idea of Quantum Gravity being a probability of the quantum particles probability in the observed area. This paper also explains how the so called randomness of quantum mechanics may not be so random after all and just be from the observers perspective. Published September 14, 2019

Higher Dimensional Spacetime Causing Gravitational Singularities

Alex Gardner , 2019

This theory states my idea of gravitational singularities storing energy in higher dimensional sp... more This theory states my idea of gravitational singularities storing energy in higher dimensional spacetime due to there being a maximum energy density for all 3 dimensional spacetime. As the gravitational singularity increases in energy, it also increases in dimensions in which the energy density can be reallocated into a larger volume.

Dark Energy Fields And The Impossible Nature Of Faster Than Light Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This idea could be a new way to look at the reasoning for the expansion of the universe due to da... more

Dark Energy's Relation to Quantum Fields and Gravity

Alex Gardner , 2019

This theory is a new way to think about Dark Energy and its affects on our universe. This paper a... more

Quantum Entanglements Relation To Particle-Antiparticle Interactions And Faster Than Light Information Travel

Alex Gardner , 2019

This new theory is a theoretical way of explaining why quantum entangled particles can seemingly ... more

Light Absorbent Mechanical Grid System to Minimize Starlink Light Pollution

Alex Gardner , 2019

This paper is about a possible solution fro Astronomers and fro Elon Musks future Starlink Conste... more This paper is about a possible solution fro Astronomers and fro Elon Musks future Starlink Constellation. Considering that amateur astronomers were able to see the first 60 satellites in orbit using with an infrared telescope/camera combination, there will be many more problems for astronomers doing deep space observations with 12,000 future starlink satellites in orbit. My solution is to use a light absorbent grid system to be able to reduce the light pollution of a satellite and allowing deep space observations to continue to work with as little light pollution as possible.

Theoretical Nuclear Thermal Pulsejet Engine Using Space Vacuum as a Reactor Coolant

Alex Gardner , 2019

This brief paper is to explain one of my ideas relating to deep space propulsion. This paper expl... more