A. Garrigou

Skin exposures to chemicals may lead, through percutaneous permeation, to a significant increase in systemic circulation. Skin is the primary route of entry during some occupational activities, especially in agriculture. To reduce skin exposures, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. PPE efficiency is characterized as the time until products permeate through material (lag time, Tlag). Both skin and PPE permeations are assessed using similar in vitro methods; the diffusion cell system. Flow-through diffusion cells were used in this study to assess the permeation of two herbicides, bentazon and isoproturon, as well as four related commercial formulations (Basagran(®), Basamais(®), Arelon(®) and Matara(®)). Permeation was measured through fresh excised human skin, protective clothing suits (suits) (Microchem(®) 3000, AgriSafe Pro(®), Proshield(®) and Microgard(®) 2000 Plus Green), and a combination of skin and suits. Both herbicides, tested by itself or as an active ingredient in formulations, permeated readily through human skin and tested suits (Tlag < 2 h). High permeation coefficients were obtained regardless of formulations or tested membranes, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Short Tlag, were observed even when skin was covered with suits, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Kp values tended to decrease when suits covered the skin (except when Arelon(®) was applied to skin covered with AgriSafe Pro and Microgard(®) 2000), suggesting that Tlag alone is insufficient in characterizing suits. To better estimate human skin permeations, in vitro experiments should not only use human skin but also consider the intended use of the suit, i.e., the active ingredient concentrations and type of formulations, which significantly affect skin permeation.

ABSTRACT The objective of this workshop of WP SFRP-COFREND was to propose an analysis of the risks for the future realization of studies of stations on Gamma Ray Non Destructive Testing (NDT) in industrial. The principle selected was to carry out a phase division various of a building site, by associating with each stage the associated risks with it. Gamma ray NDT are activities which require a vigilance of every moment for: to make sure of the quality of work; to manage the various risks of which the risk of exposure to the ionizing radiations; to fight against falls of attention dependent on the forms of tiredness, the work conditions, the difficulties of access and in certain cases to night work, etc.; to manage the pressures temporal (Audits, monitorings...); to manage the coerciveness to avoid exposing other professionals, to manage the dependent risk in the middle of work (INB, presence of hazardous substances.). The field of study of an analysis of risk covers the trades, the tasks and activities, the harmful effects, and the risks... L'objectif de cet atelier du GT SFRP-COFREND a été de proposer une analyse des risques pour la réalisation future d'études de postes sur les tirs en milieu industriel (nucléaire et hors nucléaire). Le principe retenu a été de réaliser un découpage des différentes phases d'un chantier, en y associant à chaque étape les risques associés. Les examens et contrôles non destructifs (END et CND) sont des activités qui nécessitent une vigilance de tous les instants (Fig. 1) pour : s'assurer de la qualité du travail ; gérer les différents risques dont le risque d'exposition aux rayonnements ionisants ; lutter contre des baisses d'attention liées aux formes de fatigue, aux conditions de travail, aux difficultés d'accès et dans certains cas au travail nocturne, etc. ; gérer les pressions temporelles (audits, surveillances...) ; gérer la co-activité pour éviter d'exposer d'autres professionnels ; gérer le risque lié au milieu de travail (INB, présence de produits dangereux...). Le champ d'étude d'une analyse de risque couvre les métiers, les tâches et activités, les nuisances, et les risques... Le principe par la suite d'une étude de poste sera une approche descriptive et analytique de toutes les composantes de la réalité d'un travail donné, son organisation, son environnement, ses contraintes et moyens d'ajustement (Fig. 2). L'étude de poste s'appuiera sur des méthodes objectives d'observation, d'analyse de risque et de mesure (rapport du groupe de coordination étude de postes médecins du travail EDF). L'objectif de l'étude de poste est de lister l'ensemble des actions à mener pour garantir des conditions d'intervention et de travail acceptables afin de prévenir l'ensemble des risques.