Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic de... more Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic device manufacturing, in agricultural irrigation system due to drastic changing climates and so forth. In this work, we studied humidity sensing behavior of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in composition with conductive polyaniline (PAni). The conductive PAni used in the present study was in the emeraldine salt (ES) form and was doped with amino tris-methylene phosphonic acid (PAni-ATMPA) as a potential candidate for humidity sensors. PAni-ATMPA is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers and ATMPA in the ratio of 1:1. Thus synthesized PAni and hydrothermally synthesized MoO3 were mixed together to form nanocomposites. The synthesized composites were then used to fabricate planar sensors on alumina substrate with pre-deposited silver electrodes. XRD analysis of synthesized MoO3 shows an orthorhombic crystal structure whereas synthesized PAni shows amorphous nature. FESEM analysis of synthesized MoO3 shows sheet-type morphology. Different compositions of MoO3:PAni were prepared by varying MoO3 and PAni wt%. The fabricated sensors were then tested over the range of 20%–90% RH and concluded that the sensitivity of the composite is seen to be higher for the composite with 20% PANi and 80% MoO3 with response time, recovery time and the linearity 7 s, 4 s, 13–62 RH% respectively. The above mentioned parameters are found to be improved in the composites as a result of PAni addition to MoO3 than the pristine MoO3. The experimental knowledge demonstrates that the films showed good repeatability (with and reproducibility (with uncertainty). Altogether, these results indicate that it is possible to tune the humidity sensing characteristics by optimizing the amount of MoO3 and PAni in MoO3:PAni composite.
Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered the finest and the fastest way for the production ... more Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered the finest and the fastest way for the production of pure hydrogen with no emission of undesired by-products. The efficiency of this reaction is highly dependent on two different half-cell reactions, namely the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hence it is necessary to develop robust, low cost, highly active, and earth-abundant electrocatalyst to catalyst HER and OER under low overpotential with high efficiency. In this regard, 3d transition metal-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are considered the best alternatives for Ru, Ir, or Pt metal-based counterparts. Although 2d transition metal based-LDH materials have made significant strides towards water splitting reaction, still some intrinsic drawbacks limit their application towards large-scale production. Major drawbacks of the LDHs are associated with structural destruction, insufficient ion transport, and less active sites, which makes it difficult to predict the kinetics of the reaction. Hence, to overcome such limitations various strategical modifications have been developed and the effectiveness of those modifications has increased the overall cell performance of the water electrolyzer, which is highly useful for the large-scale production of hydrogen. Hence, in this review, we elaborately discussed how the Ni, Co, and Fe-based bimetallic LDHs have been established as abundant, cheaper, and efficient electrode materials for the water splitting reaction. Further, we also stressed the basis of water electrolysis, mechanisms of OER and HER, and evolution parameters of such electrode materials toward the water splitting reaction.
Heavy metal ion adsorption employing abundant natural and agricultural wastes appears to be promi... more Heavy metal ion adsorption employing abundant natural and agricultural wastes appears to be promising. Biodegradable sawdust is promoted as a green and sustainable alternative. In this work, potential application of sawdust has been explored for uptake of lead ions from contaminated water. Specifically, undoped polyaniline, a highly conductive polymer, was added to sawdust to improve its uptake capacity. Highest lead uptake capacity of 218 mg/g was observed at 318 K. Different surface-based characterizations for this material were performed. Morphology of prepared sawdust revealed a one-dimensional flake-like structure having a porous nature. FTIR and XRD analysis inferred successful incorporation of polyaniline into sawdust. In addition, XPS analysis revealed the importance of polyaniline chains during electrostatic adsorption of lead ions. At an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l, optimal equilibrium conditions were reached. In accordance with Langmuir isotherm analysis, lead ion uptake was mainly driven by monolayer adsorption. As-prepared adsorbent was subjected to batch studies, where, effects of pH and interfering ions were carried out. Regeneration was also studied for four cycles.
Chemistry Europe, European Chemical Societies Publishing, 2022
Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fos... more Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fossil fuel source, and much of research has been dedicated to achieving highly efficient hydrogen (H2 gas) generation. In this line, electrochemical water splitting that involves hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively) is considered to be the most greener and effective hydrogen-generating procedures with only water as by-product. However, the process of successful OER/HER, it is extremely demand for electrocatalyst with high activity, stability and cost effective for water splitting process. Herein, the review proposed a promising electrocatalysts such ass conductive polymers (CPs) with enhanced catalytic effect with the polymer encapsulation of catalytic material provides increase in charge transfer kinetics both in OER/HER. Also, the review highlights OER and HER mechanism of conducting polymers and their effect with the synergism was discussed detail. Also, the review detailed the reduced overpotentials, importance and enhancement of catalytic efficiency with various polymers reported in both OER and HER. Here, the choice of polymers can matrix with the inorganic active sites to prevent them from aggregation and the water splitting carried out over the electrode surface results good conductivity to charge transfer from the electrode to the active sites. In addition, the review discussed about the polymers induces the photon effect with the photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. Thus, the combing effect with conducting polymers and the materials with catalytic active centers open up a new kind of electrocatalyst for synthesis.
Development of Poly-aniline/SU-8 (an epoxy resin) nanocomposite film based conductometric microse... more Development of Poly-aniline/SU-8 (an epoxy resin) nanocomposite film based conductometric microsensor platform to measure change in soil pH is reported. For this, poly-aniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) was mixed with SU-8, and spun coated on Au-IDE patterned on Si/SiO 2. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent response towards change in pH against three different conditions, namely standard buffer solutions with pH ranging from 2 to 10, Red and Bentonite soils, wherein the pH varied with water (soil moisture contents) and pH with different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) solution. The films exhibited the sensitivities of 455 and 290 μS/pH towards acidic (Lower pH) and alkaline solutions (Higher pH), respectively. The sensitivities of 34 and 89 μS/pH with water for Red and Bentonite soil samples, respectively were obtained. Importantly, for Red and Bentonite soils, the sensitivities of 41 and 52 μS/pH with CaCl 2 concentration were achieved. Moreover, the sensor revealed faster response kinetics with response and recovery times of˜10 and 30 s respectively. Overall, the sensor exhibited good sensitivity, excellent long term stability, high repeatability and low fabrication cost. Our results demonstrated that PANI/SU-8 composite films as a potential material for the determination of soil pH variation crucial for precision agriculture.
Almost all metals and their alloys are vulnerable to corrosion. To avoid structural damage and to... more Almost all metals and their alloys are vulnerable to corrosion. To avoid structural damage and to avoid loss of its functionality, the most common protection method used is the application of a coating. In the present work, hydrophobic coatings using modified conducting polyaniline (PAni) were prepared and their corrosion-resistant properties were investigated. Modified PAni was prepared via two different techniques, conventional and rapid mixing method, in the presence of phenyl phosphonic acid (PPA) as dopant. The different PAni-PPA powders thus prepared were dispersed in an epoxy resin and coated on mild steel samples by drawing method. Tremendous improvement in hydrophobicity of the PAni-PPA (rapid)/epoxy was observed as compared to epoxy resin containing PAni-PPA (conventional method). The anticorrosion properties of these coatings on mild steel in 3 wt% NaCl were investigated using different electrochemical methods. Initial redox reactions and changes in conductivity of coating were reflected in the variations of open circuit potential (OCP). Both the coatings displayed stable high OCP, maintained their oxidative state, and provided corrosion protection for mild steel for more than 30 days. PAni-PPA (rapid)/epoxy gave better corrosion protection and showed higher ennoblement which may be due to the small particle size of PAni-PPA (rapid) leading to homogeneous mixing and better dispersion in the epoxy resin. Moreover, this coating is more hydrophobic in nature which is added advantage in case of corrosion-resistant coatings. The present investigation deals with preparation of highly (near super) hydrophobic coating containing conducting polymers for anticorrosion applications.
Simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture at different soil levels or near plant roots and relativ... more Simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture at different soil levels or near plant roots and relative humidity are crucial for optimizing the crop yield. In the present paper, we demonstrate a novel, compact and inexpensive polymer nano-composite piezoresistive microcantilever sensor platform for the measurement of relative humidity (% RH) and soil moisture. A piezoresistive microcantilever is realized using SU-8 and carbon black based nano-composite. Its surface is further modified by Poly-aniline (PANI) nanofibers as a sensing layer. The surface functionalization is confirmed by FTIR, SEM and contact angle measurements. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 28 mV toward 93% RH with sensitivity of 64 μV/0.1% RH. Sensitivity values of 43.6, 275 and 78.6 μV/0.1% change in the moisture content for bentonite soil, white clay and sand, respectively, are achieved. Such high sensitivity values coupled with the low cost can be utilized further for the realization of rugged, portable and handheld devices with wireless networking facility.
Abstract Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) thin-film electrodes were prepared by the electropolymeriza... more Abstract Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) thin-film electrodes were prepared by the electropolymerization of pyrrole on gold-coated glass plates. Films of various roughnesses were obtained by the variation of the scan rates during electropolymerization. These thin films were modified by doping with 6mM of the dopant NiCl 2.
Abstract Conducting polypyrrole electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyr... more Abstract Conducting polypyrrole electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum-metallized glass substrates. These electrodes were modified by doping with a range of metal halides as dopant ions having different electronegativity. Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene using these electrodes was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry technique in acetonitrile medium containing aqueous HClO 4 (0.1M) as supporting electrolyte. It was found that the electronegativity of ...
Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted... more Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides Just Accepted as a free service to the research community to ...
Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using methane sulfonic ac... more Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dopant and ammonium peroxodisulfate as oxidizer. Coatings of PANI-MeSA dispersed in polyester acrylate resin were applied on galvanized steel and UV-cured. The UV-curing resin base was studied to provide high performance and environmental friendly coating system. Morphology and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microindentation ...
The electrocatalytic property of the conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with palladium chlo... more The electrocatalytic property of the conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with palladium chloride and irradiated with heavy ion beams was studied for methanol oxidation. The PPy films were electropolymerized on gold film coated glass plate electrodes, subsequently doped with different amounts of PdCl2 and then irradiated with 120 MeV, Au+ ions at a dose of 10 12ions/cm 2. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of these samples for methanol oxidation in 0.1 M HClO4 showed a four times increase in the anodic current as compared to the un- ...
Conducting polypyrrole electrodes obtained by electro-polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum metalli... more Conducting polypyrrole electrodes obtained by electro-polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum metallized glass substrates are modified by doping with a range of metal halides as dopant ions having different electronegativity. Electro-oxidation of methanol using these electrodes is studied by means of cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M HClO4 as supporting electrolyte. It is found that the electronegativity of the dopant ion plays a very important role in the electrocatalytic activity. Polypyrrole doped with zirconium chloride gives the highest ...
Conducting polyaniline (Pani) was prepared in the presence of methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dop... more Conducting polyaniline (Pani) was prepared in the presence of methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dopant by chemical oxidative polymerization. The Pani–MeSA polymer was characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy. The polymer was dispersed in polyvinylacetate and coated on carbon steel samples by a dipping method. The electrochemical behavior and anticorrosion properties of the coating on carbon steel in 3% NaCl were investigated using open-circuit potential (OCP) versus time of ...
Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic de... more Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic device manufacturing, in agricultural irrigation system due to drastic changing climates and so forth. In this work, we studied humidity sensing behavior of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in composition with conductive polyaniline (PAni). The conductive PAni used in the present study was in the emeraldine salt (ES) form and was doped with amino tris-methylene phosphonic acid (PAni-ATMPA) as a potential candidate for humidity sensors. PAni-ATMPA is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers and ATMPA in the ratio of 1:1. Thus synthesized PAni and hydrothermally synthesized MoO3 were mixed together to form nanocomposites. The synthesized composites were then used to fabricate planar sensors on alumina substrate with pre-deposited silver electrodes. XRD analysis of synthesized MoO3 shows an orthorhombic crystal structure whereas synthesized PAni shows amorphous nature. FESEM analysis of synthesized MoO3 shows sheet-type morphology. Different compositions of MoO3:PAni were prepared by varying MoO3 and PAni wt%. The fabricated sensors were then tested over the range of 20%–90% RH and concluded that the sensitivity of the composite is seen to be higher for the composite with 20% PANi and 80% MoO3 with response time, recovery time and the linearity 7 s, 4 s, 13–62 RH% respectively. The above mentioned parameters are found to be improved in the composites as a result of PAni addition to MoO3 than the pristine MoO3. The experimental knowledge demonstrates that the films showed good repeatability (with and reproducibility (with uncertainty). Altogether, these results indicate that it is possible to tune the humidity sensing characteristics by optimizing the amount of MoO3 and PAni in MoO3:PAni composite.
Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered the finest and the fastest way for the production ... more Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered the finest and the fastest way for the production of pure hydrogen with no emission of undesired by-products. The efficiency of this reaction is highly dependent on two different half-cell reactions, namely the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hence it is necessary to develop robust, low cost, highly active, and earth-abundant electrocatalyst to catalyst HER and OER under low overpotential with high efficiency. In this regard, 3d transition metal-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are considered the best alternatives for Ru, Ir, or Pt metal-based counterparts. Although 2d transition metal based-LDH materials have made significant strides towards water splitting reaction, still some intrinsic drawbacks limit their application towards large-scale production. Major drawbacks of the LDHs are associated with structural destruction, insufficient ion transport, and less active sites, which makes it difficult to predict the kinetics of the reaction. Hence, to overcome such limitations various strategical modifications have been developed and the effectiveness of those modifications has increased the overall cell performance of the water electrolyzer, which is highly useful for the large-scale production of hydrogen. Hence, in this review, we elaborately discussed how the Ni, Co, and Fe-based bimetallic LDHs have been established as abundant, cheaper, and efficient electrode materials for the water splitting reaction. Further, we also stressed the basis of water electrolysis, mechanisms of OER and HER, and evolution parameters of such electrode materials toward the water splitting reaction.
Heavy metal ion adsorption employing abundant natural and agricultural wastes appears to be promi... more Heavy metal ion adsorption employing abundant natural and agricultural wastes appears to be promising. Biodegradable sawdust is promoted as a green and sustainable alternative. In this work, potential application of sawdust has been explored for uptake of lead ions from contaminated water. Specifically, undoped polyaniline, a highly conductive polymer, was added to sawdust to improve its uptake capacity. Highest lead uptake capacity of 218 mg/g was observed at 318 K. Different surface-based characterizations for this material were performed. Morphology of prepared sawdust revealed a one-dimensional flake-like structure having a porous nature. FTIR and XRD analysis inferred successful incorporation of polyaniline into sawdust. In addition, XPS analysis revealed the importance of polyaniline chains during electrostatic adsorption of lead ions. At an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l, optimal equilibrium conditions were reached. In accordance with Langmuir isotherm analysis, lead ion uptake was mainly driven by monolayer adsorption. As-prepared adsorbent was subjected to batch studies, where, effects of pH and interfering ions were carried out. Regeneration was also studied for four cycles.
Chemistry Europe, European Chemical Societies Publishing, 2022
Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fos... more Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fossil fuel source, and much of research has been dedicated to achieving highly efficient hydrogen (H2 gas) generation. In this line, electrochemical water splitting that involves hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively) is considered to be the most greener and effective hydrogen-generating procedures with only water as by-product. However, the process of successful OER/HER, it is extremely demand for electrocatalyst with high activity, stability and cost effective for water splitting process. Herein, the review proposed a promising electrocatalysts such ass conductive polymers (CPs) with enhanced catalytic effect with the polymer encapsulation of catalytic material provides increase in charge transfer kinetics both in OER/HER. Also, the review highlights OER and HER mechanism of conducting polymers and their effect with the synergism was discussed detail. Also, the review detailed the reduced overpotentials, importance and enhancement of catalytic efficiency with various polymers reported in both OER and HER. Here, the choice of polymers can matrix with the inorganic active sites to prevent them from aggregation and the water splitting carried out over the electrode surface results good conductivity to charge transfer from the electrode to the active sites. In addition, the review discussed about the polymers induces the photon effect with the photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. Thus, the combing effect with conducting polymers and the materials with catalytic active centers open up a new kind of electrocatalyst for synthesis.
Development of Poly-aniline/SU-8 (an epoxy resin) nanocomposite film based conductometric microse... more Development of Poly-aniline/SU-8 (an epoxy resin) nanocomposite film based conductometric microsensor platform to measure change in soil pH is reported. For this, poly-aniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI-DBSA) was mixed with SU-8, and spun coated on Au-IDE patterned on Si/SiO 2. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent response towards change in pH against three different conditions, namely standard buffer solutions with pH ranging from 2 to 10, Red and Bentonite soils, wherein the pH varied with water (soil moisture contents) and pH with different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) solution. The films exhibited the sensitivities of 455 and 290 μS/pH towards acidic (Lower pH) and alkaline solutions (Higher pH), respectively. The sensitivities of 34 and 89 μS/pH with water for Red and Bentonite soil samples, respectively were obtained. Importantly, for Red and Bentonite soils, the sensitivities of 41 and 52 μS/pH with CaCl 2 concentration were achieved. Moreover, the sensor revealed faster response kinetics with response and recovery times of˜10 and 30 s respectively. Overall, the sensor exhibited good sensitivity, excellent long term stability, high repeatability and low fabrication cost. Our results demonstrated that PANI/SU-8 composite films as a potential material for the determination of soil pH variation crucial for precision agriculture.
Almost all metals and their alloys are vulnerable to corrosion. To avoid structural damage and to... more Almost all metals and their alloys are vulnerable to corrosion. To avoid structural damage and to avoid loss of its functionality, the most common protection method used is the application of a coating. In the present work, hydrophobic coatings using modified conducting polyaniline (PAni) were prepared and their corrosion-resistant properties were investigated. Modified PAni was prepared via two different techniques, conventional and rapid mixing method, in the presence of phenyl phosphonic acid (PPA) as dopant. The different PAni-PPA powders thus prepared were dispersed in an epoxy resin and coated on mild steel samples by drawing method. Tremendous improvement in hydrophobicity of the PAni-PPA (rapid)/epoxy was observed as compared to epoxy resin containing PAni-PPA (conventional method). The anticorrosion properties of these coatings on mild steel in 3 wt% NaCl were investigated using different electrochemical methods. Initial redox reactions and changes in conductivity of coating were reflected in the variations of open circuit potential (OCP). Both the coatings displayed stable high OCP, maintained their oxidative state, and provided corrosion protection for mild steel for more than 30 days. PAni-PPA (rapid)/epoxy gave better corrosion protection and showed higher ennoblement which may be due to the small particle size of PAni-PPA (rapid) leading to homogeneous mixing and better dispersion in the epoxy resin. Moreover, this coating is more hydrophobic in nature which is added advantage in case of corrosion-resistant coatings. The present investigation deals with preparation of highly (near super) hydrophobic coating containing conducting polymers for anticorrosion applications.
Simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture at different soil levels or near plant roots and relativ... more Simultaneous monitoring of soil moisture at different soil levels or near plant roots and relative humidity are crucial for optimizing the crop yield. In the present paper, we demonstrate a novel, compact and inexpensive polymer nano-composite piezoresistive microcantilever sensor platform for the measurement of relative humidity (% RH) and soil moisture. A piezoresistive microcantilever is realized using SU-8 and carbon black based nano-composite. Its surface is further modified by Poly-aniline (PANI) nanofibers as a sensing layer. The surface functionalization is confirmed by FTIR, SEM and contact angle measurements. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 28 mV toward 93% RH with sensitivity of 64 μV/0.1% RH. Sensitivity values of 43.6, 275 and 78.6 μV/0.1% change in the moisture content for bentonite soil, white clay and sand, respectively, are achieved. Such high sensitivity values coupled with the low cost can be utilized further for the realization of rugged, portable and handheld devices with wireless networking facility.
Abstract Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) thin-film electrodes were prepared by the electropolymeriza... more Abstract Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) thin-film electrodes were prepared by the electropolymerization of pyrrole on gold-coated glass plates. Films of various roughnesses were obtained by the variation of the scan rates during electropolymerization. These thin films were modified by doping with 6mM of the dopant NiCl 2.
Abstract Conducting polypyrrole electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyr... more Abstract Conducting polypyrrole electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum-metallized glass substrates. These electrodes were modified by doping with a range of metal halides as dopant ions having different electronegativity. Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene using these electrodes was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry technique in acetonitrile medium containing aqueous HClO 4 (0.1M) as supporting electrolyte. It was found that the electronegativity of ...
Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted... more Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides Just Accepted as a free service to the research community to ...
Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using methane sulfonic ac... more Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization using methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dopant and ammonium peroxodisulfate as oxidizer. Coatings of PANI-MeSA dispersed in polyester acrylate resin were applied on galvanized steel and UV-cured. The UV-curing resin base was studied to provide high performance and environmental friendly coating system. Morphology and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microindentation ...
The electrocatalytic property of the conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with palladium chlo... more The electrocatalytic property of the conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with palladium chloride and irradiated with heavy ion beams was studied for methanol oxidation. The PPy films were electropolymerized on gold film coated glass plate electrodes, subsequently doped with different amounts of PdCl2 and then irradiated with 120 MeV, Au+ ions at a dose of 10 12ions/cm 2. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of these samples for methanol oxidation in 0.1 M HClO4 showed a four times increase in the anodic current as compared to the un- ...
Conducting polypyrrole electrodes obtained by electro-polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum metalli... more Conducting polypyrrole electrodes obtained by electro-polymerization of pyrrole on vacuum metallized glass substrates are modified by doping with a range of metal halides as dopant ions having different electronegativity. Electro-oxidation of methanol using these electrodes is studied by means of cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M HClO4 as supporting electrolyte. It is found that the electronegativity of the dopant ion plays a very important role in the electrocatalytic activity. Polypyrrole doped with zirconium chloride gives the highest ...
Conducting polyaniline (Pani) was prepared in the presence of methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dop... more Conducting polyaniline (Pani) was prepared in the presence of methane sulfonic acid (MeSA) as dopant by chemical oxidative polymerization. The Pani–MeSA polymer was characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy. The polymer was dispersed in polyvinylacetate and coated on carbon steel samples by a dipping method. The electrochemical behavior and anticorrosion properties of the coating on carbon steel in 3% NaCl were investigated using open-circuit potential (OCP) versus time of ...
Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability, 2023
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising next-generation batteries because t... more Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising next-generation batteries because they have higher theoretical capacities, lower cost, and smaller environmental impact than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
In recent years, there has been a huge surge in interest in improving the efficiency of smart ele... more In recent years, there has been a huge surge in interest in improving the efficiency of smart electronic and optoelectronic devices via the development of novel materials and printing technologies. Inkjet printing, known to deposit ‘ink on demand’, helps to reduce the consumption of materials. Printing inks on various substrates like paper, glass, and fabric is possible, generating flexible devices that include supercapacitors, sensors, and electrochromic devices. Newer inks being tested and used include formulations of carbon nanoparticles, photochromic dyes, conducting polymers, etc. Among the conducting polymers, PANI has been well researched. It can be synthesized and doped easily and allows for the easy formation of composite conductive inks. Doping and the addition of additives like metal salts, oxidants, and halide ions tune its electrical properties. PANI has a large specific capacitance and has been researched for its applications in supercapacitors. It has been used as a s...
Polyaniline (PANI) is useful for the adsorption of hazardous substances because of its multiple N... more Polyaniline (PANI) is useful for the adsorption of hazardous substances because of its multiple N-containing functional groups, high adsorption capacity, superior selectivity and chemical durability. Although it is cheap and easy to synthesize, PANI has low processability and mechanical strength, which can be overcome by preparing composites of PANI with biomass waste. Biomass waste is a rich source of useful biopolymers, judicious use of which can also solve the problem of biomass-waste management. Furthermore, biomass waste provides excellent support and possesses functional groups, which help to synergistically remove potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from wastewaters. Composites of PANI have shown tremendous potential in the removal of PTEs from wastewaters. More recently, the focus of studies have been on PANI-based inorganic composites. Considering the environmental impact of these materials, use of PANI-based biosorbents would be more economical, environmentally friendly and ...
In this review, the fabrication of LDH-based nanostructures and their role in water splitting app... more In this review, the fabrication of LDH-based nanostructures and their role in water splitting application is explored and different structures with pioneering modifications mainly exfoliation and vacancy creations are discussed for the first time.
A recent focus on the development of biobased polymer packaging films has come about in response ... more A recent focus on the development of biobased polymer packaging films has come about in response to the environmental hazards caused by petroleum-based, nonbiodegradable packaging materials. Among biopolymers, chitosan is one of the most popular due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial properties, and ease of use. Due to its ability to inhibit gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and foodborne filamentous fungi, chitosan is a suitable biopolymer for developing food packaging. However, more than the chitosan is required for active packaging. In this review, we summarize chitosan composites which show active packaging and improves food storage condition and extends its shelf life. Active compounds such as essential oils and phenolic compounds with chitosan are reviewed. Moreover, composites with polysaccharides and various nanoparticles are also summarized. This review provides valuable information for selecting a composite that enhances shelf life and ...
Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic de... more Real time humidity monitoring is crucial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronic device manufacturing, in agricultural irrigation system due to drastic changing climates and so forth. In this work, we studied humidity sensing behavior of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in composition with conductive polyaniline (PAni). The conductive PAni used in the present study was in the emeraldine salt (ES) form and was doped with amino tris‐methylene phosphonic acid (PAni‐ATMPA) as a potential candidate for humidity sensors. PAni‐ATMPA is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers and ATMPA in the ratio of 1:1. Thus synthesized PAni and hydrothermally synthesized MoO3 were mixed together to form nanocomposites. The synthesized composites were then used to fabricate planar sensors on alumina substrate with pre‐deposited silver electrodes. XRD analysis of synthesized MoO3 shows an orthorhombic crystal structure whereas synthesized PAni shows amorphous nature. FESEM anal...
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising next-generation batteries because t... more Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are one of the most promising next-generation batteries because they have higher theoretical capacities, lower cost, and smaller environmental impact than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
The recent years various, there huge interest to improve the efficiency of smart electronic and o... more The recent years various, there huge interest to improve the efficiency of smart electronic and optoelectronic devices via developing emerging materials and printing technologies. However, printing technologies becomes one of the most interesting areas for researcher over a convenient coating method because it not only helps to improve the efficiency of device but also help for rapid, reproducible, and low-cost production which open as a new window for mass production for commercial use. Inkjet printing technology has become the most attractive among various printing technologies due to which it is acceptable in most of scientific and various of industrial applications. This review paper presents an overview of the investigations on formulation of the ink, fabrication, and the applications of conductive polymer via inkjet printing for variety of devices including supercapacitors, sensors, electrochromic devices, and patterning of conductive polymers on flexible substrates. The revie...
As a novel carbon allotrope, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been investigated in various fields,... more As a novel carbon allotrope, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been investigated in various fields, including photocatalysis, bioimaging, optoelectronics, energy and photovoltaic devices, biosensing, and drug delivery owing to their unique optical and electronic properties. In particular, CQDs’ excellent sunlight harvesting ability, tunable photoluminescence (PL), up-conversion photoluminescence (UCPL), and efficient photo-excited electron transfer have enabled their applications in photocatalysis. This work focuses on the recent progress on CQDs-related materials’ synthesis, properties, and applications in photocatalysis. Graphical Abstract
Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fos... more Currently, substantial greener energy source such as hydrogen fuel cell as an alternative for fossil fuel source, and much of research has been dedicated to achieving highly efficient hydrogen (H2 gas) generation. In this line, electrochemical water splitting that involves hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively) is considered to be the most greener and effective hydrogen-generating procedures with only water as by-product. However, the process of successful OER/HER, it is extremely demand for electrocatalyst with high activity, stability and cost effective for water splitting process. Herein, the review proposed a promising electrocatalysts such ass conductive polymers (CPs) with enhanced catalytic effect with the polymer encapsulation of catalytic material provides increase in charge transfer kinetics both in OER/HER. Also, the review highlights OER and HER mechanism of conducting polymers and their effect with the synergism was discussed detail. Also, the review detailed the reduced overpotentials, importance and enhancement of catalytic efficiency with various polymers reported in both OER and HER. Here, the choice of polymers can matrix with the inorganic active sites to prevent them from aggregation and the water splitting carried out over the electrode surface results good conductivity to charge transfer from the electrode to the active sites. In addition, the review discussed about the polymers induces the photon effect with the photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. Thus, the combing effect with conducting polymers and the materials with catalytic active centers open up a new kind of electrocatalyst for synthesis.
For a long time, water hyacinth has been considered a very stubborn and troublesome weed. However... more For a long time, water hyacinth has been considered a very stubborn and troublesome weed. However, research has shown that it can be used to remove many pollutants from water. Among the different pollutants, potentially toxic elements (PTE) or their ions have been found to be very toxic for humans, animals, and plants. Among the many conventional methods for removing PTE from wastewaters, phytoremediation has several advantages. This method is highly eco-friendly, cost-effective, and can remove a wide range of metal pollutants and organic pollutants. Both, living and non-living water hyacinth plants, can be used for remediation – either entirely or their parts. Study on mechanisms and different factors involved in the process would help to effectively use water hyacinth for remediation. This review presents different studies conducted in the past thirty years for the removal of PTEs. Detailed analysis of the work done in this field showed that in spite of the main advantages provided by the plant, not much has been done to increase the efficiency of the remediation process and for reusing the water hyacinth biomass for other applications after desorption of the PTE. Hence, the section on scope for future work highlights these prospective ideas.
In this review, the nature of graphene composites of various transition metals and their role in ... more In this review, the nature of graphene composites of various transition metals and their role in electrocatalysis mainly in OER studies has been explored. Further, tuning of different structures with pioneering modifications are also elaborated.
For a long time, water hyacinth has been considered a very stubborn and troublesome weed. However... more For a long time, water hyacinth has been considered a very stubborn and troublesome weed. However, research has shown that it can be used to remove many pollutants from water. Among the different pollutants, potentially toxic elements (PTE) or their ions have been found to be very toxic for humans, animals, and plants. Among the many conventional methods for removing PTE from wastewaters, phytoremediation has several advantages. This method is highly eco-friendly, cost-effective, and can remove a wide range of metal pollutants and organic pollutants. Both, living and non-living water hyacinth plants, can be used for remediation – either entirely or their parts. Study on mechanisms and different factors involved in the process would help to effectively use water hyacinth for remediation. This review presents different studies conducted in the past thirty years for the removal of PTEs. Detailed analysis of the work done in this field showed that in spite of the main advantages provided by the plant, not much has been done to increase the efficiency of the remediation process and for reusing the water hyacinth biomass for other applications after desorption of the PTE. Hence, the section on scope for future work highlights these prospective ideas.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for... more Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for electrochemical and optical sensors owing to their excellent catalytic properties, facile synthesis strategies, highly tunable morphology, and versatile hosting ability. LDH-based electrochemical sensors are affordable alternatives to traditional precious-metal-based sensors, as LDHs can be synthesized from abundant inorganic precursors. LDH-modified probes can directly catalyze or host catalytic compounds that facilitate analyte redox reactions, detected as changes in the probe’s current, voltage, or resistance. The porous and lamellar structure of LDHs allows rapid analyte diffusion and abundant active sites for enhanced sensor sensitivity. LDHs can be composed of conductive materials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or metal nanoparticles for improved catalytic activity and analyte selectivity. As optical sensors, LDHs provide a spacious, stable structure for synergistic guest–ho...
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