Papers by Emmanuel C Emukah
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris ... more The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bact...
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Study was to determine the bacteriological status of borehole water in overhead tanks at various ... more Study was to determine the bacteriological status of borehole water in overhead tanks at various parts of Owerri municipality. Water samples were taken from three overhead tanks in each of the 10 locations, totaling 30 samples and investigated for bacteriological characteristics. The viable bacterial, total coliform and feacal coliform counts were determined by standard plate count method, multiple tube fermentation and the use of different media respectively. The viable bacterial count ranged from 1.8 x 101 to 6.5 x 103 cfumL-1.. Total coliform and faecal coliform ranged from 0.8 to 5.2 cfu.Ml-1 and 1.3 to 8.1 cfumL-1, respectively. A total of five bacterial organisms were isolated from the stored borehole water collected, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Salmonella Typhii and Shigella spp. The presence of these pathogenic organisms is of individual risk and public health significance.
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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
Africa's populous country, Nigeria, contains or contained more cases of dracunculiasis, oncho... more Africa's populous country, Nigeria, contains or contained more cases of dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis than any other African nation and ranks or ranked first (dracunculiasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis) or third (lymphatic filariasis) in the world for the same diseases. After beginning village-based interventions against dracunculiasis 20 years ago and confronting onchocerciasis a few years later, Nigeria has nearly eliminated dracunculiasis and has provided annual mass drug administration for onchocerciasis to over three quarters of that at-risk population for 7 years. With assistance from The Carter Center, Nigeria began treating lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis in two and three states, respectively, over the past decade, while conducting pioneering operational research as a basis for scaling up interventions against those diseases, for which much more remains to be done. This paper describes the status of Nigeria's ...
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 2014
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2013
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020
Abstract. Nigeria changed its goal for onchocerciasis from control to transmission elimination. U... more Abstract. Nigeria changed its goal for onchocerciasis from control to transmission elimination. Under the control program, ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) focused only on hyper/meso-endemic local government areas (LGAs) identified by Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of Onchocerciasis as having ≥ 20% nodule rates. Because transmission is likely in some LGAs where nodule rates are < 20%, the new elimination paradigm requires MDA expansion. Determining which hypoendemic areas require MDA, termed onchocerciasis elimination mapping, is a major challenge. In 2016, we studied 19 ivermectin-naive hypoendemic LGAs in southern Nigeria that bordered LGAs under MDA. Fifty adults and 50 children (aged 5–10 years) were tested in 110 villages for onchocerciasis IgG4 antibody using an Ov16 rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A 10% subset of subjects provided a blood spot for confirmatory Ov16 ELISA. The mean prevalence of RDT positives was 0.5% in the 5,276 children tested (village range, 0.0–4....
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Acta Tropica, 2012
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Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
Human infection with Onchocerca volvulus study was conducted to compare the prevalence of differe... more Human infection with Onchocerca volvulus study was conducted to compare the prevalence of different manifestations of onchocerciasis according to gender and age, with view to determine if there had been a change in prevalence of onchocerciasis among residents of some communities in Okigwe Local Government Area of Imo State. A cross sectional survey method was adopted for the study. Skin snips were collected from randomly selected consenting adults aged 18-62 years. Palpation for mobile subcutaneous lumps and clinical manifestation were carried out on 960 persons comprising of 511 males and 449 females. The commonest symptoms observed were poor vision (8%), nodules (7%), leopard skin (9%), lizard skin (7%), and hanging groin (1%). Musculo-skeletal pain (MSP) was recorded as one of the major complaints by (14%) of the subjects. This result indicates (69.8%) reduction on clinical features of onchocerciasis prevalence among sampled population in the study-area. Keywords: onchocerciasis, manifestation, prevalence, palpation
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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International Journal of Bioresource Science, 2016
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BMC Infectious Diseases, 2014
Nigeria suffers the world's largest malaria burden, with approximately 51 million cases and 2... more Nigeria suffers the world's largest malaria burden, with approximately 51 million cases and 207,000 deaths annually. As part of the country's aim to reduce by 50% malaria-related morbidity and mortality by 2013, it embarked on mass distribution of free long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Prior to net distribution campaigns in Abia and Plateau States, Nigeria, a modified malaria indicator survey was conducted in September 2010 to determine baseline state-level estimates of Plasmodium prevalence, childhood anemia, indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage and bednet ownership and utilization. Overall age-adjusted prevalence of Plasmodium infection by microscopy was similar between Abia (36.1%, 95% CI: 32.3%-40.1%; n = 2,936) and Plateau (36.6%, 95% CI: 31.3%-42.3%; n = 4,209), with prevalence highest among children 5-9 years. P. malariae accounted for 32.0% of infections in Abia, but only 1.4% of infections in Plateau. More than half of children ≤10 years were anemic, with a...
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Malaria is a global public health problem accounting for 801,000 deaths annually in Africa. Niger... more Malaria is a global public health problem accounting for 801,000 deaths annually in Africa. Nigeria has the highest number of affected people in Africa, accounting for a quarter of all malaria cases. Although numerous campaigns promote the use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) against malaria transmission, Nigeria continues to be one of the countries with the lowest number of people utilizing ITNs. This study examines whether knowledge of malaria causation and prevention methods affects the use of ITNs. A cross-sectional household cluster survey was administered in 4 Local Government Area's in Nigeria to determine net ownership, use of protective measures, and general knowledge of malaria. Chi square test was used to analyze statistical significance of factors associated with bednet use. A total of 1039 households, consisting of 5234 people (908 under age 5) were surveyed. 76% of respondents and 59% of children under 5 were reported to have slept under an ITN the previous night...
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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Jan 14, 2018
Ivermectin treatment can cause central nervous system adverse events (CNS-AEs) in persons with ve... more Ivermectin treatment can cause central nervous system adverse events (CNS-AEs) in persons with very high-density microfilaremia (≥ 30,000 mf/mL blood). Hypoendemic onchocerciasis areas where is endemic have been excluded from ivermectin mass drug administration programs (MDA) because of the concern for CNS AEs. The rapid assessment procedure for (RAPLOA) is a questionnaire survey to assess history of eye worm. If ≥ 40% of respondents report eye worm, this correlates with ≥ 2% prevalence of very high-density loiasis microfilaremia, posing an unacceptable risk of CNS-AEs after MDA. In 2016, we conducted a study in 110 ivermectin-naïve, suspected onchocerciasis hypoendemic villages in southern Nigeria. In previous RAPLOA surveys these villages had prevalences between 10% and 67%. We examined 10,605 residents using the LoaScope, a cell phone-based imaging device for rapidly determining the microfilaria (mf) density of infections. The mean village mf prevalence was 6.3% (range 0-29%) and...
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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Jan 14, 2018
Ivermectin treatment can cause central nervous system adverse events (CNS-AEs) in persons with ve... more Ivermectin treatment can cause central nervous system adverse events (CNS-AEs) in persons with very high-density microfilaremia (≥ 30,000 mf/mL blood). Hypoendemic onchocerciasis areas where is endemic have been excluded from ivermectin mass drug administration programs (MDA) because of the concern for CNS AEs. The rapid assessment procedure for (RAPLOA) is a questionnaire survey to assess history of eye worm. If ≥ 40% of respondents report eye worm, this correlates with ≥ 2% prevalence of very high-density loiasis microfilaremia, posing an unacceptable risk of CNS-AEs after MDA. In 2016, we conducted a study in 110 ivermectin-naïve, suspected onchocerciasis hypoendemic villages in southern Nigeria. In previous RAPLOA surveys these villages had prevalences between 10% and 67%. We examined 10,605 residents using the LoaScope, a cell phone-based imaging device for rapidly determining the microfilaria (mf) density of infections. The mean village mf prevalence was 6.3% (range 0-29%) and...
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PLOS ONE, 2015
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The impact assessment of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on onchocerciasis in Abia state, sout... more The impact assessment of repeated mass ivermectin treatment on onchocerciasis in Abia state, south eastern Nigeria was carried out between June and September 2011, using skin snipping method. Abia state is made up of 17 Local Government Areas, eight of which are endemic for onchocerciasis (2 hyper-endemic and 6 meso-endemic LGAs). The study captured the two LGAs of the state that were rated as hyper-endemic by REMO assessment and had been receiving treatment since 1995. Out of 547 individuals skin snipped, only 3 (0.55%) were infected with microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus, and this occurred in one community Amiyi-Obilohia. The distribution of infection showed that 0.50% of the infected were males while 0.58% were females. The overall age specific prevalence showed that infection only occurred in individuals 60 years and above, who were low compliers and were not treated during the last treatment period. A CMFL of 0.28 mf/mg obtained is an indication that ivermectin is an effecti...
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Malaria is a global public health problem accounting for 801,000 deaths annually in Africa. Niger... more Malaria is a global public health problem accounting for 801,000 deaths annually in Africa. Nigeria has the highest number of affected people in Africa, accounting for a quarter of all malaria cases. Although numerous campaigns promote the use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) against malaria transmission, Nigeria continues to be one of the countries with the lowest number of people utilizing ITNs. This study examines whether knowledge of malaria causation and prevention methods affects the use of ITNs. A cross-sectional household cluster survey was administered in 4 Local Government Area's in Nigeria to determine net ownership, use of protective measures, and general knowledge of malaria. Chi square test was used to analyze statistical significance of factors associated with bednet use. A total of 1039 households, consisting of 5234 people (908 under age 5) were surveyed. 76% of respondents and 59% of children under 5 were reported to have slept under an ITN the previous night...
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Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2010
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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2004
We conducted a cohort study on impact of effects of eight years of annual ivermectin mass treatme... more We conducted a cohort study on impact of effects of eight years of annual ivermectin mass treatment administered in eight villages in Imo State, Nigeria. Physical and visual acuity examinations carried out in 462 persons in 1995, prior to the launching of mass drug administration with ivermectin, were compared with re-examinations of 411 (89%) of these same individuals in 2002. We found that gross visual impairment decreased from 16% to 1%, nodule prevalence decreased from 59% to 18%, and papular dermatitis was reduced from 15% to 2%. No change was seen in leopard skin rates (14%). The only incident lesions were three subjects from a single community having the appearance of new nodules (e.g., nodules not identified in the 1995 examinations). Differences in community coverage did not appear to influence the benefit from treatment of individual residents.
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Papers by Emmanuel C Emukah