- Department of Biotechnology,
Kulliyyah of science,
International Islamic University Malaysia
Kuantan
Pahang Malaysia - +60-109019245
- Highly co-operative, passionate to concentrate on cutting edge research.. Believes in team work and multidisciplinary researchedit
Presentation of poster 1277B at TAGC 2020 Online. Files include a PDF of the poster (Tang_poster.pdf) and a 6-minute audio walkthrough of the poster material (Tang_poster.m4a).
This study presents the rheological behavior of water-based GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag ternary-hybrid nanofluids. The impact of nanoparticles’ volumetric concentration and temperature on the rheological properties were studied. All... more
This study presents the rheological behavior of water-based GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag ternary-hybrid nanofluids. The impact of nanoparticles’ volumetric concentration and temperature on the rheological properties were studied. All experiments were performed under temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 °C in the solid volume concentration range of 0.5–0.00005%. The data optimization technique was adopted using the Taguchi method. The types of nanomaterials, concentration, temperature, and shear rate were chosen to optimize the viscosity and shear stress. The effect of shear stress, angular sweep, frequency sweep, and damping factor ratio is plotted. The experimental results demonstrated that the rheological properties of the ternary hybrid nanofluid depend on the ternary hybrid nanofluid’s temperature. The viscosity of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNf) change by 40% for GO-TiO2-Ag and 33% for rGO-TiO2-Ag when temperature and shear rates are increased. All the ternary hybrid nanofluids de...
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In the present study, the nature of excretory products and the impact of stress on the rate of excretion of the megascolecid earthworm, Perionyx excavatus was studied. Excretion in P. excavatus was analyzed with reference to three aqueous... more
In the present study, the nature of excretory products and the impact of stress on the rate of excretion of the megascolecid earthworm, Perionyx excavatus was studied. Excretion in P. excavatus was analyzed with reference to three aqueous media: tap water, distilled water and 1% Sodium chloride. Clitellate worms (N=5.) were taken for the study and nitrogenous products (ammonia and urea) eliminated in the three media were analyzed for twenty four hours, sampling was carried out at an interval of two hours. In order to assess immediate response in the first one hour, samples were also taken at the end of 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes, during the first one hour of observation. After 60 minutes, the worms excreted 0.023 mg ammonia and 1.451 mg urea in the tap water; 0.014 mg ammonia and 1.397 urea in distilled water; and 0.030 and 1.076 mg ammonia and urea in 1% NaCl. After 60 minutes, under heat stress, the worms excreted 0.011 mg ammonia and 0.578 Urea in the tap water; 0.006 ...
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Impending anthropogenic climate change will severely impact coastal organisms at unprecedented speed. Knowledge on organisms’ evolutionary responses to past sea‐level fluctuations and estimation of their evolutionary potential is... more
Impending anthropogenic climate change will severely impact coastal organisms at unprecedented speed. Knowledge on organisms’ evolutionary responses to past sea‐level fluctuations and estimation of their evolutionary potential is therefore indispensable in efforts to mitigate the effects of future climate change. We sampled tens of thousands of genomic markers of ~300 individuals in two of the four extant horseshoe crab species across the complex archipelagic Singapore Straits. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille, a less mobile mangrove species, has finer population structure and lower genetic diversity compared with the dispersive deep‐sea Tachypleus gigas Müller. Even though the source populations of both species during the last glacial maximum exhibited comparable effective population sizes, the less dispersive C. rotundicauda seems to lose genetic diversity much more quickly because of population fragmentation. Contra previous studies’ results, we predict that the more common...
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Mortality during early life stages of horseshoe crabs especially during the molting of third and fourth instar stage is significantly higher. This is perhaps due to the change in feeding behavior from filter feeding (first and second... more
Mortality during early life stages of horseshoe crabs especially during the molting of third and fourth instar stage is significantly higher. This is perhaps due to the change in feeding behavior from filter feeding (first and second instar) to active feeding (third instar onwards). Hence, we offered differential microalgae feed (Isochrysis, Spirulina and Isochrysis + Spirulina) to induce molting and improve survival at third instar stages of Malaysian horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas). Third instar T. gigas were fed with 3 different concentration of microalgae [Isochrysis (7.5 × 106 cells/L and 0.75 × 106 n cells/L)], [(Spirulina (1 ml/L and 0. ml/L)], [(Isochrysis + Spirulina: (3.75 × 106 cells of Isochrysis + 0.5 ml spirulina/ L and 0.375 × 106 cells of Isochrysis + 0.25 ml spirulina/L)] every 3 days for 30 days interval and morphometric measures were documented. Results revealed that combination of microalgae feed induce molting and survival rate regardless of concentration empl...
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The Tachypleus tridentatus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) is an arthropod that usually displays high site fidelity by restricting its distribution to natal vicinities. Briefly, shore perturbation from boating (Kudat), electric, cyanide and... more
The Tachypleus tridentatus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) is an arthropod that usually displays high site fidelity by restricting its distribution to natal vicinities. Briefly, shore perturbation from boating (Kudat), electric, cyanide and bombing (Kunak) and tourism (Semporna) in Sabah can impair the T. tridentatus growth and produce sexually mature adults with unusual size. The 8-point morphometry of Tachypleus tridentatus from Kudat (Sulu Sea), Kunak and Semporna (Celebes Sea), produces the final output constituting accurate size classification for the species. Meanwhile, T. tridentatus are sexually dimorphic (p = 0.968–0.989), where male T. tridentatus (from Kudat) has prosoma width (27.75 ± 2.68 cm) and weight (1050 ± 610 g) in smaller ranges when compared to the female (33.27 ± 4.68 cm; 3020 ± 1480 g) using the same comparison. In addition, the T. tridentatus populations from Kunak (prosoma width: male = 28.91 ± 1.48 cm, female = 29.44 ± 5.47 cm; weight: male = 800 ± 275 g; female =...
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The first time report on the feeding ecology and food preference of mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille 1802) at their nesting grounds along the Pahang coast is given. Monthly sampling was carried out between... more
The first time report on the feeding ecology and food preference of mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille 1802) at their nesting grounds along the Pahang coast is given. Monthly sampling was carried out between March 2010 and February 2011 covering both monsoonal (March to October) and non-monsoonal (November to February) seasons. Major macrobenthic gut contents (bivalves, gastropods, crustaceans, polychaetes and miscellaneous food items including plant materials) were identified using microscopic examination. An electivity index (E1) was calculated for the frequent food items observed in the gut region of C. rotundicauda during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The EI was negative for crustaceans and positive for all the other food items including bivalves, gastropods, polychaetes and miscellaneous food items (which include insects, amphipods, Isopods, larval and juvenile stages of fishes, foraminifera and other Annelid worms). It is interesting to note tha...
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Horseshoe crabs are the only extant Xiphosurans experiencing serious threats in terms of their nesting and spawning ground habitat degradation, over exploitation for biomedical bleeding practices and uncontrolled harvesting of their wild... more
Horseshoe crabs are the only extant Xiphosurans experiencing serious threats in terms of their nesting and spawning ground habitat degradation, over exploitation for biomedical bleeding practices and uncontrolled harvesting of their wild population for local delicacy. Hence, the current project was aimed to establish the captive breeding condition with three objectives including 1. To determine the spawning success in captivity, 2. To determine the invitro fertilization success and 3. To evaluate hatching rate of fertilized eggs to 4th instar [projected 8th instar] for sea ranching program. Results indicated that different texture and particle size of sand substrate have significant impact on number of eggs released by the female crabs in Invitro. Effect of Captive Breeding on the Amebocyte Cell Viability in Malaysian Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus Gigas) have shown profound negative effect of captive breeding on the amebocyte viability, morphology, sperm viability and density in adult ...
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A spatial distribution study was carried out to investigate the influence of some environmental factors to planktons using collected samples from the Sungai Pulai estuary, near to the Singapore boarder. Six stations chosen for the field... more
A spatial distribution study was carried out to investigate the influence of some environmental factors to planktons using collected samples from the Sungai Pulai estuary, near to the Singapore boarder. Six stations chosen for the field sampling were Port Tanjung Pelepas (S1), Tanjung Bin Charcoal Plant (S2), seagrasses of Pulau Merambong (S4) and Second-Link Bridge (S5) and mangrove areas (S3, S6). There is no significant difference of phytoplankton abundance (p>0.05) between stations. Instead, it differs significantly at the level of p 0.05; p=0.8966) between the sampling session (Two tailed, t=0.1310, df=34). Biplot analysis shows that most species are associated with the stations except for Protoperidinium sp., Lithodesmia sp. and Alexendrium sp. Copepod species including Microcalanus sp., Calanus sp. and Temora sp. are associated with S5. Paracalanus sp., Euterpina sp., Tigriopus sp., Oithona sp. and Pseudocalanus sp. are associated with S1, S2 and S4. The planktons are corr...
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Acquisition of data is possible from Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis on Malayan deer antler velvet (DAV) water extract.
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Effect of various environmental stresses on the fatty acid (FA) profile of benthic harpacticoid copepod (Pararobertsonia sp.) was checked In vitro. Samples were exposed to different pH (5, 7 and 9) and salinity (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt)... more
Effect of various environmental stresses on the fatty acid (FA) profile of benthic harpacticoid copepod (Pararobertsonia sp.) was checked In vitro. Samples were exposed to different pH (5, 7 and 9) and salinity (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) at constant temperature 25oC for 30 days. After the treatment, different fatty acid levels were determined using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results clearly indicated the positive influence of the combined effect of environmental parameter on the fatty acid content in experimental samples. The detected FAs were ranging from C5-24. Palmetic and oleic acids were in higher percentage in all the experiments. Results clearly indicated that pH7:25ppt & 35ppt at 25oC ambient water temperature would help in producing copepods (Pararobertsonia sp.) that expresses rich fatty acid profile with high EPA/DHA ratio.
Mysis, post larvae and adult specimens of Penaeus monodon were sequenced for Cyctochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (DNA barcode) to check the efficiency of DNA barcode in delineating species irrespective of its different life stages.... more
Mysis, post larvae and adult specimens of Penaeus monodon were sequenced for Cyctochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (DNA barcode) to check the efficiency of DNA barcode in delineating species irrespective of its different life stages. COI gene sequences of different life stages of P. monodon were subjected to pair-wise distance analysis, nucleotide sequence diversity estimation, phylogenetic and BOLD analysis. The pair-wise distance estimation revealed that intra-specific variations within the barcode sequences of P. monodon were low when compared with other species of genus Penaeus spp. The average pair-wise distance within the sequences of different stages of P. monodon was two times lesser than the pair-wise distance of the out-group used. The nucleotide diversity within the barcodes were low (π = 0.324). The constructed phylogram clearly showed that the DNA barcoding using partial COI gene would provide an accurate delineation of species irrespective of their different life ...
The performance of water as a heat transfer medium in numerous applications is limited by its effective thermal conductivity. In order to improve the thermal conductivity of water, herein we report the development and thermophysical... more
The performance of water as a heat transfer medium in numerous applications is limited by its effective thermal conductivity. In order to improve the thermal conductivity of water, herein we report the development and thermophysical characterization of a novel metal-metaloxide-carbon based ternary hybrid nanoparticles (THNp), GO-TiO2-Ag and the rGO-TiO2-Ag. The results indicate that the graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide based ternary hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in water enhance its thermal conductivity by 66% and 83%, respectively, even at very low concentrations. Mechanisms contributing to this significant enhancement are discussed. The experimental thermal conductivity is plotted against the existing empirical hybrid thermal conductivity correlations. We found that those correlations are not suitable for the metal-metaloxide-carbon combinations, calling for the developing a new thermal conductivity models. The rheological measurements of the nanofluids display non-Newto...
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This study presents the rheological characterization of deionised water dispersed with two different ternary-hybrid nanoparticles namely, GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag. The stability of 0.05 wt% nanofluid samples are serially diluted by 10... more
This study presents the rheological characterization of deionised water dispersed with two different ternary-hybrid nanoparticles namely, GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag. The stability of 0.05 wt% nanofluid samples are serially diluted by 10 fold in 5 levels is determined using zeta potential measurements. The non-linear viscoelastic measurements at temperatures ranging from 25oC to 50oC reveal that the graphene based ternary hybrid nanoparticle nanofluids exhibit Newtonian behaviour at higher concentrations. However, it displays shear thinning or pseudo-plastic fluid characteristics at lower concentration, suggesting a potential influence of nanoparticle aggregation on the viscosity. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the existing water based viscosity models. In addition, the effect due to shear stress, angular sweep, frequency sweep and damping factor ratio is also plotted.
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Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher... more
Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher the evolutionary consequences of a duplicated invertebrate genome. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly for the mangrove horseshoe crabCarcinoscorpius rotundicauda(1.7 Gb, N50 = 90.2 Mb, with 89.8% sequences anchored to 16 pseudomolecules, 2n = 32), and a resequenced genome of the tri-spine horseshoe crabTachypleus tridentatus(1.7 Gb, N50 = 109.7 Mb). Analyses of gene families, microRNAs, and synteny show that horseshoe crabs have undergone three rounds (3R) of WGD. Comparison ofC. rotundicaudaandT. tridentatusgenomes from populations from several geographic locations further elucidates the diverse fates of both coding and noncoding genes. Together, the present study represents a cornerstone for improving our understanding of invertebrat...
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Introduction: Recently the wide range of commercial antibiotics in fish feed for aquaculture practices has led to antibacterial resistance, environmental pollution and residue build-up in fish tissue. Therefore new sources of antibiotics... more
Introduction: Recently the wide range of commercial antibiotics in fish feed for aquaculture practices has led to antibacterial resistance, environmental pollution and residue build-up in fish tissue. Therefore new sources of antibiotics from natural sources need to be investigated to circumvent these problems. Rhizophora apiculata has been reported to have high antimicrobial activity due to the high concentration of tannin in the bark of the tree. Methods: Based on these contexts, this study was conducted to measure the antimicrobial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and distill water extracts from the stem-bark and the leaves of R. apiculata. 9 species of bacteria consist of B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P.aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, H. alvei, V. alginolyticus, V. paraheamolyticus and E. coli were tested to measure their susceptibility to the extracts. The extracts were dissolved into 2 different concentrations which were 10 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL or 10 ug/disc and 50 ug/disc...
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Introduction: Endotoxin detection and quantification in biological drugs and parenteral is a crucial step in helping us to be confident in process control (IPC) and product release decisions. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves... more
Introduction: Endotoxin detection and quantification in biological drugs and parenteral is a crucial step in helping us to be confident in process control (IPC) and product release decisions. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves either Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) /Tachypleus Amebocyte Lysate (TAL) derived from blue blood of horseshoe crabs to detect and quantify endotoxin. This in turn increases harvest pressure on wild crabs for biomedical bleeding practice which eventually leads to post bleeding mortality up to 30%. In economic perspective, the LAL/TAL industry worth more than 50 million USD annually. Methods: Numbers of methods were adopted to enhance the accuracy of endotoxin detection, including gel clot, turbidimetric and chromogenic method. Results: However, all these methods require crabs either from wild or from captive for bleeding purpose. Though, various conservative measures are being taken, the habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures on wild crab p...
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Corona viruses were first identified in 1931 and SARS-CoV-2 is the most recent. COVID-19 is a pandemic that put most of the world on lockdown and the search for therapeutic drugs is still on-going. Therefore, this study uses in silico... more
Corona viruses were first identified in 1931 and SARS-CoV-2 is the most recent. COVID-19 is a pandemic that put most of the world on lockdown and the search for therapeutic drugs is still on-going. Therefore, this study uses in silico screening to identify natural bioactive compounds from fruits, herbaceous plants and marine invertebrates that are able to inhibit protease activity in SARS-CoV-2(PDB: 6LU7). We have used various screening strategies such as drug likeliness, antiviral activity value prediction, molecular docking, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM/GBSA (molecular mechanics/generalized born and surface area continuum solvation). 17 compounds were shortlisted using Lipinski’s rule. 5 compounds revealed significantly good predicted antiviral activity values and out of them only 2 compounds, Macrolactin A and Stachyflin, showed good binding energy values of -9.22 and -8.00 kcal/mol within the binding pocket...
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In recent decade, aquaculture species, including fish are under danger from bio-aggressors like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. These organisms harm either spontaneously or through aquatic animal husbandry practices or both. The... more
In recent decade, aquaculture species, including fish are under danger from bio-aggressors like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. These organisms harm either spontaneously or through aquatic animal husbandry practices or both. The chemicals employed in aquaculture are drugs like antibiotics used to treat diseases, chemicals introduced through construction materials and hormones used to alter the reproductive viability, sex and growth rates. Drugs used to treat disease are the most dangerous to the fish. These persistent antibiotics tend to increase antibiotic-resistant free-living bacteria, thereby altering the composition of normal marine and freshwater bacterial flora. Evidence suggests that these antibioticresistant organisms in the marine environment will, in turn, pass their antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. Antibiotic treatment in aquaculture is achieved by medicated baths and medicated food. In both cases, the probabilit...
Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in the environment and are known to cause blinding keratitis and brain infections with greater than 90% mortality rate. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive and promising... more
Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in the environment and are known to cause blinding keratitis and brain infections with greater than 90% mortality rate. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive and promising technique in Acanthamoeba detection. Remarkably, the rate of heating–cooling and convective heat transfer of the PCR tube is limited by low thermal conductivity of the reagents mixture. The addition of nanoparticles to the reaction has been an interesting approach that could augment the thermal conductivity of the mixture and subsequently enhance heat transfer through the PCR tube. Here, we have developed hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticle-based PCR assay for the rapid detection of Acanthamoeba to amplify DNA from low amoeba cell density. As low as 1 × 10−4 wt % was determined as the optimum concentration of hBN nanoparticles, which increased Acanthamoeba DNA yield up to ~16%. Further, it was able to reduce PCR temperature that led to a ~2.0-fo...
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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the effect of Piper betle leaf extract towards the acute-lethal toxicity, LC50 of red Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). Design/methodology/approach Ten red Nile tilapia juveniles per tank... more
Purpose This study aims to evaluate the effect of Piper betle leaf extract towards the acute-lethal toxicity, LC50 of red Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). Design/methodology/approach Ten red Nile tilapia juveniles per tank (in triplicate) were used as an experimental fish for the LC50 bioassay. Five different concentrations of P. betle extract; 80 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm and 120 ppm, were tested on the red Nile tilapia juveniles and one tank was acting as a control. The progress of the LC50 and lethal time of fish mortality were observed and recorded within the random interval of 96 h. The value for LC50 was determined as 100 ppm of P. betle leaf extract. Higher number of fish mortalities was observed when concentration higher than 100 ppm was tested on to the red Nile tilapia juveniles. Findings Data obtained shows that the P. betle concentration of 120 ppm accelerated the fish mortality period. Originality/value However, adaption of P. betle extract occurred a...
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Purpose This study aims to examine the metal pollution in coastal sediment in the Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Approximately 141 published studies were screened from 1,285 documents and reviewed to determine the... more
Purpose This study aims to examine the metal pollution in coastal sediment in the Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Approximately 141 published studies were screened from 1,285 documents and reviewed to determine the existing pollution status in the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia and the metals under review were Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni. Sources of pollutants and their effect on biological systems, marine organisms and human health were addressed in this review as well as recommendation of heavy metal removal or remedies in short. Emphasis is placed on marine pollution, particularly on the toxic metal accumulation in biota. Findings This study has revealed the different concentrations of pollutants, low, moderately, and chronically contaminated areas from heavy metals and the consequences to aquatic ecosystem and indirectly to human health, since an increasing in the coastal developments in Peninsular Malaysia. Originality/value This study has revealed ...
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Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher... more
Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher the evolutionary consequences of a duplicated invertebrate genome. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly for the mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (1.7Gb, N50 = 90.2Mb, with 89.8% sequences anchored to 16 pseudomolecules, 2n = 32), and a resequenced genome of the tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (1.7Gb, N50 = 109.7Mb). Analyses of gene families, microRNAs, and synteny show that horseshoe crabs have undergone three rounds (3R) of WGD, and that these WGD events are shared with spiders. Comparison of the genomes of C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus populations from several geographic locations further elucidates the diverse fates of both coding and noncoding genes. Together, the present study represents a c...
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An attempt was made to revise the molecular phylogeny of extant xiphosurans (Horseshoe crabs) using universal barcode gene cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1. All four extant horseshoe crab species namely Limulus polyphemus (American... more
An attempt was made to revise the molecular phylogeny of extant xiphosurans (Horseshoe crabs) using universal barcode gene cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1. All four extant horseshoe crab species namely Limulus polyphemus (American horseshoe crab), Tachypleus gigas, T. tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Asian conspecifics) together with predicted ancestral lineages (insects, scorpions and common crabs) were considered for phylogram construction using distance matrix methods. Genetic distance (GD) data analysis revealed the distant genetic relatedness of L. polyphemus with Asian conspecifics. More interestingly, the monophyletic origin of Tachypleus gigas and Tachypleus tridentatus was quite evident in the phylogram which other molecular markers failed to address. Close genetic relatedness of horseshoe crabs with insects showed that they might have evolved from ancient aquatic insects. The efficiency of cytochrome oxydase C subunit 1 gene in species level identification among the horseshoe crab genome was clear in both the phylogram together with the precise identification of the differential developmental stages to the species level.
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We examined the selected essential metals (Fe and Zn) accumulative concentrations in different body parts of Malaysian horseshoe crabs [Tachypleus gigas (Muller, 1785)]. Metal accumulation levels were determined using Inductively Coupled... more
We examined the selected essential metals (Fe and Zn) accumulative concentrations in different body parts of Malaysian horseshoe crabs [Tachypleus gigas (Muller, 1785)]. Metal accumulation levels were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Average concentration (μg g-1 wet weight) of iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) were observed in gill tissue (1336.73±2.08 ppm) and apodeme (921.11±8.12 ppm) respectively. The lowest concentrations of metals were observed in gut (Fe = 556.61 ppm) and mouth (Zn = 605.36 ppm) tissue portions. Results clearly showed that bioaccumulation of both the essential metals were higher in the body parts but lower than the maximum permissible limit set by the national and international consortia. Statistical predictions revealed that bioaccumulation of metals were not significantly influenced by weight, total length and carapace width of the animal.
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Macrobenthos consists of the organisms that live at the bottom of the water column and are visible to the naked eye (usually >0.5mm in size) 2.About 80% of the benthic organisms are Epifauna that are living on or are attached to the... more
Macrobenthos consists of the organisms that live at the bottom of the water column and are visible to the naked eye (usually >0.5mm in size) 2.About 80% of the benthic organisms are Epifauna that are living on or are attached to the surface of rocky areas or firm sediments play an important role in ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, pollutant metabolism, dispersion and burial, and in secondary production 3.Macro invertebrate species offers a spectrum of responses to environmental stresses and a broad range of responses to different pollutants 4.The food preferences of horseshoe crabs are well studied from the wild environment while the similar studies are still scanty along their nesting ground