Peradaban Lembah Indus
 | |
| Jangkauan geografis | Asia Selatan |
|---|---|
| Periode | Zaman Perunggu |
| Tanggal | ca 3300–ca 1700 BCE[1][2] |
| Didahului oleh | Mehrgarh |
| Diikuti oleh | Periode Weda |
Peradaban Indus,[3] 2800 SM–1800 SM, merupakan sebuah peradaban kuno yang hidup sepanjang Sungai Indus yang sekarang merupakan wilayah Pakistan dan India barat.[4] Peradaban ini juga dikenal peradaban yang berpusat di kota Mohenjo Daro dan Harrapa.[5] Keruntuhan peradaban ini ditengarai disebabkan Sungai Saraswati Veda yang mengalami kekeringan pada sekitar akhir 1900 SM akibat tingkat radiasi matahari yang cukup tinggi sehingga memengaruhi curah hujan di sekitar lembah.[6][7] Para arkeolog mengungkapkan peradaban Lembah Indus merupakan peradaban kuno paling luas yang ditemukan setelah situs peradaban Mesopotamia dan Mesir. Pada tahun 1980 peradaban Lembah Indus ditetapkan sebagai situs warisan dunia oleh UNESCO.[8] [1] [9]
Masyarakat
[sunting | sunting sumber]Orang-orang Dravida atau penutur bahasa Proto-Dravida (leluhur dari Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, dan Malayalam) yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri masih menjadi perdebatan dikalangan para arkeolog.[10] Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara mereka dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih sedikit yang dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang.[11] Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah.[12][13] Hal ini mengakibatkan para peneliti berspekulasi kalau masyarakat Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan peradaban yang hidup bergantung sepenuhnya pada ilmu pengetahuan (sudah meninggalkan praktik keagamaan) dan memiliki filosofi hidup yang tinggi (terlihat dari ketiadaan sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial).[14] Berdasarkan dari peninggalan yang ditemukan, mereka merupakan salah satu peradaban yang sudah maju dengan adanya bukti timbangan dan ukuran yang sudah memiliki standar, ukiran cap, stempel perangko, tembikar dan telah mengenal teknik peleburan logam seperti tembaga, perunggu, dan timah.[11][15] Disamping itu Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan kota yang sangat berkembang, banyak rumah yang memiliki sumur dan kamar mandi serta sistem saluran air bawah tanah yang kompleks.[4][12][16]
Keruntuhan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Keruntuhan peradaban ini diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim pada masa itu menyebabkan zaman es kecil yang mengakibatkan musim kemarau menjadi lebih kering yang berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat peradaban tersebut pindah ke desa-desa kecil di kaki bukit Himalaya. Selain itu pada saat yang sama datang peradaban Indo-Arya dengan membawa peralatan yang lebih canggih.[17] Bangsa Indo-Arya ini ditengarai menyerang masyarakat Lembah Sungai Indus karena di sekitar bekas kota ditemukan sisa kerangka yang seolah-olah menunjukkan bukti kuat adanya penyerbuan.[18] Dugaan lainnya dari keruntuhan peradaban ini adalah disebabkan oleh banjir karena kota ini tampaknya begitu padat penduduk dan banjir telah terjadi berulang kali,[18] namun sayangnya bukti ini dirasa kurang kuat karena tidak seluruh kota hancur oleh banjir.[12] Dugaan lainnya adalah karena perkembangan sosial budaya dari pertanian ke bidang lainnya sehingga kota ini kemudian ditinggalkan.[12]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Daftar lokasi Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus
- Daftar penemuan Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus
- Mohenjo-daro
- Meluhha
- Harappa
- Chanhudaro
- Sindh
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012".
- ^ "Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-09. Diakses tanggal 2018-06-13.
- ^ For example, in the titles of the works used to reference this article by Habib (2015), Marshall (ed., 1931 and 1996), Parpola (2015), Possehl (2002), and Sullivan (1964)
- ^ a b "Indus Valley Civilization". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ Welianto, Ari. Welianto, Ari, ed. "Sejarah Peradaban India Kuno". Kompas.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30.
- ^ Marris, Emma. "Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization". Nature News (dalam bahasa Inggris). doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14800.
- ^ "Climate change led to collapse of ancient Indus civilization, study finds". ScienceDaily (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ "Indus civilization | History, Location, Map, Art, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ Diarsipkan 2006-05-07 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Joseph, Tony (2017-12-23). "Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?". The Hindu (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0971-751X. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ a b M. A., Anthropology; B. Ed., Illinois State University; Twitter, Twitter. "Archaeological Evidence for Indus Civilization Script and Seals". ThoughtCo (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ a b c d "Lost City of Mohenjo Daro Puzzles Archaeologists". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2009-10-09. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ "Early Civilization in the Indus Valley [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ Kota kuno Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa, India
- ^ "Indus River Valley civilizations (article)". Khan Academy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-31.
- ^ Kenoyer, Jonathan M (1991). "The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 5 (4): 353.
- ^ "Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus di Himalaya Runtuh, Ini Penyebabnya".
- ^ a b Welianto, Ari. Welianto, Ari, ed. "Peninggalan dan Runtuhnya Peradaban India Kuno". Kompas.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30.
Bibliografi
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Pustaka tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata Mohenjo-daro.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Indus Valley Civilization.
- An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)
- Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Diarsipkan 2011-06-29 di Wayback Machine.
- Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
- The Indus Script (harappa.com)
- http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
- Horseplay in Harappa Diarsipkan 2005-06-20 di Wayback Machine. article debunking claims of decipherment of the "Indus script"
- Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News
- Indus artefacts
- Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization Diarsipkan 2007-01-01 di Wayback Machine.
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