Kesadaran buatan
Kesadaran buatan[1] (AC), juga dikenal sebagai kesadaran mesin (MC), atau kesadaran sintetis (Gamez 2008; Reggia 2013), adalah bidang yang terkait dengan kecerdasan buatan dan robotika kognitif. Tujuan teori kesadaran buatan adalah untuk "Menentukan apa yang harus disintesis jika kesadaran dapat ditemukan dalam artefak yang direkayasa" (Aleksander 1995).
Neurosains berhipotesis bahwa kesadaran dihasilkan oleh interoperasi berbagai bagian otak, yang disebut korelasi saraf kesadaran (neural correlates of consciousness: NCC), meskipun terdapat kontroversi mengenai perspektif ini. Pendukung AC percaya mengenai adanya kemungkinan membangun sistem (misalnya, sistem komputer) yang dapat meniru interoperasi NCC ini.[2]
Konsep kesadaran buatan juga dibahas dalam filsafat kecerdasan buatan melalui pertanyaan tentang pikiran, kesadaran, dan keadaan mental.[3]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kutipan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Thaler, S. L. (1998). "The emerging intelligence and its critical look at us". Journal of Near-Death Studies. 17 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1023/A:1022990118714.
- ^ Graziano, Michael (2013). Consciousness and the Social Brain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199928644.
- ^ Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach includes the philosophical foundations of AI including the questions of consciousness http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/contents.html, Russell, Stuart J., Norvig, Peter, 2003, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ericsson-Zenith, Steven (2010), Explaining Experience In Nature, Sunnyvale, CA: Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-01, diakses tanggal 2019-10-04
- Aleksander, Igor (1995), Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update, IWANN, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1997-03-02
- Armstrong, David (1968), A Materialist Theory of Mind, Routledge
- Arrabales, Raul (2009), "Establishing a Roadmap and Metrics for Conscious Machines Development" (PDF), Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics, Hong Kong: 94–101, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-07-21
- Baars, Bernard (1988), A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness
, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-30133-6
- Baars, Bernard (1997), In the Theater of Consciousness, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510265-9
- Bickle, John (2003), Philosophy and Neuroscience: A Ruthless Reductive Account, New York, NY: Springer-Verlag
- Block, Ned (1978), "Troubles for Functionalism", Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 9: 261-325
- Block, Ned (1997), On a confusion about a function of consciousness in Block, Flanagan and Guzeldere (eds.) The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates, MIT Press
- Boyles, Robert James M. (2012), Artificial Qualia, Intentional Systems and Machine Consciousness (PDF), Proceedings of the Research@DLSU Congress 2012: Science and Technology Conference, ISSN 2012-3477
- Chalmers, David (1996), The Conscious Mind, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510553-7
- Cotterill, Rodney (2003), "Cyberchild: a Simulation Test-Bed for Consciousness Studies", dalam Holland, Owen, Machine Consciousness, 10 (4–5), Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, hlm. 31–45
- Doan, Trung (2009), Pentti Haikonen's architecture for conscious machines, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-12-15
- Franklin, Stan (1995), Artificial Minds
, Boston, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-06178-0
- Franklin, Stan (2003), "IDA: A Conscious Artefact", dalam Holland, Owen, Machine Consciousness, Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic
- Freeman, Walter (1999), How Brains make up their Minds, London, UK: Phoenix, ISBN 978-0-231-12008-1
- Gamez, David (2008), "Progress in machine consciousness", Consciousness and Cognition, 17 (3): 887–910, doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.005, PMID 17572107
- Haikonen, Pentti (2003), The Cognitive Approach to Conscious Machines
, Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, ISBN 978-0-907845-42-3
- Haikonen, Pentti (2012), Consciousness and Robot Sentience, Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-4407-15-1
- Haikonen, Pentti (2019), Consciousness and Robot Sentience: 2nd Edition, Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-120-504-0
- Koch, Christof (2004), The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach, Pasadena, CA: Roberts & Company Publishers, ISBN 978-0-9747077-0-9
- Lewis, David (1972), "Psychophysical and theoretical identifications", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50 (3): 249–258, doi:10.1080/00048407212341301
- Putnam, Hilary (1967), The nature of mental states in Capitan and Merrill (eds.) Art, Mind and Religion, University of Pittsburgh Press
- Reggia, James (2013), "The rise of machine consciousness: Studying consciousness with computational models", Neural Networks, 44: 112–131, doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2013.03.011, PMID 23597599
- Sanz, Ricardo; López, I; Rodríguez, M; Hernández, C (2007), "Principles for consciousness in integrated cognitive control" (PDF), Neural Networks, 20 (9): 938–946, doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2007.09.012, PMID 17936581
- Searle, John (2004), Mind: A Brief Introduction, Oxford University Press
- Shanahan, Murray (2006), "A cognitive architecture that combines internal simulation with a global workspace", Consciousness and Cognition, 15 (2): 443–449, doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.005, PMID 16384715
- Sun, Ron (December 1999), "Accounting for the computational basis of consciousness: A connectionist approach", Consciousness and Cognition, 8 (4): 529–565, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.42.2681
, doi:10.1006/ccog.1999.0405, PMID 10600249
- Sun, Ron (2001), "Computation, reduction, and teleology of consciousness", Cognitive Systems Research, 1 (4): 241–249, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.20.8764
, doi:10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00013-9
- Takeno, Junichi; Inaba, K; Suzuki, T (June 27–30, 2005), "Experiments and examination of mirror image cognition using a small robot", The 6th IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, Espoo Finland: CIRA 2005: 493–498, doi:10.1109/CIRA.2005.1554325, ISBN 978-0-7803-9355-4
- Cleeremans, Axel (2001), Implicit learning and consciousness (PDF)
- Chalmers, David (2011), "A Computational Foundation for the Study of Cognition", Journal of Cognitive Science, Seoul Republic of Korea: 323–357, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-12-23
Bacaan lanjutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Baars, Bernard; Franklin, Stan (2003). "How conscious experience and working memory interact" (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (4): 166–172. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00056-1. PMID 12691765.
- Casti, John L. "The Cambridge Quintet: A Work of Scientific Speculation", Perseus Books Group, 1998
- Franklin, S, B J Baars, U Ramamurthy, and Matthew Ventura. 2005. The role of consciousness in memory. Brains, Minds and Media 1: 1–38, pdf.
- Haikonen, Pentti (2004), Conscious Machines and Machine Emotions, presented at Workshop on Models for Machine Consciousness, Antwerp, BE, June 2004.
- McCarthy, John (1971–1987), Generality in Artificial Intelligence. Stanford University, 1971-1987.
- Penrose, Roger, The Emperor's New Mind, 1989.
- Sternberg, Eliezer J. (2007) Are You a Machine?: The Brain, the Mind, And What It Means to be Human. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
- Suzuki T., Inaba K., Takeno, Junichi (2005), Conscious Robot That Distinguishes Between Self and Others and Implements Imitation Behavior, (Best Paper of IEA/AIE2005), Innovations in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 18th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, pp. 101–110, IEA/AIE 2005, Bari, Italy, June 22–24, 2005.
- Takeno, Junichi (2006), The Self-Aware Robot -A Response to Reactions to Discovery News-, HRI Press, August 2006.
- Zagal, J.C., Lipson, H. (2009) "Self-Reflection in Evolutionary Robotics", Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp 2179–2188, GECCO 2009.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Artefactual consciousness depiction by Professor Igor Aleksander
- FOCS 2009: Manuel Blum - Can (Theoretical Computer) Science come to grips with Consciousness?
- www.Conscious-Robots.com, Machine Consciousness and Conscious Robots Portal.