Cole crops are widely distributed groups of vegetable. In India Cauliflower and cabbage are culti... more Cole crops are widely distributed groups of vegetable. In India Cauliflower and cabbage are cultivated on large area and considered as a major cole crop. There are several factors which decrease the yield of Cole crops in India. A total 31 insect pest has been reported from cabbage and cauliflower. Among them diamond back moth (Plutellaxy lostella), cabbage borer (Hellula undalis), cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae), painted bug (Bagrada cruiceferum), aphids (Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi and Bravicoryne brassicae) and mustard sawfly (Athelia proxima) are the major one. The insect pests of cole crops are mostly managed with the help of insecticides. But continue exposer of pest to the same insecticides may lead the development of insecticide resistance. Identification and development of other alternatives methods is required at current time. Green pesticides are considered to be the best alternatives of insecticides as it is harmless to biodiversity, no risk of resistance development, and increased the development of beneficial insects. The use of Cotesia plutellae, Telenomus remus, Campoletis chlorideae and Cotesia glomeratus are found effective against P. xylostella, S. litura, H. armigera and P. brassicae, respectively. The application of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) at rate of 250-500 L.E (Larval Equivalent)/ha found effective against P. xylostella, S. litura and H. armigera. In this paper we have compiled the current data on non-insecticidal management of insect pests of cole crops.
Present Investigations were conducted on the Seasonal incidence of Cabbage butterfly, P. brassica... more Present Investigations were conducted on the Seasonal incidence of Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae (L.) on cabbage crop at Crop Research Centre (CRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram (Meerut). The initial population of Cabbage butterfly were recorded from 4th week of November (48standard week) and reached its maximum level of 12.55 larva/plant during (6th standard week) 4th week of January where the temperature and relative humidity was ranged from 19.92°C to 10.07°C (mean 14.99) and 78. 57 to 46.5% (mean 62.53%), respectively. The larval population of cabbage butterfly remains 0.0 till 47 standard week (table 1) and (fig 1). A positive relationship was found between the larval population of P. brassicae and relative humidity where the value of correlation coefficient was r = 0.37 (morning) and r = 0.13 (evening). The same positive relationship of larval population was also found with rainfall (r = 0.43) (table 2).
and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut to evaluate the effect of some novel insecticides against Cabba... more and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut to evaluate the effect of some novel insecticides against Cabbage diamond back moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.). Effect of different insecticides viz Indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 500 ml/ha, spinosad 45.SC@ 500ml/ ha, Cartap hydrochloride 50SP @1kg/ha, Flubendiamide 480SC, Chlorpyriphos @250ml/ha, neem oil @2.00 lit/ha, Beauveria bassiana 2.5Kg/ha and one untreated control. The comparative efficacy of various treatments was tested against the larva of P. xylostella under field conditions on the basis of per cent reduction in larval population. Spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha was found most effective treatment and followed by Indoxacarb 14.5Sc@ 500ml/ha. The treatment with spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha was also found best in terms of cabbage yield (230 kg/ha), where maximum net return was Rs. 29680.00/ha. The cost benefit ratio was also high with Spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha (1:5.57) and Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 1.00kg/ha (1:9.58).
The eggs of butterfly, Pieris brassicaewere collected from cabbage field during FebruaryMarch 201... more The eggs of butterfly, Pieris brassicaewere collected from cabbage field during FebruaryMarch 2018. The collected individuals were transferred into insect collection paper packs and were brought to the laboratory for further study. The caterpillars feed fresh leaves of cabbage. The pupal stage on host plants, adults emerge in mid-spring and eggs lying in bunch on the undersides of outer of leaves. The incubation period of eggs was 4.80±0.45 days while 26-27 days were taken by larvae. The last instar larvae were found to change into pupae by spinning cocoon. The total period of pupae was 7.91±0.80 days. The newly emerged adult were separated and identified. The wing span of male and female were 60 mm and 70mm, respectively. These finding could be used in management of P. brassicae.
Agricultural Science Digest – A Research Journal, 2017
Present studies deal with continuous observation of aphid population on different brassica specie... more Present studies deal with continuous observation of aphid population on different brassica species at every fourteen days interval. Five plants were selected randomly from each plot. The top 10cm terminal portion was used for counting of aphid population. The first appearance of aphid population was found at end of December in Brassica rapa var toria, B. rapa var yellow sarson and Brassica juncea. The correlation coefficients between aphid population and abiotic factors revealed contradictory results. Except for a few instances the abiotic parameters show a low order of association with aphid population. A significant negative correlation of aphid population was found with maximum temperature in B. rapa var toria (r= -0.963**), B. rapa var yellow sarson (r= -0.877*) and B. juncea (r= -0.913*). The population dynamics study of coccinellid beetles revealed that its population increased gradually with the increase of aphid population and vice-versa. In our experiment none of the weathe...
referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of ... more referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to other that results certain behavioral and physiological changes in response in one or both. Infochemicals that mediate interactions between members of the same species are collectively referred to as pheromones, and can be classified as sex pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm pheromone, trail marking pheromone on the basis of their functions etc. Allelochemicals are also infochemicals which cause an insect to respond interspecifically. They include a more number of chemicals than pheromones, and can be grouped into: allomones, kairomones, apneumones and synomones. The idea of infochemicals using for management of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, forestry and storage has been a driving ambition through few decades of pheromone research. Several chemicals have been identified from insects that can be used in monitoring of native and invasi...
The present investigations were carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant Unive... more The present investigations were carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) India. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic behaviour was done by using “pin killed” methodology. Twenty colonies were selected for this study. These colonies were divided into two categories: healthy colonies (HC) and European foul brood infected colonies (IC). Three frames of brood were taken out from every colony and killed by entomological pin. The pin killed brood cells were marked for the purpose of identification and the observations were recorded at 24 h and 48 h. The pin killed brood assay revealed the removal if killed cells within 24 h and 48 h. The mean removal of killed cells by worker bees in IC is significantly higher than in HC. Our study provides a clue of the importance of this behaviour in removal of pest and diseases infected brood from colony.
Brassica is an important group of oil seeds in India growing on 6.6 mha areas with 8.3 mt product... more Brassica is an important group of oil seeds in India growing on 6.6 mha areas with 8.3 mt productions [1]. A number of volatile compounds viz., terpenes, glucosinolates, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and ketones are produce from brassica plants [2]. These volatiles benefit the plant by reducing the impact of herbivore or they can attract specific [3]. Many of the compounds in plants are derived from fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrate [4]. Extraction and identification of volatile compounds is essential for exploring their chemical properties [5]. The study on volatile profile at different growth stage might increase our understanding regarding importance of these volatile compounds in herbivore-plant interaction. Based on this previous knowledge, the comparative volatile profiling analysis of two brassica species (B. rapa var toria and B. rapa var yellow sarson) during three growth stages was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
Electroantennogram response from antennae of male and female, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius) a ... more Electroantennogram response from antennae of male and female, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius) a cotton pest was recorded against hexane extracts of cotton plant (leaves, squares and bolls) as well as with identified synthetic volatile compounds. Different volatile compounds were identified from cotton plant part by gas chromatography–Mass spectrometer techniques. The males and females of D. cingulatus showed its characteristic EAG response to cotton extracts and to fifteen other synthetic (docosane, pentacosane, tetracontane, tricosane, hexatricontane, hexacosane, octatricontane, heneicosane, triacontane, hentriacontane, octadecane, dotriacontane, tetracosane, octacosanoic acid, eiocosanic acid) compounds. Statistically significant differences in EAG response were observed between both sexes. The responses were found to be dose-depended and maximum peak amplitude were recorded by heneicosane, hentriacontane, tricosane and hexatricontane. In female, the largest peak amplitudes were obtained from heneicosane, hentriacontane, tricosane and octatricontane, whereas heneicosane, triacontane, and octatricontane were found to evoke significantly different responses among males. Electroantennogram study of D. cingulatus has manifested the differential sensitivity of antennal receptors to these compounds.
We investigated the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both sexes of shoot and fruit borer, Ea... more We investigated the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both sexes of shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) against host plant [okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] extracts, host-related hydrocarbons (Octadecane, Dodecane, Triacontane, Tridecane, Dotriacontane and Hexadecane) and green leaf volatiles (methyl salicylate, (R)-(+)-limonene, cis-3-hexenyl acetate and 4-hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone). Significant differences in EAG responses were observed between both sexes of E. vittella against okra leaf extract and green leaf volatiles. Green leaf volatiles were found more sensitive to E. vittella than okra extracts and host-related hydrocarbons. Distinctive responses elicited from the different sexes in bollworm suggest the sexual dimorphism and utilization of different odour or cue by both sexes. The functional role of these volatiles could lead to the identification of novel semiochemicals, which can be integrated into pest management strategy.
Different chemical compounds were identified from okra plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrome... more Different chemical compounds were identified from okra plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) techniques. The male and female of Dysdercus cingulatus showed its characteristics EAGs response to okra extracts and to four common synthetic ((R)-(+)-Limonene, Methyl salicylate, Hexyl acetate and 4-Hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone) plant compounds. Statistically no significant differences were observed in EAGs response between both sexes but the response of female was slightly higher than male. The response elicited by okra extracts was significantly higher than synthetic compounds. The dose-response analysis of selected compounds did not differ greatly in appearance according to the dose loaded on filter paper except (R)-(+)-Limonene. Electroantennogram study of D. cingulatus provides evidence that the antennal receptors were differentially sensitive to these compounds.
The present study was carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of A... more The present study was carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar) Uttarakhand. Thirteen hives (Langstroth hive) with nine bee frames strength cell builder colonies were established four days prior to larval grafting by dequeening strong colony. The larval grafting technique was adopted for queen rearing. Frame with thirteen artificial queen cells were grafted in each colony and the maximum no. of acceptance of queen cells was recorded in C 2 (23.00 cells) and C 1 (22.00 cells) colonies. In respect of no. of sealing of accepted cells, the maximum no. of sealing was observed in C 1 (19.00 out of 22.00 cells) and C 2 (19.00 out of 23 cells), whereas, the maximum no. of emergence (15) was recorded in C 1 and C 2 colonies. The newly emerged queens from these cells were weighed three times i.e. three days after emergence; one day after the mating and after start of egg lying. The maximum weight (215.85mg) of queen was recorded from C 4 colony after the onset of oviposition. The purpose of our study is to raise the quality queen from the good colony to remove the bad traits of existing queen.
The present investigations were carried out in apiary,. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic b... more The present investigations were carried out in apiary,. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic behaviour was done by using " pin killed " methodology. Twenty colonies were selected for this study. These colonies were divided into two categories: healthy colonies (HC) and European foul brood infected colonies (IC). Three frames of brood were taken out from every colony and killed by entomological pin. The pin killed brood cells were marked for the purpose of identification and the observations were recorded at 24 h and 48 h. The pin killed brood assay revealed the removal if killed cells within 24 h and 48 h. The mean removal of killed cells by worker bees in IC is significantly higher than in HC. Our study provides a clue of the importance of this behaviour in removal of pest and diseases infected brood from colony.
Present studies deals with a continuous observation of honey bee colony at every 14 days interval... more Present studies deals with a continuous observation of honey bee colony at every 14 days interval. Fifteen colonies were divided into five groups. A square inch (in 2) wire grid was used to measure the cells present on the both side of comb. An increasing and decreasing in the area of eggs, larvae, pollen, brood and honey production was found from June to September. The range of brood and honey production was found from minimum in June to maximum in July. We found maximum 14.35+/-2.99 in 2 (Mean+/-S.D) pollen area in September while the minimum 3.99+/-4.07 in 2 (Mean+/-S.D) during June. A change in the rate of egg-laying and larval population was also found from June to September. Our study revealed that the production of more brood can reduced honey production but when the climate and flow conditions are unfavorable for honey production, brood with bee population have a positive effect on colony productivity.
Cole crops are widely distributed groups of vegetable. In India Cauliflower and cabbage are culti... more Cole crops are widely distributed groups of vegetable. In India Cauliflower and cabbage are cultivated on large area and considered as a major cole crop. There are several factors which decrease the yield of Cole crops in India. A total 31 insect pest has been reported from cabbage and cauliflower. Among them diamond back moth (Plutellaxy lostella), cabbage borer (Hellula undalis), cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae), painted bug (Bagrada cruiceferum), aphids (Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi and Bravicoryne brassicae) and mustard sawfly (Athelia proxima) are the major one. The insect pests of cole crops are mostly managed with the help of insecticides. But continue exposer of pest to the same insecticides may lead the development of insecticide resistance. Identification and development of other alternatives methods is required at current time. Green pesticides are considered to be the best alternatives of insecticides as it is harmless to biodiversity, no risk of resistance development, and increased the development of beneficial insects. The use of Cotesia plutellae, Telenomus remus, Campoletis chlorideae and Cotesia glomeratus are found effective against P. xylostella, S. litura, H. armigera and P. brassicae, respectively. The application of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) at rate of 250-500 L.E (Larval Equivalent)/ha found effective against P. xylostella, S. litura and H. armigera. In this paper we have compiled the current data on non-insecticidal management of insect pests of cole crops.
Present Investigations were conducted on the Seasonal incidence of Cabbage butterfly, P. brassica... more Present Investigations were conducted on the Seasonal incidence of Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae (L.) on cabbage crop at Crop Research Centre (CRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram (Meerut). The initial population of Cabbage butterfly were recorded from 4th week of November (48standard week) and reached its maximum level of 12.55 larva/plant during (6th standard week) 4th week of January where the temperature and relative humidity was ranged from 19.92°C to 10.07°C (mean 14.99) and 78. 57 to 46.5% (mean 62.53%), respectively. The larval population of cabbage butterfly remains 0.0 till 47 standard week (table 1) and (fig 1). A positive relationship was found between the larval population of P. brassicae and relative humidity where the value of correlation coefficient was r = 0.37 (morning) and r = 0.13 (evening). The same positive relationship of larval population was also found with rainfall (r = 0.43) (table 2).
and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut to evaluate the effect of some novel insecticides against Cabba... more and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut to evaluate the effect of some novel insecticides against Cabbage diamond back moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.). Effect of different insecticides viz Indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 500 ml/ha, spinosad 45.SC@ 500ml/ ha, Cartap hydrochloride 50SP @1kg/ha, Flubendiamide 480SC, Chlorpyriphos @250ml/ha, neem oil @2.00 lit/ha, Beauveria bassiana 2.5Kg/ha and one untreated control. The comparative efficacy of various treatments was tested against the larva of P. xylostella under field conditions on the basis of per cent reduction in larval population. Spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha was found most effective treatment and followed by Indoxacarb 14.5Sc@ 500ml/ha. The treatment with spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha was also found best in terms of cabbage yield (230 kg/ha), where maximum net return was Rs. 29680.00/ha. The cost benefit ratio was also high with Spinosad 45SC@ 500ml/ha (1:5.57) and Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 1.00kg/ha (1:9.58).
The eggs of butterfly, Pieris brassicaewere collected from cabbage field during FebruaryMarch 201... more The eggs of butterfly, Pieris brassicaewere collected from cabbage field during FebruaryMarch 2018. The collected individuals were transferred into insect collection paper packs and were brought to the laboratory for further study. The caterpillars feed fresh leaves of cabbage. The pupal stage on host plants, adults emerge in mid-spring and eggs lying in bunch on the undersides of outer of leaves. The incubation period of eggs was 4.80±0.45 days while 26-27 days were taken by larvae. The last instar larvae were found to change into pupae by spinning cocoon. The total period of pupae was 7.91±0.80 days. The newly emerged adult were separated and identified. The wing span of male and female were 60 mm and 70mm, respectively. These finding could be used in management of P. brassicae.
Agricultural Science Digest – A Research Journal, 2017
Present studies deal with continuous observation of aphid population on different brassica specie... more Present studies deal with continuous observation of aphid population on different brassica species at every fourteen days interval. Five plants were selected randomly from each plot. The top 10cm terminal portion was used for counting of aphid population. The first appearance of aphid population was found at end of December in Brassica rapa var toria, B. rapa var yellow sarson and Brassica juncea. The correlation coefficients between aphid population and abiotic factors revealed contradictory results. Except for a few instances the abiotic parameters show a low order of association with aphid population. A significant negative correlation of aphid population was found with maximum temperature in B. rapa var toria (r= -0.963**), B. rapa var yellow sarson (r= -0.877*) and B. juncea (r= -0.913*). The population dynamics study of coccinellid beetles revealed that its population increased gradually with the increase of aphid population and vice-versa. In our experiment none of the weathe...
referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of ... more referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to other that results certain behavioral and physiological changes in response in one or both. Infochemicals that mediate interactions between members of the same species are collectively referred to as pheromones, and can be classified as sex pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm pheromone, trail marking pheromone on the basis of their functions etc. Allelochemicals are also infochemicals which cause an insect to respond interspecifically. They include a more number of chemicals than pheromones, and can be grouped into: allomones, kairomones, apneumones and synomones. The idea of infochemicals using for management of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, forestry and storage has been a driving ambition through few decades of pheromone research. Several chemicals have been identified from insects that can be used in monitoring of native and invasi...
The present investigations were carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant Unive... more The present investigations were carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) India. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic behaviour was done by using “pin killed” methodology. Twenty colonies were selected for this study. These colonies were divided into two categories: healthy colonies (HC) and European foul brood infected colonies (IC). Three frames of brood were taken out from every colony and killed by entomological pin. The pin killed brood cells were marked for the purpose of identification and the observations were recorded at 24 h and 48 h. The pin killed brood assay revealed the removal if killed cells within 24 h and 48 h. The mean removal of killed cells by worker bees in IC is significantly higher than in HC. Our study provides a clue of the importance of this behaviour in removal of pest and diseases infected brood from colony.
Brassica is an important group of oil seeds in India growing on 6.6 mha areas with 8.3 mt product... more Brassica is an important group of oil seeds in India growing on 6.6 mha areas with 8.3 mt productions [1]. A number of volatile compounds viz., terpenes, glucosinolates, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and ketones are produce from brassica plants [2]. These volatiles benefit the plant by reducing the impact of herbivore or they can attract specific [3]. Many of the compounds in plants are derived from fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrate [4]. Extraction and identification of volatile compounds is essential for exploring their chemical properties [5]. The study on volatile profile at different growth stage might increase our understanding regarding importance of these volatile compounds in herbivore-plant interaction. Based on this previous knowledge, the comparative volatile profiling analysis of two brassica species (B. rapa var toria and B. rapa var yellow sarson) during three growth stages was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
Electroantennogram response from antennae of male and female, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius) a ... more Electroantennogram response from antennae of male and female, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius) a cotton pest was recorded against hexane extracts of cotton plant (leaves, squares and bolls) as well as with identified synthetic volatile compounds. Different volatile compounds were identified from cotton plant part by gas chromatography–Mass spectrometer techniques. The males and females of D. cingulatus showed its characteristic EAG response to cotton extracts and to fifteen other synthetic (docosane, pentacosane, tetracontane, tricosane, hexatricontane, hexacosane, octatricontane, heneicosane, triacontane, hentriacontane, octadecane, dotriacontane, tetracosane, octacosanoic acid, eiocosanic acid) compounds. Statistically significant differences in EAG response were observed between both sexes. The responses were found to be dose-depended and maximum peak amplitude were recorded by heneicosane, hentriacontane, tricosane and hexatricontane. In female, the largest peak amplitudes were obtained from heneicosane, hentriacontane, tricosane and octatricontane, whereas heneicosane, triacontane, and octatricontane were found to evoke significantly different responses among males. Electroantennogram study of D. cingulatus has manifested the differential sensitivity of antennal receptors to these compounds.
We investigated the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both sexes of shoot and fruit borer, Ea... more We investigated the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both sexes of shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) against host plant [okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] extracts, host-related hydrocarbons (Octadecane, Dodecane, Triacontane, Tridecane, Dotriacontane and Hexadecane) and green leaf volatiles (methyl salicylate, (R)-(+)-limonene, cis-3-hexenyl acetate and 4-hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone). Significant differences in EAG responses were observed between both sexes of E. vittella against okra leaf extract and green leaf volatiles. Green leaf volatiles were found more sensitive to E. vittella than okra extracts and host-related hydrocarbons. Distinctive responses elicited from the different sexes in bollworm suggest the sexual dimorphism and utilization of different odour or cue by both sexes. The functional role of these volatiles could lead to the identification of novel semiochemicals, which can be integrated into pest management strategy.
Different chemical compounds were identified from okra plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrome... more Different chemical compounds were identified from okra plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) techniques. The male and female of Dysdercus cingulatus showed its characteristics EAGs response to okra extracts and to four common synthetic ((R)-(+)-Limonene, Methyl salicylate, Hexyl acetate and 4-Hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone) plant compounds. Statistically no significant differences were observed in EAGs response between both sexes but the response of female was slightly higher than male. The response elicited by okra extracts was significantly higher than synthetic compounds. The dose-response analysis of selected compounds did not differ greatly in appearance according to the dose loaded on filter paper except (R)-(+)-Limonene. Electroantennogram study of D. cingulatus provides evidence that the antennal receptors were differentially sensitive to these compounds.
The present study was carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of A... more The present study was carried out in apiary, Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar) Uttarakhand. Thirteen hives (Langstroth hive) with nine bee frames strength cell builder colonies were established four days prior to larval grafting by dequeening strong colony. The larval grafting technique was adopted for queen rearing. Frame with thirteen artificial queen cells were grafted in each colony and the maximum no. of acceptance of queen cells was recorded in C 2 (23.00 cells) and C 1 (22.00 cells) colonies. In respect of no. of sealing of accepted cells, the maximum no. of sealing was observed in C 1 (19.00 out of 22.00 cells) and C 2 (19.00 out of 23 cells), whereas, the maximum no. of emergence (15) was recorded in C 1 and C 2 colonies. The newly emerged queens from these cells were weighed three times i.e. three days after emergence; one day after the mating and after start of egg lying. The maximum weight (215.85mg) of queen was recorded from C 4 colony after the onset of oviposition. The purpose of our study is to raise the quality queen from the good colony to remove the bad traits of existing queen.
The present investigations were carried out in apiary,. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic b... more The present investigations were carried out in apiary,. Evaluation of colonies for the hygienic behaviour was done by using " pin killed " methodology. Twenty colonies were selected for this study. These colonies were divided into two categories: healthy colonies (HC) and European foul brood infected colonies (IC). Three frames of brood were taken out from every colony and killed by entomological pin. The pin killed brood cells were marked for the purpose of identification and the observations were recorded at 24 h and 48 h. The pin killed brood assay revealed the removal if killed cells within 24 h and 48 h. The mean removal of killed cells by worker bees in IC is significantly higher than in HC. Our study provides a clue of the importance of this behaviour in removal of pest and diseases infected brood from colony.
Present studies deals with a continuous observation of honey bee colony at every 14 days interval... more Present studies deals with a continuous observation of honey bee colony at every 14 days interval. Fifteen colonies were divided into five groups. A square inch (in 2) wire grid was used to measure the cells present on the both side of comb. An increasing and decreasing in the area of eggs, larvae, pollen, brood and honey production was found from June to September. The range of brood and honey production was found from minimum in June to maximum in July. We found maximum 14.35+/-2.99 in 2 (Mean+/-S.D) pollen area in September while the minimum 3.99+/-4.07 in 2 (Mean+/-S.D) during June. A change in the rate of egg-laying and larval population was also found from June to September. Our study revealed that the production of more brood can reduced honey production but when the climate and flow conditions are unfavorable for honey production, brood with bee population have a positive effect on colony productivity.
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