IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
Recently, the demand for biomass fuel pellet is increasing leading to the use of agricultural was... more Recently, the demand for biomass fuel pellet is increasing leading to the use of agricultural waste as the feedstock alternative to the wood pellet. In this study, the rice husk was developed into fuel pellet and characterized its physical and combustion properties. The pelleting used a flat-die roller type pelleting machine. The pre-treatments were reducing the size and mixing with a 4% gelatinized tapioca starch as the binder. The single pellet had an average diameter of 8 mm, length of 28.7 mm and weight of 1.8 g/pellet. The rice husk bulk density increased from 145 kg/m3 in raw form into 511 kg/m3 in pellet form. There were no significant different changes in pellet dimension after 14 days of pelleting. The combustion properties were analyzed using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The TGA analyses were conducted using oxygen at a flow rate of 50 ml/min; the heating rates were 10°/min, 20°/min and 30°/min heated up to 950°C. This study found that the ignition and the burnout tem...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Agriculture sector contributes highly to the GDP of Indonesia. One of the strategies to increase ... more Agriculture sector contributes highly to the GDP of Indonesia. One of the strategies to increase the agricultural production is by accelerating the application of agricultural mechanization. Due to the limitation of manpower in agriculture, the use of agricultural machinery has increased massively since 2014. The index of mechanization has been leveraged from 0.015 in 1983 to 1.68 in 2018. The use of machinery in agriculture will continue to increase, given the adequacy levels of some machinery are still low. The adequacy level of available machinery was estimated at about 49.2% for 2-wheel tractors, 11.9% for 4-wheel tractors, 39.7% for water pumps. This paper estimates the energy use in agriculture by expanding the previous studies of the mechanization index and the adequacy level of agricultural machinery in Indonesia. Currently, the energy in agriculture is under the category of ‘Other Sector’ based on National Statistical Energy Report. Employing available data, this study esti...
Integrated waste management system (IWM) become a solution for achieving sustainable system. In d... more Integrated waste management system (IWM) become a solution for achieving sustainable system. In developing countries technical and financial limitations combined with lack of public awareness are identified as the barriers in applying the best practice of integrated waste management. However, application of IWM may be desirable for a specific waste stream. This book analyze several options of wet markets waste disposal with a study case in Jakarta city, Indonesia. Some possibilities of viable technologies are assessed. To give clear picture as to how the integrated approaches can deliver more environmental sustainability, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is used. An economic and financial analysis are also included for determining its feasibility. Though, LCA in this study used some generic data from developed countries for options comparison, this method may be useful as a ''first cut'' pre-analysis for planner or decision maker in deciding a sustainable option, espe...
Co-gasification of non-woody biomass with char may induce a more stable gasification process and ... more Co-gasification of non-woody biomass with char may induce a more stable gasification process and reduce tar and bed bridging. This paper presents a preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-char i.e. coal co-gasification using air as the reactant. The influence of char addition in the mix of pellet fuel of cotton gin waste (CGW)-coal and gasification temperature are assessed using a thermodynamic equilibrium model. It is found that fuel compositions can significantly influence the performance and gasification products. Adding the coal can increase the syngas heating value, while increasing the gasification temperatures may lower the syngas heating value. At higher temperatures, the higher the coal ratio in the mix, the higher increment of syngas heating values. The drying and electricity energy need for a typical gin plant with the capacity of 40 bales/hour production is also assessed. The gin utilising CGW only pellet fuel may only be able to fulfil 69% of the energy required from...
Non-woody biomass, having a lower lignin content than woody materials, is a common waste material... more Non-woody biomass, having a lower lignin content than woody materials, is a common waste material found in agricultural processing plants and fields. Non-woody biomass is often bulky and has a comparatively low energy content. However, non-woody materials sourced from agricultural waste are abundant and cheap. Experimental studies into gasification of non-woody biomass have been conducted by various researchers. This paper reviews feedstock characteristics, pre-treatments, gasification methods, and future directions of this technology. Due to the heterogeneous nature of non-woody biomass, it is critical to apply suitable pre-treatments prior to gasification. Combining non-woody biomass with a small percentage of high grade carbon sourced from biochar or coal into fuel pellets for co-gasification has the potential to improve fuel quality. Synergistic effects of non-woody biomass-coal/charcoal co-gasification can also reduce tar formation and increase the occurrence of mineral based catalytic reactions. Factors influencing these effects are often complex and require further investigation. 15–20% of the energy content of fuel pellets may be needed to power the biomass pre-treatment process. The gasification of pelletised non-woody waste provides an attractive alternative fuel source to achieve agricultural energy self-sufficiency and off-grid operation.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
Recently, the demand for biomass fuel pellet is increasing leading to the use of agricultural was... more Recently, the demand for biomass fuel pellet is increasing leading to the use of agricultural waste as the feedstock alternative to the wood pellet. In this study, the rice husk was developed into fuel pellet and characterized its physical and combustion properties. The pelleting used a flat-die roller type pelleting machine. The pre-treatments were reducing the size and mixing with a 4% gelatinized tapioca starch as the binder. The single pellet had an average diameter of 8 mm, length of 28.7 mm and weight of 1.8 g/pellet. The rice husk bulk density increased from 145 kg/m3 in raw form into 511 kg/m3 in pellet form. There were no significant different changes in pellet dimension after 14 days of pelleting. The combustion properties were analyzed using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The TGA analyses were conducted using oxygen at a flow rate of 50 ml/min; the heating rates were 10°/min, 20°/min and 30°/min heated up to 950°C. This study found that the ignition and the burnout tem...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Agriculture sector contributes highly to the GDP of Indonesia. One of the strategies to increase ... more Agriculture sector contributes highly to the GDP of Indonesia. One of the strategies to increase the agricultural production is by accelerating the application of agricultural mechanization. Due to the limitation of manpower in agriculture, the use of agricultural machinery has increased massively since 2014. The index of mechanization has been leveraged from 0.015 in 1983 to 1.68 in 2018. The use of machinery in agriculture will continue to increase, given the adequacy levels of some machinery are still low. The adequacy level of available machinery was estimated at about 49.2% for 2-wheel tractors, 11.9% for 4-wheel tractors, 39.7% for water pumps. This paper estimates the energy use in agriculture by expanding the previous studies of the mechanization index and the adequacy level of agricultural machinery in Indonesia. Currently, the energy in agriculture is under the category of ‘Other Sector’ based on National Statistical Energy Report. Employing available data, this study esti...
Integrated waste management system (IWM) become a solution for achieving sustainable system. In d... more Integrated waste management system (IWM) become a solution for achieving sustainable system. In developing countries technical and financial limitations combined with lack of public awareness are identified as the barriers in applying the best practice of integrated waste management. However, application of IWM may be desirable for a specific waste stream. This book analyze several options of wet markets waste disposal with a study case in Jakarta city, Indonesia. Some possibilities of viable technologies are assessed. To give clear picture as to how the integrated approaches can deliver more environmental sustainability, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is used. An economic and financial analysis are also included for determining its feasibility. Though, LCA in this study used some generic data from developed countries for options comparison, this method may be useful as a ''first cut'' pre-analysis for planner or decision maker in deciding a sustainable option, espe...
Co-gasification of non-woody biomass with char may induce a more stable gasification process and ... more Co-gasification of non-woody biomass with char may induce a more stable gasification process and reduce tar and bed bridging. This paper presents a preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-char i.e. coal co-gasification using air as the reactant. The influence of char addition in the mix of pellet fuel of cotton gin waste (CGW)-coal and gasification temperature are assessed using a thermodynamic equilibrium model. It is found that fuel compositions can significantly influence the performance and gasification products. Adding the coal can increase the syngas heating value, while increasing the gasification temperatures may lower the syngas heating value. At higher temperatures, the higher the coal ratio in the mix, the higher increment of syngas heating values. The drying and electricity energy need for a typical gin plant with the capacity of 40 bales/hour production is also assessed. The gin utilising CGW only pellet fuel may only be able to fulfil 69% of the energy required from...
Non-woody biomass, having a lower lignin content than woody materials, is a common waste material... more Non-woody biomass, having a lower lignin content than woody materials, is a common waste material found in agricultural processing plants and fields. Non-woody biomass is often bulky and has a comparatively low energy content. However, non-woody materials sourced from agricultural waste are abundant and cheap. Experimental studies into gasification of non-woody biomass have been conducted by various researchers. This paper reviews feedstock characteristics, pre-treatments, gasification methods, and future directions of this technology. Due to the heterogeneous nature of non-woody biomass, it is critical to apply suitable pre-treatments prior to gasification. Combining non-woody biomass with a small percentage of high grade carbon sourced from biochar or coal into fuel pellets for co-gasification has the potential to improve fuel quality. Synergistic effects of non-woody biomass-coal/charcoal co-gasification can also reduce tar formation and increase the occurrence of mineral based catalytic reactions. Factors influencing these effects are often complex and require further investigation. 15–20% of the energy content of fuel pellets may be needed to power the biomass pre-treatment process. The gasification of pelletised non-woody waste provides an attractive alternative fuel source to achieve agricultural energy self-sufficiency and off-grid operation.
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