Casali Center of Applied Chemistry

Solving higher order polynomials (order n, with n zero points and with less than n zero points) which can be achieved by using 2nd order polynomials. Each zero point is approached by means of a parabola. Solving higher order polynomial without zero points need first to undergo a polynomial transformation in which a maximum 2 nd order polynomial is subtracted to create (preferably n) artificial zero points. Then the parabola approach is applied and the whole is transformed back. This leads, in excel spreadsheets, to very high accuracies (10^-12 to 10^-15).

Looking at moving objects, this paper tries to make it clear that space, time, mass and energy are conserved and act as if it is all the same. That space and time are also a form of energy. On speeding p or under gravitational situations, space and time " lose " some contribution. The overall factor is the gamma factor; while mass and energy gain, this happens at the cost of space and time, so it seems. This implies the idea that space time, matter and energy are in a linked bond with each other, in such a way that they are mutually conserved. The same is also observed in gravity. Also the Casimir effect directly shows this space, time, energy, mass conservation principle. This calls for a conservation law.

As discussed in the conservation law of Space, Time. Energy and Matter, it was found that there seems to be a very strict conservation law in action, governed by the gamma factor. Increasing speed, and thus energy and mass, seems to go at the cost of 1 space dimension, in the direction of movement and of the proceeding of time (observed by a non-moving observer). This has led to the conclusion that there may be a conservation law in action. Exactly the same appears to happening with mass and thus energy that distorts space and time due to which space-time is deformed. Also there the gamma factor appears units wise speaking. The deformation of space-time appears in such a way that gravitation appears. Following this reasoning this leads to the question whether this conservation law might be the very source of gravitation itself. Basically it is the conservation law upside down and possibly be the very origin/cause of gravity itself.

For long it has been stated that 2 whole numbers or integers a and b in a division a/b, with b is non zero, cannot be an irrational number like √2 or π or any other irrational number. But is this so ?. How are irrational numbers calculated ? Simply spoken; by means of an approach or approximation. Then the question rises; what is wrong with approaching an irrational number by means of a division of 2 whole numbers. For that matter an approach remains an approach, no matter in what way the approach is achieved. Agreed, the whole numbers will be big, no doubt about that, but does that matter ? This paper shows us that size doesn't matter anymore in our modern computerized world. It is shown that with simple excel sheet calculations an approach of √2 and π can be fairly and easily done to an accuracy level of atom or nucleus size (10^-14 m) level with respect to using a unit of 1 meter. With more advanced programs the sky is the limit in using a/b = irrational. The other issue encompasses the meaning of approaching. Is it useful, except for mathematical curiosity, to know a certain irrational number beyond a practical accuracy ? Beyond +/-10^-25 meters there is thus far no practical use for knowing irrational numbers in so much detail, for accuracies smaller than 10^-35 meters there is not even a physical meaning anymore. So finding more decimals is only for mathematical curiosity, testing computer abilities and security coding kind of interest.

Abstract:
Spooky action at a distance – “spukhafte Fernwirkung” -, better known today as entanglement has by now been a verified phenomenon. It turns out that by splitting a particle in 2 the remaining particles can be entangled. By means of entangled particles the features of another particle can be transferred to the far away entangled counter particle. It seemingly happens at greater than light speeds if we at all can speak of speed. These phenomenon forces us to think in different ways with regard to matter, particles, wave functions and information and all that is built from it. It forces us to think in terms of pure mathematical entities and information.

In a recent paper it was suggested that when a particle passes thru one of the slits after it has been observed and thus ends up in either 2 positions, is regarded merely an interaction of that particle with a macroscopic object (detector). In being observed it thus interacts with an object with a far smaller wave length. In this interaction the small particles wave function gets sort of entangled with the observing instrument and therefor is forced to changes its wave function. This leads to a wave function with a far more smaller wavelength. Now that results in a simple 2 spot pattern on the screen as we all know from experiments. Now experiments can also show us what happens on a deeper level.

Abstract: Gravitation and " dark matter " is basically a very simple consequence of the waviness of particles. Now what we see happening at a tsunami can best picture, in spite of how horrible these types of events really are, what happens when space-times curves in a wavy manner. In a tsunami the water recedes. And this receding effect is both gravity on short distances and is the gravity effect of " dark matter " at very long distances. Now the fact that the effects on both space and on time is very small makes that gravitation is weak and that the effect of dark matter goes hardly noticed on relative small scales-that is solar system scales. The fact is we concentrate, in regard to quantum effects of particles, only on the short distance effects but forget the long and very long distance effects. More and more we are learning that a particle is not a local entity but is more spread out over space time then we realize. These long range effects is what we know and experience as gravity and " dark matter " both have the same origin and both have the same type of effect; gravity, short and long range.

The universe can best be described as a spring on high tension. This results in basically 2 phenomena which are known to science. The first is the very existence of particles in all kinds of flavours and time. The second is the accelerated expansion of the universe which led to the acceptation of what is called dark energy. Basically spoken the tension in the universal spring crystallizes inwards into particles, time and evaporates the universe from the edge outwards.

Key words: Cosmology, wave functions, particles, wave functions, accelerated expanding universe.

Since big bodies exert a great gravitation and smaller bodies smaller gravitation, there must be a long sought relationship with the bodies number of particles/wave functions which we know as atoms. Logic dictates that this must be found in the great numbers of them. Each individual particle / wave function must have some contribution to a bend space-time. In order to get a feeling of what numbers and effects we deal with, this subject is here portrayed and excavated to find an entrance into solving this old mystery. There must be some kind of mathematical relationship between the number of particles and the strength of the gravitational field. Estimations based on the earth's mass and the number of particles from the earth's composition gives us a number of about 5,1793*10 51 particles, electrons, protons and neutrons or simpler said 3,5975*10 51 proton/electron combinations. All these particles bring about little less than 9,81 m/s 2 on the earth's surface. That means that the individual effect of 1 particle on the gravitational field is minute, but non-zero none the less.

The postulation of the theory that gravitation is nothing more than the adding up of wave function of material particles of course requires a mathematical backup. That is pictured here. As slightly position shifted wave functions are added up a nice Einsteinian gravitation well arises. As indicated gravity is nothing more than the stretching of space-time on the outskirts of a wave function and due to the concentrating of space-time waviness into a particle. Just like a rubber band that is locally strongly bent (into a strong wavy section) than that goes at the cost of the amount of rubber band further away from the wavy part and thus stretches the rubber band in the far ends of it. For that same reason that space, time, energy and mass are conserved, this is a direct consequence of this principle. If mass/energy is gathered to a local region than that goes at the cost of space-time, via the gamma factor, in the adjacent and further away regions, this is gravity and dark matter. That goes for high speeds as well as high amounts of mass. Here it is graphically pictured how that mathematically functions.

Abstract: The principle is simple; extreme heavy black holes may be capable, to generate such compressive forces in the swirling around material from their neighborhood that it compresses material into neutron stars and more black holes. Also it may be that they can no more than create neutron stars that themselves due to the strong gravitational pull grow to black holes while being sucked in to the massive black hole. These tiny neutron stars and black holes may be under certain circumstances be flung into space and form rogue heavy massive objects at high speeds. The process may be rare, and due to the very strong forces may hardly go noticed since these objects most probably are sucked into the massive black hole, never to be observed, but only once in a while such an object may be flung into space with extreme high velocities.

Key words: Massive black holes, extreme gravitation, miniature neutron stars, miniature black holes, accretion disk.

Abstract:
We know that energy is conserved Ebefore = Eafter. But that must automatically lead to the conclusion that also Space, Time And Mass are mutually conserved due to their relationship with Energy. Hence the Space, Time, Energy And Mass - S.T.E.A.M. – conservation law. We also know that charge, quantum color charge, quantum flavour is conserved and all are representing a different force. This leads to the conclusion that (fundamental and non fundamental) forces are associated with conservation laws, back and forth. That leads also to the conclusion that gravity is hold to obey such a principle and hence gravitation hold its working principle in this. Also quantum mechanically this holds true as is shown with the Casimir force.

Keywords: Space, Time, Energy And Mass-STEAM, conservation laws, fundamental forces, non-fundamental forces, gravity, quantum mechanics, virtual particles, Casimir force.

Abstract:
Life as we know it is unique. Life has only been observed in this entire universe on our own home planet earth. There is a big question roaming around in the science world to find life elsewhere in the universe, but will we find it ? literally billions of dollars, Euro’s, Yen’s and other currencies are being spend, or wasted, with this subject. Has life developed in the rest of the universe. This paper tries to show that it is impossible for life to come to be by itself spontaneously. Then the question remains; how did we get here ?
Keywords: Chemical elements, abiogenesis, evolution, the life spark, spirit, intelligence, the 4th law of thermodynamics.

Abstract:
In 2012 it was stated, by author (1), that there is a 4th law of thermodynamics. In general it says: random energy input to system will lead to destruction or be neutral at best; Random energy input with intelligence or an intelligent object will be constructive, neutral or destructive. In a formula: Ei-Ii ϵ {-1,0}  Λ  Ei+Ii  {-1,0,+1}.

Keywords: Energy input, randomness, systems, neutral effects, destruction construction, intelligence, design, thermodynamics, thermodynamic law.

Life as we know it is unique. Life has only been observed in this entire universe on our own home planet earth. There is a big question roaming around in the science world to find life elsewhere in the universe, but will we find it ? literally billions of dollars, Euro's, Yen's and other currencies are being spend, or wasted, with this subject. Has life developed in the rest of the universe. This paper tries to show that it is impossible for life to come to be by itself spontaneously. Then the question remains; how did we get here ?

In 1974 Steven Hawking published his works on what we know as Hawking radiation. The question is, is that theoretical process realistic and thus valid. This paper shows that it is not a valid process. The simple reason for it is that it is not the black hole delivers the energy but space-time does. The quantum fluctuations are not from within the event horizon.

Recently a paper was published [1] pertaining to generating a gravitational field by accelerating up charged particles. Accomplishing this technically requires stored energy to be transformed into potential energy accelerating the charged particles so that a gravitational field can be generated and to merge with other accelerated particles. Basically, it comes down to the transportation of gravitational energy and the transport of stretched space-time from one system, the energy storage "container" to the other system; the accelerated particles. This shows that stretched space-time-which results in gravity-is nothing more than a form of energy which can simply be transported over larger distances, simply by accelerating the particles to near the velocity of light.

Ever since my fellow country man Hendrik Casimir (1) has theorized the effect that carries his name has been verified we know that virtual particles are real. But there is more: Since less particles pop into and out of existence between 2 conducting plates this must also lead to a reduced mass of a closed system compared to plates, in that same closed system, that are far away from each other or plates stuck together. It may be tiny but is should be measurable.

Spooky action at a distance – “spukhafte Fernwirkung” -, better known today as entanglement has by now been a verified phenomenon. It turns out that by splitting a particle in 2 the remaining particles can be entangled. By means of entangled particles the features of another particle can be transferred to the far away entangled counter particle. Such a phenomenon has also been observed but in a very different way: in a process that is being named  “the collapse of a wave function”. Well basically collapsing and getting entangled are exactly the same thing: the alteration of a wave function of a systems as a whole. And whether these particles are part of a bigger system (detector) or of 2 entangled particles by means of which another feature is transported the basic mechanism is exactly the same: wave function alteration due to entanglement.

Keywords: quantum mechanics, entanglement, wave functions, wave function collapsing, mathematical description of an object

Many people, including very smart scientist people, have accepted that life emerged and developed from chemicals via a hypothetical process known as abiogenesis and later on evolution. Here it is shown, purely mathematically with respect to the supposed formation of proteins (polypeptides or enzymes), that this is simply impossible. The simplest reason to that is due to the overwhelming amount of options nature has to choose from, in combination with a far too slow chemical reaction time which result in a simple lack of time caused by the randomness of natural processes. Creating amino acids is not the problem as is proven by Urey Miller type like experiments [3,4], it is the supposed processes after that, in which randomness is the greatest hindrance. Even when chemical reactions are speeded up to impossible speeds, the simple lack of time remains, dramatically.

Keywords: abiogenesis, amino acids, Urey Miller experiments, life, age of the universe, chemical reaction times, catalysis, random processes, randomness, intelligence