Tetsuya KOSHIISHI

1. Introduction 1.1. Aim The purpose of this paper is to study the nature of collateral adjectives and the Latinate vocabulary in English together with some morphological problems relating to them. English abounds in pairs like the following, in which adjective counterparts are difficult to relate in terms of their shape to the base nouns: (1) spring -- vernal fall (American) -- autumnal dog -- canine wolf -- lupine arm -- brachial iron -- ferric father -- paternal day -- diurnal summer -- aestival winter -- hibernal cat -- feline horse -- equine heart -- cardiac ice -- gelid, glacial mother -- maternal church -- ecclesiastical, ecclesial (2) Pyles -- Algeo (1970: 129) call the above adjectives collateral adjectives (CAs). According to their definition, CAs are "[adjectives which] are closely related in meaning but quite different in form from their corresponding nouns, like equine and horse". It seems that this terminology is strictly theirs, and I have not seen any other literature on word formation referring to it. In the tradition of lexicography, on the other hand, the term CA was once used in the dictionaries published by Funk and Wagnalls in the 1950's. (3) Those dictionaries are peculiar in that they describe CAs in the entry of the base nouns. owever, all of the dictionaries of that company are now out of print and hence we seldom see this term used in the lexicographic field as well. "Collateral" in CA means "[d]escended from the same stock, but in a different line; pertaining to those so descended. Opposed to lineal." (OED "collateral" adj. 4.) CAs are what Leisi (1985) calls dissociated words. According to him, words are consociated if linked by transparent morphology, whereas they are dissociated if morphologically isolated. Note that there are different degrees of dissociation. Examples like paternal (~ father) are probably morphosemantically less opaque, while examples like seismic (~ earthquake) are totally opaque. (4) This is due to the differences in phonological connectability between the base nouns and CAs. However, such connectability if present is normally based on the etymological knowledge and hence is unnoticed by the average speaker. Therefore, we often find the notion of suppletion applicable not only to the CAs of the latter kind but also to those of the former kind. In the present paper, I use the term CAs to mean adjectives of Latinate origin used dissociatively. (5) This means that CAs are embedded in the context of the Latinate vocabulary in English. Such adjectives as rank (~odour, smell, stench) (6) which are of native origin, I do not regard as CAs. Although in its strict sense, vernal is not etymologically collateral to spring (i.e. no "same stock" can be assumed between them etymologically), I still refer to it as a CA because it is an adjective of Latinate origin used dissociatively. One final comment on terminology. I am aware that the distinction between Latinate words and words of Greek origin is not always clear-cut, for instance ornithic, which is often thought to be from Greek, although AHD posits a New Latin form ornithosis from Greek ornis. Such being the case, I would like to use the term Latinate to cover both words of Latinate and Greek origins. 1.2. Basic questions What I would like to address, and try to answer, are the following questions: a) What sort of relationship do CAs have with their base nouns? b) How should we describe the meaning shared by base nouns and CAs? c) What are the grammatical properties of CAs? d) What makes Latinate vocabulary and CAs sociolinguistically or stylistically elevated in English morphology? Concerning the first two questions, I shall conclude that CAs are related to their base nouns on the basis of what I call pseudo-paradigms. Before embarking on this topic, remarks on paradigmatic aspects of derivation are in order. …

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