Sumer

Sumer, southern Mesopotamia (aaj ke southern Iraq) ke sab se puraana sanskriti (civilization) hae. Ii purana Egypt aur Indus Valley Civilization ke saathe dunia ke puraana civilization rahaa. ^[1]

Sumer lagbhag 2500 BC me, Tigris aur Euphrates naddi ke biich me, suruu bhais rahaa. Ii jagha pe jamiin kheti ke khaatir achchhaa rahaa. Sumer ke uske cuniform likhe waala akchhar ke khaatir jaana jaae hae, jisme akchhar ke triangle ke ruup waala reed ke clay me press kar ke banaawa jaawat rahaa. Ii bhi maana jaae hae ki uu log pahiya ke banae rahin, din ke 24 ghantaa me divide kare rahin aur aur ghanta ke 60 minutes me. Sab se puraana chij 3300 BC me Uruk aur Jemdet Nasr city me likha gais rahaa.^[2]

Sumer ke samaj (community) city-state me organised rahaa aur har ek pe ek raja aur ek pandit raj karat rahaa. 3000 BC me Sumer ke Akkad log aapan niche kar liin aur duuno samaj ke biich me sanskriti ke adla badla bhais, jisme ek duusre ke bhasa me baat karna bhi rahaa.^[3]

Dunia ke pahila city ek Sumer city, Eridu rahaa, jon ki Persian Gulf ke coast me rahaa.^[4]

Lagbhag 2000 BC me Sumerian log aapan bhasa aur sanskriti ke khoe diin kaaheki dher duusra jaat ke log uulog ke ilaaka me rahe lagin. Lekin Sumerian bhasa ke dharmik kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa aur school pe parrhawa jaat rahaa.

Sumerian log kaprra ke wool nai to flax, jiske uulog boe ke kaatak rahin, se banaa rahaa. Aurat log ke kaprraa uu log ke right haanth aur kandhaa ke chorr ke, gatai se niche, dehin ke sab hissa ke cover karat rahaa. Admi log aapan kamar se uppar kuchh nai pahinat rahin. Admi log chaahe daarri rakkhat rahin nai to clean shaven rahin. Aurat log lambaa baar rakkhat rahin lekin iske uu log choti guhat rahin. Duuno admi aur aurat earring aur necklace phinat rahin.

References

↑ King, Leonid W. 2015. A history of Sumer and Akkad,also Iraq. ISBN 1522847308
↑ Mark, Joshua J. Cuneiform. 2018. in Ancient History Encyclopedia
↑ Deutscher, Guy 2007. Syntactic change in Akkadian: the evolution of sentential complementation. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3
↑ Leick, Gwendolyn 2003. Mesopotamia, the invention of the city. London: Penguin.

[1] King, Leonid W. 2015. A history of Sumer and Akkad,also Iraq. ISBN 1522847308

[2] Mark, Joshua J. Cuneiform. 2018. in Ancient History Encyclopedia

[3] Deutscher, Guy 2007. Syntactic change in Akkadian: the evolution of sentential complementation. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3

[4] Leick, Gwendolyn 2003. Mesopotamia, the invention of the city. London: Penguin.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]