Books by Mahzarin R. Banaji
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Papers by Mahzarin R. Banaji
Are attitudes affected by the language in which they are expressed? In particular, do individual ... more Are attitudes affected by the language in which they are expressed? In particular, do individual preferences
shift to accord with the cultural values embedded in a given language? To examine these questions, two
experiments tested bilingual participants, administering the same test of implicit attitudes in two languages.
In both studies, participants manifested attitudes that favored social categories associated with the test
language, e.g. more pro-Moroccan attitudes when tested in Arabic as compared with French (Study 1) and
more pro-Spanish attitudes when tested in Spanish as compared with English (Study 2). The effects of
language on elicited preference were large (mean d>.7), providing evidence that preferences are not merely
transmitted through language but also shaped by it.
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A recent Supreme Court decision—Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Co... more A recent Supreme Court decision—Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc.—creates an opening to consider models for repairing the effects of unintended harm. We mention some results from the science of unconscious bias, consider the nature of n-to-n harm, cite recent philosophical arguments about responsibility and note the legal status of intent versus impact in civil rights law. Based on the opportunity presented by Inclusive Communities, we present three options for repairing unintended harm, placing emphasis on market-based solutions, especially insurance.
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Page 1. Malleability in Implicit Stereotypes and Attitudes Siri J. Carpenter, American Psychologi... more Page 1. Malleability in Implicit Stereotypes and Attitudes Siri J. Carpenter, American Psychological Association Mahzarin R. Banaji, Yale University Poster presented at the 2nd annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, February, 2001 Correspondence concerning this research may be addressed to Siri Carpenter, at siri@nasw.org. Page 2.
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The selections in this Part are representative of current theory and research on cognitions about... more The selections in this Part are representative of current theory and research on cognitions about the social world. Within social psychology, mental representations of the self, other persons, and social groups are particularly important topics of study.
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Abstract The current studies investigate whether, and under what conditions, children engage in s... more Abstract The current studies investigate whether, and under what conditions, children engage in system-perpetuating and system-attenuating behaviors when allocating resources to different social groups. In three studies, we presented young children with evidence of social group inequalities and assessed whether they chose to perpetuate or rectify these inequalities.
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1064 CALIFORNIA LAWREVIEW[Vol. 94: 1063 antidiscrimination law alone. 3 Since its inception in th... more 1064 CALIFORNIA LAWREVIEW[Vol. 94: 1063 antidiscrimination law alone. 3 Since its inception in the 1960s, 4 affirmative action has produced volumes of moral, legal, and policy arguments both to justify and undermine its very existence. The original framing and subse quent discourse have been premised largely on historical and moral philosophical arguments, which are now well rehearsed and not especially persuasive to those who disagree.
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Abstract 1. College students, especially women, demonstrated negativity toward math and science r... more Abstract 1. College students, especially women, demonstrated negativity toward math and science relative to arts and language on implicit measures. Group membership (being female), group identity (self= female), and gender stereotypes (math= male) were related to attitudes and identification with mathematics. Stronger implicit math= male stereotypes corresponded with more negative implicit and explicit math attitudes for women but more positive attitudes for men.
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Marianne LaFrance is Professor of Psychology at Boston College. She has been a visi~ ing faculty ... more Marianne LaFrance is Professor of Psychology at Boston College. She has been a visi~ ing faculty fellow at Yale University, the University of California at San Francisco. and Radcliffe College. Her research is concerned with gender, nonverbal communication, lacit knowledge. and the relationship between language and social cognition.
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Some fifty years ago in Arkansas, nine black students initiated a social experiment with help fro... more Some fifty years ago in Arkansas, nine black students initiated a social experiment with help from family, friends, and armed national guards. Their successful attempt to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School following the decision in Brown v. Board of Education is among the most momentous events in America's history, leaving no doubt about its historic importance and the significance of its impact on public policy.
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The search to understand human behavior has, in recent years, taken a turn that we find heartenin... more The search to understand human behavior has, in recent years, taken a turn that we find heartening. There appears to be, across psychology, increasing recognition that robust and useful explanations of human behavior can emerge from crossing traditional levels of analysis. Instead of satisfaction with explanations at any single level, psychologists seem to be incorporating in their interpretive models mechanisms that operate one level" down" and contextual forces that operate one level" up" from their focal phenomenon.
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2 Hillhouse Avenue Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, CT 06520 Phone:(203) 436-1... more 2 Hillhouse Avenue Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, CT 06520 Phone:(203) 436-1551 Email: t. andrew. poehlman@ yale. edu KEYWORDS: Implicit Association Test, implicit measures, implicit attitudes, automatic attitudes, implicit stereotypes, implicit self-concept, implicit social cognition, validity, prediction
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Abstract Resistance to the idea of reparations to descendants of American slaves continues to thi... more Abstract Resistance to the idea of reparations to descendants of American slaves continues to this day. This paper examines the psychological basis and mechanisms of such resistance in white Americans. We began with the hypothesis that resistance to the idea of reparations may stem from the very perception of the cost associated with being black.
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Abstract 1. The authors propose that an indirect measure of self-esteem has the potential of shed... more Abstract 1. The authors propose that an indirect measure of self-esteem has the potential of shedding light on the relationship between personal self-esteem and ingroup favoritism. A potential indirect measure is provided by the Implicit Association Test (IAT: AG Greenwald et al, 1998) which assesses automatic concept-attribute associations.
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Abstract (129 words) This review of 103 studies (140 independent samples, 10,967 subjects), found... more Abstract (129 words) This review of 103 studies (140 independent samples, 10,967 subjects), found average r=. 27 for prediction of a wide collection of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (ie, self-report) measures, available in 2/3 of these studies, also predicted effectively (96 samples, 7,018 subjects, average r=. 33), but were much more heterogeneous in magnitude.
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Abstract Crime alerts are meant to raise community awareness and identify individual criminal sus... more Abstract Crime alerts are meant to raise community awareness and identify individual criminal suspects; they are not expected to affect attitudes and beliefs toward the social group to which an individual suspect belongs. However, psychological principles of learning, categorization, and memory predict that what is learned about an instance can color perception of an entire category.
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But the truth is, we harbor many unconscious���and unethical���biases that derail our decisions a... more But the truth is, we harbor many unconscious���and unethical���biases that derail our decisions and undermine our work as managers. Hidden biases prevent us from recognizing high-potential workers and retaining talented managers. They stop us from collaborating effectively with partners. They erode our teams' performance. They can also lead to costly lawsuits.
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In June 1962, a mysterious case of bug bites alleged to have caused 11 people to suffer" severe n... more In June 1962, a mysterious case of bug bites alleged to have caused 11 people to suffer" severe nausea and breaking out all over the body" made the national evening news. In the 3 weeks following the incident, some 57 of 200 employees of a cloth-and-garment manufacturing plant were stricken by an illness marked by nervousness, nausea, weakness, and numbness and attributed to insects that had arrived in a shipment of cloth from England.
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In a chapter entitled" Age and Human Society" in the 1935 Handbook of Social Psychology, Walter M... more In a chapter entitled" Age and Human Society" in the 1935 Handbook of Social Psychology, Walter Miles chronicled everything a social scientist would want to know about the topic. Yet this all-encompassing treatise, beginning with the insight that" Men are not all equal partly for the reason that they cannot all be born at the same time"(p. 596), had nothing to say about the inequality that old age elicits through the two central psychological processes of attitude and belief: negative feelings and thoughts toward those who are so marked.
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Abstract We argue that the processes of naming and being named contribute critically to the const... more Abstract We argue that the processes of naming and being named contribute critically to the construction of self-identity. Toni Morrison's novel Tar Baby provides a rich source of data to assess this claim. We begin by examining names in the common ground of individuals and of communities. We then consider how names are the tools by which human categories are created.
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Books by Mahzarin R. Banaji
Papers by Mahzarin R. Banaji
shift to accord with the cultural values embedded in a given language? To examine these questions, two
experiments tested bilingual participants, administering the same test of implicit attitudes in two languages.
In both studies, participants manifested attitudes that favored social categories associated with the test
language, e.g. more pro-Moroccan attitudes when tested in Arabic as compared with French (Study 1) and
more pro-Spanish attitudes when tested in Spanish as compared with English (Study 2). The effects of
language on elicited preference were large (mean d>.7), providing evidence that preferences are not merely
transmitted through language but also shaped by it.
shift to accord with the cultural values embedded in a given language? To examine these questions, two
experiments tested bilingual participants, administering the same test of implicit attitudes in two languages.
In both studies, participants manifested attitudes that favored social categories associated with the test
language, e.g. more pro-Moroccan attitudes when tested in Arabic as compared with French (Study 1) and
more pro-Spanish attitudes when tested in Spanish as compared with English (Study 2). The effects of
language on elicited preference were large (mean d>.7), providing evidence that preferences are not merely
transmitted through language but also shaped by it.