Yaren Ket
Yaren Ket (/ ˈkɛt / KET [1]), ko kuma musamman Imbak kuma wanda aka fi sani da Yenisei Ostyak (/ ˈɒstiæk / OSS-tee-ak [2]), yaren Siberian ne da aka daɗe ana tunanin zama keɓewa, shi kaɗai. yaren tsira na dangin harshen Yeniseian. Mutanen Ket suna magana a tsakiyar tsakiyar Yenisei.
Harshen yana fuskantar barazanar bacewa—yawan adadin 'yan kabilar Kets da ke magana da yaren ya ragu da adadin 1,225 a shekara ta 1926 zuwa 537 a 1989. Bisa kididdigar da UNESCO ta yi, wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 150. A shekarar 2005, an ba da rahoton cewa, masu magana da harshen 485 ne. , amma ana zargin wannan lamba ta kumbura[3]. A cewar wata majiyar labarai ta cikin gida, adadin sauran masu magana da Ket yana kusa da 10 zuwa 20.[4]Wani yaren Yeniseian, Yugh, an yi imanin cewa ya ɓace kwanan nan.[5]
Takaddun bayanai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Peter Simon Pallas ne ya buga farkon abin lura game da harshen a cikin 1788 a cikin littafin tarihin balaguro ( Путешествия по разным провинциям Русского Государства, Puteshestviyasudar po raznim provintsiyam Rustvaskogo). Matthias Castrén yana ɗaya daga cikin na ƙarshe da aka sani don nazarin yaren Kott. Castrén ya zauna kusa da kogin Kan tare da mutane biyar na Kott, wanda a cikinsa aka yi imani da cewa su ne na ƙarshe da suka rage da suka yi magana da harshen.[6]A cikin 1858, Castrén ya buga nahawu na farko da ƙamus (Versuch einer jenissei-ostjakischen und Kottischen Sprachlehre), wanda kuma ya haɗa da abu akan yaren Kott. A cikin karni na 19, an yi kuskuren Ket a matsayin kabilar Finno-Ugric Khanty. A. Karger a shekara ta 1934 ya buga nahawu na farko (Кетский язык Ketskij jazyk), da kuma Ket primer (Букварь на кетском языке Bukvar' na ketskom jazyke), kuma wani sabon magani ya bayyana a shekara ta 1968, wanda A. Kreovich ya rubuta.
Yaruka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ket yana da yaruka uku: Kudu, Tsakiya da Arewa. Duk yarukan sun yi kama da juna kuma Kets daga kungiyoyi daban-daban suna iya fahimtar juna. An yi amfani da yaren kudancin da aka fi sani don daidaitaccen rubutaccen Ket.[7]
Sauran yankuna ukun da ke mafi yawan Ket suna magana da yaruka daban-daban. Ana magana da Kudancin Ket a Kellog, Ket ta Tsakiya a cikin Surgutikha da Ket ta Arewa a Maduika.[8]
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasula
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Samfuri:IPA link | Samfuri:IPA link | Samfuri:IPA link |
| Mid | Samfuri:IPA link[lower-alpha 1] | Samfuri:IPA link | Samfuri:IPA link[lower-alpha 1] |
| Open | Samfuri:IPA link[lower-alpha 2] | ||
Buɗe-tsakiyar da aka saba buɗe /ɛ/ da /ɔ/ ana furta su azaman kusa-tsakiyar [e] da [o], bi da bi, lokacin da suke da tsayayyen sautin.
/a/ ya bambanta tsakanin [æ], [a], [ɐ], da [ɑ].
Consonants Vajda yayi nazarin Ket a matsayin yana da wayoyi 12 kawai:
Bugu da ƙari, duk baƙaƙen hanci a cikin Ket suna da allophone marasa murya a ƙarshen kalmar monosyllabic tare da sautin ɗaukaka ko saukowa (watau [m, n, ŋ] sun juya zuwa [m̥, n̥, ŋ̥]), haka kuma, [ɮ] ya zama [ ɬ] a cikin yanayi guda. Ana kiran alveolars sau da yawa laminal kuma mai yiyuwa ne a murɗe su, ko da yake ba a kusa da baƙon uvular ba. /q/ yawanci ana furta shi da alaƙa, kamar [9]
Sautin Bayanin Ket ya bambanta sosai a cikin adadin sautunan da suka bambanta: kusan takwas da kaɗan kamar sifili an ƙidaya. Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan babban rashin jituwa, ko Ket yaren tonal ne ko a’a abin zance ne, [10] ko da yake ayyukan kwanan nan na ƙwararrun Ket Edward Vajda da Stefan Georg sun kare wanzuwar sautin.[10]
A cikin kwatancen tonal, Ket baya amfani da sautin akan kowane saƙon amma a maimakon haka yana amfani da sautin ɗaya kowace kalma. Bayan bayanin Vajda na Kudancin Ket, sautunan asali guda biyar sune kamar haka:[11].
| Tone name | Glottalized | High-even | Rising falling | Falling | Rising high-falling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone contour | [˧˦ʔ] (34’) | [˥] (5) | [˩˧.˧˩] (13.31) | [˧˩] (31) | [˩˧.˥˧] (13.53) |
| Example | [kɛʔt] 'person' |
[sýl] 'blood' |
[su᷈ːl] ([sǔûl]) 'hand sled' |
[qàj] 'elk' |
[bə̌ntân] 'mallard ducks' |
Nahawu Ket an rarraba shi azaman yaren roba. Verbs suna amfani da prefixes, yayin da kari ba kasafai ba. Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwa yana da haɓaka sosai. Rarraba tsakanin morphemes ya dogara ne akan fusion. Sandhi kuma na kowa ne[15]. Mahimmin tsari na kalma shine batun-abu-kayan aiki SOV.[16] Alamar sunan na nau'in Ezāfe ne, iri ɗaya da na tsinkaya.
Misalai na jimloli bu du-taRɔt 'Yana kwance/barci'; ətn en dʌŋ-ɔtn 'Muna tafiya tukuna'; bu ətn d-il'-daŋ-s' 'Ya jawo mu'. Ilimin Halitta Sunaye suna da ainihin shari'o'i na ainihi (masu magana da abubuwa kai tsaye) da tsarin shari'o'i na biyu don dangantakar sarari. Ajin suna uku su ne: Namiji, na mata da marar rai.
Ba kamar harsunan da ke makwabtaka da Siberiya ba, Ket yana amfani da prefixes na magana. Ket yana da ɓangarorin magana guda biyu, ɗaya prefixed da d- ɗaya kuma tare da b-. Prefixes na mutum ɗaya na mutum na biyu akan fi'ilai marasa motsi sune [ku-, ɡu-].
Ket yana amfani da mahimmancin haɗawa. Haɗin kai ba'a iyakance ga sunaye ba, kuma yana iya haɗawa da fi'ili, maganganu, sifofi, da ɗaure nau'i waɗanda aka samu kawai a cikin rawar da aka haɗa. Har ila yau, haɗawa yana faruwa a matsayin tsari na lexicalized - haɗakar fi'ili da haɗawa ana bi da su azaman nau'in lexical daban-daban, tare da ma'anar sau da yawa bisa ga abin da aka haɗa - da kuma ma'ana ɗaya, inda ake yin haɗin gwiwa ba tare da bata lokaci ba don wani tasiri na musamman da na zahiri. [12] Siffofin haɗin kai sun haɗa da:
Haɗin kai, wanda aka fi amfani da shi don bayyana ɓangaren kayan aiki na wani aiki, amma wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don bayyana majiyyata maimakon. Ƙaddamar da kayan aiki ba ya shafar jujjuyawar fi'ili (ko da yake akwai misalan da ake amfani da wannan nau'i na haɗawa don bayyana canje-canje maras wakilci na jihar), yayin da haɗin gwiwar haƙuri zai iya yin amfani da fi'ili mai canzawa. Yawanci ana amfani da haɗakar haƙuri ga marasa lafiya waɗanda wani aiki ke aiwatarwa gaba ɗaya (kamar kasancewarsa da shi); Yawancin marasa lafiya da abin ya shafa galibi ana haɗa su ne kawai lokacin da ba a mayar da hankali sosai ba ko kuma aka ba da baya.[18] Haɗin kai na zahiri, musamman haɗar ƙa'idodin fi'ili (maimakon tushen) cikin hadadden fi'ili. Ana amfani da wannan nau'i na haɗawa don nuna al'amari da samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da su. Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya kawo abubuwan da aka haɗa nasu cikin fi'ili kuma.[19] Haɗin kai, tare da haɗaɗɗen sifa da ke kwatanta manufa ko yanayin ƙarshe na wani aiki.[20] Haɗin kai, inda ake amfani da lafazin gida don bayyana alkibla ko hanyar motsi.[13] a cikin 1930s an ƙirƙira kuma aka yi amfani da haruffan tushen Latin:[14]
| A a | Ā ā | Æ æ | B ʙ | C c | D d | E e | Ē ē | |
| Ə ə | F f | G g | H h | Ꜧ ꜧ | I i | Ī ī | J j | |
| K k | L l | Ļ ļ | M m | N n | Ņ ņ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | |
| Ō ō | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | |
| Ū ū | V v | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь |
In the 1980s a new, Cyrillic-based, alphabet was created:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ӷ ӷ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | М м |
| Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
| У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
| Ә ә | Ы ы | Ь ь | ʼ | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | a |
| Б | B | b |
| В | V | |
| Г | G | |
| Ӷ | ||
| Д | D | d |
| Е | E | |
| Ё | Ē | |
| Ж | Ƶ | |
| З | Z | |
| И | I | i |
| Й | Ī | j |
| К | K | k |
| Ӄ | Q | q |
| Л | L; Ļ | l; lʲ |
| М | M | m |
| Н | N; Ņ | n; nʲ |
| Ӈ | Ŋ | ŋ |
| О | O | ɔ |
| Ө | Ō | o |
| П | P | p |
| Р | R | r; rʲ |
| С | S | s; sʲ |
| Т | T | t |
| У | U | u |
| Ф | F | f |
| Х | H | |
| Ц | ||
| Ч | ||
| Ш | ||
| Щ | ||
| Ъ | ||
| Ә | Ə | |
| Ы | Ь | ɨ |
| Ь | ||
| Э | ||
| Ю | ||
| Я |
Manazart
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#cite_ref-Bauer_2-0
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#cite_ref-Bauer_2-0
- ↑ http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php
- ↑ https://trv-science.ru/2019/09/poslednij-bard-poslednego-naroda/
- ↑ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yug
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#CITEREFGeorg2007
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325449153
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#cite_ref-Vajda_8-0
- ↑ http://wals.info/valuesets/5A-ket
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vajda
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vajda
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#cite_ref-14
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210227113055/https://postnauka.ru/longreads/155721
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_language#cite_ref-24
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