Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthqu... more Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthquakes have repeated at about 500 year interval with the most recent event in the 17th century. Along the Kuril trench, interplate earthquakes with rupture length of 100-200 km occurred in 1952 (Mw 8.1) and 1973 (Mw 7.8), as well as 1843 (M 8.0) and 1894 (M 7.9), which have been considered characteristics of this subduction zone. We review paleoseismological data, examine coastal deformation and tsunami inundation from fault models, and propose a model of earthquake recurrence in the Kuril subduction zone. Pleistocene marine terraces on the Pacific coast show slight net uplift, at an average of 0.1-0.4 mm/yr in the past several hundred thousand years, whereas tide-gauge data show gradual subsidence of 8-9 mm/yr since 1900. Infrequent unusual event (Armageddon) has been inferred (Ikeda, 1996) to resolve this conflict. Holocene stratigraphic and microfossil studies have indicated sea-level changes in the last 3 ka (e.g., Sawai, 2001). Each event is marked by an abrupt upward change from brackish bay deposits to freshwater peat. The youngest change has been dated in the 17th century with an estimated uplift amount of 0.5-1m (Atwater et al., 2003). Such evidence has been found along the 100 km long coast and recurred up to seven times in the last 2.5 ka (Kelsey et al., 2002). Extensive tsunami deposits indicate large prehistoric tsunamis (Nanayama et al., 2003). At Kiritappu, for instance, sand sheets extend 3 km inland, much further than historic tsunamis. Ten sheets of tsunami deposits indicate recurrence of such unusual tsunami with an average recurrence interval of about 500 years. The most recent event occurred in the 17th century. Historic documents in Honshu rules out unusual tsunamis that would cause damage along the Sanriku coast. Tsunami damage from the 1611 and 1677 earthquakes, both along the Japan trench, have been documented along the Sanriku coast. We modeled and examined three types of earthquakes: Armageddon, interplate events, and tsunami earthquakes. The fault extends down to 85 km depth in the Armageddon model, and would cause the coastal uplift. Interplate earthquake fault, down to 50 km depth, would cause slight subsidence of coast. The ocean bottom deformation from the tsunami earthquakes is limited near the trench axis. We also varied fault length along the trench axis as 200 km (single segment) and 300 km (multi-segment). Tsunami numerical modeling from these fault models calculates coastal tsunami heights for the Hokkaido and Honshu coasts and inundation for selected sites where the tsunami deposits were mapped. Only multi-segment fault can explain the tsunami deposits and lack of documented damage on Sanriku coast. The coastal uplift seems to be caused by postseismic deformation along the deeper extent of such infrequent multi-segment interplate earthquakes. To explain the observed uplift, however, postseismic slip larger than the coseismic slip in seismogenic zone is needed.
ABSTRACT Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusua... more ABSTRACT Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthquakes have repeated at about 500 year interval with the most recent event in the 17th century. Along the Kuril trench, interplate earthquakes with rupture length of 100-200 km occurred in 1952 (Mw 8.1) and 1973 (Mw 7.8), as well as 1843 (M 8.0) and 1894 (M 7.9), which have been considered characteristics of this subduction zone. We review paleoseismological data, examine coastal deformation and tsunami inundation from fault models, and propose a model of earthquake recurrence in the Kuril subduction zone. Pleistocene marine terraces on the Pacific coast show slight net uplift, at an average of 0.1-0.4 mm/yr in the past several hundred thousand years, whereas tide-gauge data show gradual subsidence of 8-9 mm/yr since 1900. Infrequent unusual event (Armageddon) has been inferred (Ikeda, 1996) to resolve this conflict. Holocene stratigraphic and microfossil studies have indicated sea-level changes in the last 3 ka (e.g., Sawai, 2001). Each event is marked by an abrupt upward change from brackish bay deposits to freshwater peat. The youngest change has been dated in the 17th century with an estimated uplift amount of 0.5-1m (Atwater et al., 2003). Such evidence has been found along the 100 km long coast and recurred up to seven times in the last 2.5 ka (Kelsey et al., 2002). Extensive tsunami deposits indicate large prehistoric tsunamis (Nanayama et al., 2003). At Kiritappu, for instance, sand sheets extend 3 km inland, much further than historic tsunamis. Ten sheets of tsunami deposits indicate recurrence of such unusual tsunami with an average recurrence interval of about 500 years. The most recent event occurred in the 17th century. Historic documents in Honshu rules out unusual tsunamis that would cause damage along the Sanriku coast. Tsunami damage from the 1611 and 1677 earthquakes, both along the Japan trench, have been documented along the Sanriku coast. We modeled and examined three types of earthquakes: Armageddon, interplate events, and tsunami earthquakes. The fault extends down to 85 km depth in the Armageddon model, and would cause the coastal uplift. Interplate earthquake fault, down to 50 km depth, would cause slight subsidence of coast. The ocean bottom deformation from the tsunami earthquakes is limited near the trench axis. We also varied fault length along the trench axis as 200 km (single segment) and 300 km (multi-segment). Tsunami numerical modeling from these fault models calculates coastal tsunami heights for the Hokkaido and Honshu coasts and inundation for selected sites where the tsunami deposits were mapped. Only multi-segment fault can explain the tsunami deposits and lack of documented damage on Sanriku coast. The coastal uplift seems to be caused by postseismic deformation along the deeper extent of such infrequent multi-segment interplate earthquakes. To explain the observed uplift, however, postseismic slip larger than the coseismic slip in seismogenic zone is needed.
Along the southern Kuril Trench, which faces the Japanese island of Hokkaido, this fast subductio... more Along the southern Kuril Trench, which faces the Japanese island of Hokkaido, this fast subduction generated recurrent earthquakes up to magnitude ~8 in two centuries of written history. Eastern Hokkaido's largest well-documented interplate earthquake, the Tokachi-oki earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 in 1952, shook much of northeast Japan and generated tsunami waves 1-4 m high along the Hokkaido coast.
Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Ex... more Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 339 provide constraints on Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) circulation patterns from the Pliocene epoch to the present day. After the Strait of Gibraltar opened (5.33 million years ago), a limited volume of MOW entered the Atlantic. Depositional hiatuses indicate erosion by bottom currents related to higher volumes of MOW circulating into the North Atlantic, beginning in the late Pliocene. The hiatuses coincide with regional tectonic events and changes in global thermohaline circulation (THC). This suggests that MOW influenced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), THC, and climatic shifts by contributing a component of warm, saline water to northern latitudes while in turn being influenced by plate tectonics.
Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Jan 1, 2006
In the North Atlantic, cold, relatively salty water sinks in the icy Labrador and Greenland seas,... more In the North Atlantic, cold, relatively salty water sinks in the icy Labrador and Greenland seas, forming North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW).This circulates through the global ocean, driving ocean overturning and global heat transport and, thus, impacting global climate. As one of the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth, the North Atlantic has experienced abrupt changes to its oceanatmosphere-cryosphere system, triggered by fluctuations in meltwater delivery to source areas of NADW formation.For about the past 100 thousand years, these abrupt jumps in climate state have manifested as ‘Dansgaard/Oeschger’ (D/O) oscillations (millennial-scale warm-cold oscillations) and 'Heinrich' events in ice and marine sediment cores, respectively [e.g., Dansgaard et al., 1993; Bond and Lotti, 1995]. These Heinrich events are characterized as huge input of ice-rafted debris (IRD) and meltwater pulses, documenting episodes of sudden instability and collapse of the current Greenland ice sheets and the Laurentide ice sheet, the latter of which covered northern North America several times during the Pleistocene Epoch.
... Permissions & Reprints. Reconstruction of the Holocene seismic histor... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Reconstruction of the Holocene seismic history of a seabed fault using relative sea-level curves reconstructed by ostracode assemblages: Case study on the Median Tectonic Line in Iyo-nada Bay, western Japan. ...
Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthqu... more Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthquakes have repeated at about 500 year interval with the most recent event in the 17th century. Along the Kuril trench, interplate earthquakes with rupture length of 100-200 km occurred in 1952 (Mw 8.1) and 1973 (Mw 7.8), as well as 1843 (M 8.0) and 1894 (M 7.9), which have been considered characteristics of this subduction zone. We review paleoseismological data, examine coastal deformation and tsunami inundation from fault models, and propose a model of earthquake recurrence in the Kuril subduction zone. Pleistocene marine terraces on the Pacific coast show slight net uplift, at an average of 0.1-0.4 mm/yr in the past several hundred thousand years, whereas tide-gauge data show gradual subsidence of 8-9 mm/yr since 1900. Infrequent unusual event (Armageddon) has been inferred (Ikeda, 1996) to resolve this conflict. Holocene stratigraphic and microfossil studies have indicated sea-level changes in the last 3 ka (e.g., Sawai, 2001). Each event is marked by an abrupt upward change from brackish bay deposits to freshwater peat. The youngest change has been dated in the 17th century with an estimated uplift amount of 0.5-1m (Atwater et al., 2003). Such evidence has been found along the 100 km long coast and recurred up to seven times in the last 2.5 ka (Kelsey et al., 2002). Extensive tsunami deposits indicate large prehistoric tsunamis (Nanayama et al., 2003). At Kiritappu, for instance, sand sheets extend 3 km inland, much further than historic tsunamis. Ten sheets of tsunami deposits indicate recurrence of such unusual tsunami with an average recurrence interval of about 500 years. The most recent event occurred in the 17th century. Historic documents in Honshu rules out unusual tsunamis that would cause damage along the Sanriku coast. Tsunami damage from the 1611 and 1677 earthquakes, both along the Japan trench, have been documented along the Sanriku coast. We modeled and examined three types of earthquakes: Armageddon, interplate events, and tsunami earthquakes. The fault extends down to 85 km depth in the Armageddon model, and would cause the coastal uplift. Interplate earthquake fault, down to 50 km depth, would cause slight subsidence of coast. The ocean bottom deformation from the tsunami earthquakes is limited near the trench axis. We also varied fault length along the trench axis as 200 km (single segment) and 300 km (multi-segment). Tsunami numerical modeling from these fault models calculates coastal tsunami heights for the Hokkaido and Honshu coasts and inundation for selected sites where the tsunami deposits were mapped. Only multi-segment fault can explain the tsunami deposits and lack of documented damage on Sanriku coast. The coastal uplift seems to be caused by postseismic deformation along the deeper extent of such infrequent multi-segment interplate earthquakes. To explain the observed uplift, however, postseismic slip larger than the coseismic slip in seismogenic zone is needed.
ABSTRACT Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusua... more ABSTRACT Paleoseismological data along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido indicate that unusual earthquakes have repeated at about 500 year interval with the most recent event in the 17th century. Along the Kuril trench, interplate earthquakes with rupture length of 100-200 km occurred in 1952 (Mw 8.1) and 1973 (Mw 7.8), as well as 1843 (M 8.0) and 1894 (M 7.9), which have been considered characteristics of this subduction zone. We review paleoseismological data, examine coastal deformation and tsunami inundation from fault models, and propose a model of earthquake recurrence in the Kuril subduction zone. Pleistocene marine terraces on the Pacific coast show slight net uplift, at an average of 0.1-0.4 mm/yr in the past several hundred thousand years, whereas tide-gauge data show gradual subsidence of 8-9 mm/yr since 1900. Infrequent unusual event (Armageddon) has been inferred (Ikeda, 1996) to resolve this conflict. Holocene stratigraphic and microfossil studies have indicated sea-level changes in the last 3 ka (e.g., Sawai, 2001). Each event is marked by an abrupt upward change from brackish bay deposits to freshwater peat. The youngest change has been dated in the 17th century with an estimated uplift amount of 0.5-1m (Atwater et al., 2003). Such evidence has been found along the 100 km long coast and recurred up to seven times in the last 2.5 ka (Kelsey et al., 2002). Extensive tsunami deposits indicate large prehistoric tsunamis (Nanayama et al., 2003). At Kiritappu, for instance, sand sheets extend 3 km inland, much further than historic tsunamis. Ten sheets of tsunami deposits indicate recurrence of such unusual tsunami with an average recurrence interval of about 500 years. The most recent event occurred in the 17th century. Historic documents in Honshu rules out unusual tsunamis that would cause damage along the Sanriku coast. Tsunami damage from the 1611 and 1677 earthquakes, both along the Japan trench, have been documented along the Sanriku coast. We modeled and examined three types of earthquakes: Armageddon, interplate events, and tsunami earthquakes. The fault extends down to 85 km depth in the Armageddon model, and would cause the coastal uplift. Interplate earthquake fault, down to 50 km depth, would cause slight subsidence of coast. The ocean bottom deformation from the tsunami earthquakes is limited near the trench axis. We also varied fault length along the trench axis as 200 km (single segment) and 300 km (multi-segment). Tsunami numerical modeling from these fault models calculates coastal tsunami heights for the Hokkaido and Honshu coasts and inundation for selected sites where the tsunami deposits were mapped. Only multi-segment fault can explain the tsunami deposits and lack of documented damage on Sanriku coast. The coastal uplift seems to be caused by postseismic deformation along the deeper extent of such infrequent multi-segment interplate earthquakes. To explain the observed uplift, however, postseismic slip larger than the coseismic slip in seismogenic zone is needed.
Along the southern Kuril Trench, which faces the Japanese island of Hokkaido, this fast subductio... more Along the southern Kuril Trench, which faces the Japanese island of Hokkaido, this fast subduction generated recurrent earthquakes up to magnitude ~8 in two centuries of written history. Eastern Hokkaido's largest well-documented interplate earthquake, the Tokachi-oki earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 in 1952, shook much of northeast Japan and generated tsunami waves 1-4 m high along the Hokkaido coast.
Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Ex... more Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 339 provide constraints on Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) circulation patterns from the Pliocene epoch to the present day. After the Strait of Gibraltar opened (5.33 million years ago), a limited volume of MOW entered the Atlantic. Depositional hiatuses indicate erosion by bottom currents related to higher volumes of MOW circulating into the North Atlantic, beginning in the late Pliocene. The hiatuses coincide with regional tectonic events and changes in global thermohaline circulation (THC). This suggests that MOW influenced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), THC, and climatic shifts by contributing a component of warm, saline water to northern latitudes while in turn being influenced by plate tectonics.
Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Jan 1, 2006
In the North Atlantic, cold, relatively salty water sinks in the icy Labrador and Greenland seas,... more In the North Atlantic, cold, relatively salty water sinks in the icy Labrador and Greenland seas, forming North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW).This circulates through the global ocean, driving ocean overturning and global heat transport and, thus, impacting global climate. As one of the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth, the North Atlantic has experienced abrupt changes to its oceanatmosphere-cryosphere system, triggered by fluctuations in meltwater delivery to source areas of NADW formation.For about the past 100 thousand years, these abrupt jumps in climate state have manifested as ‘Dansgaard/Oeschger’ (D/O) oscillations (millennial-scale warm-cold oscillations) and 'Heinrich' events in ice and marine sediment cores, respectively [e.g., Dansgaard et al., 1993; Bond and Lotti, 1995]. These Heinrich events are characterized as huge input of ice-rafted debris (IRD) and meltwater pulses, documenting episodes of sudden instability and collapse of the current Greenland ice sheets and the Laurentide ice sheet, the latter of which covered northern North America several times during the Pleistocene Epoch.
... Permissions & Reprints. Reconstruction of the Holocene seismic histor... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Reconstruction of the Holocene seismic history of a seabed fault using relative sea-level curves reconstructed by ostracode assemblages: Case study on the Median Tectonic Line in Iyo-nada Bay, western Japan. ...
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