Books by László Fosztó
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UNIVERSITATIS BABEŞ-BOLYAI
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Book Chapters by László Fosztó
Anthropology of Transformation. From Europe to Asia and Back, 2022
In this paper I argue that ethnicity in Transylvania, but more broadly in Romania, was historical... more In this paper I argue that ethnicity in Transylvania, but more broadly in Romania, was historically, and remains today, a means of local embeddedness which maintains human categories and rules of interactions, and anchors local socio-economic exchanges. We should not view ethnic categories as representations exclusively dividing society, but should also see them as part of local social integration which can stand against the excesses of xenophobic attempts by centres of power. Ethnic relations in local communities can stand for local forms of tolerance and civility. Transforming these local relations into more antagonistic political forms is not always as easy as politicians engaged in nationalistic propaganda would wish. Policy interventions need to take account of the integrative and solidaritygenerating aspects of ethnic and local identities. I also showed that Roma are rarely assigned advantageous positions by these local categories due to the ethnic and racial prejudices that they suffer.
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Brill's Encyclopedia of Global Pentecostalism Online , 2020
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Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság Évkönyve 26, 2018
Kakas Zoltán – Fosztó László (2018). Falvak, fák, kövek. Beszélgetés a Bao-Bao táborokról, avagy ... more Kakas Zoltán – Fosztó László (2018). Falvak, fák, kövek. Beszélgetés a Bao-Bao táborokról, avagy egy mozgalom emléknyomatai.In Keszeg Vilmos; Szakál Anna (szerk): Korszakok, életművek, események és eredmények az erdélyi néprajzkutatásban. Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság Évkönyve 26., Kolozsvá: Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság. 447–464.
Sepsiszentgyörgyön a Szakszervezetek Művelődési Házában működött a Nemere természetjáró kör, amelyhez diákkoromban csatlakoztam. A kör vezetője, alapítója Kakas Zoltán volt. Hétvégeken rendszeres kirándulásokat, többnyire egynapos gyalogtúrákat szerveztünk Háromszéken, illetve Brassó és Hargita megyében. Az év fénypontja azonban mindig a nyári sátortábor volt, amely külön nevet is viselt: Bao-Bao.A nyolcvanas évek végén ezek a táborok magashegyi túrák voltak, elkerültük a lakott területeket. De beszélgetéseink során kiderült, hogy nem volt mindig így. A Bao valaha komoly néprajzi kutatómunkát is célul tűzött ki, és a résztvevő gyerekek / fiatalok sok mindent megtanultak a helynevekről, hiedelmekről, népi növényismeretről, amely sokuk számára fontos útravalóul szolgált szakmai orientációnk során.
A szöveg egy a beszélgetés szerkesztett átirata , amelyet Kakas Zoltánnal (KZ) folytattam 2007 októberében (Fosztó László – FL). A Bao-Bao épp a negyvenedik évfordulójához közeledett, így alábbi beszélgetés szubjektív visszatekintésként olvasható a közösen eltöltött időkre. A lejegyzett szöveget elküldtem beszélgetőtársamnak, és néhány kérdést telefonbeszélgetés során próbáltunk tisztázni 2018 októberében és ezekkel kiegészítettük a szöveget. Az utóirat kommentárjait is ekkor fűztük a szöveghez.
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The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, 2019
In the past 20 years, Romanian migration has grown from small numbers to one of the largest migra... more In the past 20 years, Romanian migration has grown from small numbers to one of the largest migratory flows in Europe. Much of the literature on this topic covers case studies of the labor migration of ethnic Romanians. In the past few years, there has also emerged literature focusing on the migration of the Romanian Roma. As these two broad topics rarely meet, this paper seeks to provide a more comprehensive view of Romanian migration, focusing on migrants’ social identities and putting together studies on the migration of people with different ethnic backgrounds.
Romania is a rather diverse society, with significant ethnic and religious minorities; therefore, we took into account the diversity of ethno-religious identities rather than considering Romanian identity as a homogeneous category. In order to provide a comprehensive view of migration, the paper distinguishes between ethnic migration, where migrants migrate to their kin-states, labor migration of the majority, where migrants use their social capital in order to migrate, and migration of minorities, where migrants belonging to minorities use ties and networks in the same ethnic group. For the first case, the study analyzed the migration of Romanian Germans and Hungarians; for the second, that of ethnic Romanians; and for the third, the migration of Romanian Roma, a migratory flow that has attracted much attention in the past decade. Using this typology, the paper not only provides a more comprehensive and accurate image of migration from Romania but also discusses how identity and ethnicity can be meaningful categories in migration studies.
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Roma Activism. Reimagining Power and Knowledge, edited by Sam Beck and Ana Ivasiuc, Oxford ; New York: Berghahn Books., 2018
Abstract
Roma activism is often described as part and function of the civic associations or nongo... more Abstract
Roma activism is often described as part and function of the civic associations or nongovernmental organizations. This chapter focuses on the interactions with state-related institutions at the central and local levels. “Activism” is defined as a particular set of roles enacted by persons whose main profession is that of journalists, academics, or civil servants. Based on the ethnography of two series of debates – the first, discussions following the reemergence of ethnic violence in Transylvania and the second, the ‘țigan’ versus ‘Roma’ debate – the chapter argues that the role of the state is essential in analyses of activism.
Keywords
activists; academics; Romanian Roma; Szeklers; Ethnic conflict; Rom / țigan debate
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Open Borders, Unlocked Cultures Romanian Roma Migrants in Western Europe, 2017
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Roma/Zigeunerkulturen in neuen Perspektiven // Roma/Gypsy Cultures in new perspectives. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Ethnologie der Universität Leipzig, 2008
Abstract
This chapter is an analysis of the oath taking practice among the Romungre (Hungarian Gy... more Abstract
This chapter is an analysis of the oath taking practice among the Romungre (Hungarian Gypsies). Swearing an oath is considered a rather dangerous gesture, not only for the individual involved, but also for his or her family members because of the potential supernatural punishment involved in it. Nonetheless, oath taking remains a widespread practice. Drawing on a social anthropological understanding of the language I considered oath as a particular utterance with strong connection to and impact on the immediate social world of the speaker. Oaths either make strong claims about certain past actions or create future obligations. I formulated a working hyphotesis about the possibility of viewing oath taking and practices of religious conversion in a common comparative frame and I developed here the analysis of the oath taking by considering its linguistic structure, social organization, and the religious imagery surrounding it.
Fosztó, László. 2008. Taking the oath: Religious aspects of moral personhood among the Romungre in Jacobs, Fabian / Ries, Johannes (eds.) Roma/Zigeunerkulturen in neuen Perspektiven // Roma/Gypsy Cultures in new perspectives. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Ethnologie der Universität Leipzig/ Reihe: Tsiganologie - Vol 1, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 119-133.
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The postsocialist religious question: faith and power …, Jan 1, 2006
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Breaking the Wall. Representing Anthropology and Anthropological Representations in Post-Communist Eastern Europe, 2003
Fosztó, László. 2003. The Tyrant, the Terrorists and Disruptive Elements: Aliens in the Romanian ... more Fosztó, László. 2003. The Tyrant, the Terrorists and Disruptive Elements: Aliens in the Romanian Revolution of December 1989. In Viorel Anăstăsoaie, Csilla Könczei, Enikő. Magyari-Vincze, and Ovidiu Pecican (coord.) Breaking the Wall. Representing Anthropology and Anthropological Representations in Post-Communist Eastern Europe., p. 71-84. Cultural Analysis Series 6. Cluj-Napoca: EFES p. 71-84.
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Between Past and Future, Jan 1, 2001
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Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and …, Jan 1, 2001
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The legend of Herobrine was born during the recent years among the youth playing Minecraft (a ‘sa... more The legend of Herobrine was born during the recent years among the youth playing Minecraft (a ‘sandbox’ computer game). According to this legend there is a haunting appearance which can unexpectedly disrupt the gameplay by ghost-like behaviour and destructive interventions in both the virtual and real life of the gamer. The canonical version of this legend connects Herobrine to the allegedly dead brother of the creator of the game, Notch. A first interpretation for the legend as a ghost-story is at hand. In this short article I make a suggestion to re-interpret the legend as a narrative summarising the worldview of the Minecraft gamer community, and ultimately forecasting the role of folklore-like narratives for the new generations.
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Lokalitások, határok, találkozások. Tanulmányok erdélyi cigány közösségekről. Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság Évkönyve 15., 2007
Fosztó László. 2007. Beszéd és moralitás: az eskü egy kalotaszegi magyarcigány közösségben. In: S... more Fosztó László. 2007. Beszéd és moralitás: az eskü egy kalotaszegi magyarcigány közösségben. In: Sándor Ilyés and Ferenc Pozsony (eds.). Lokalitások, határok, találkozások. Tanulmányok erdélyi cigány közösségekről. Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság Évkönyve 15.Kolozsvár: Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság, pp. 81-95
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Társadalmi önismeret és nemzeti önazonosság Közép-Európában, 2002
Fosztó László 2002 Van-e cigány nemzettudat?, In Fedinec Csilla (coord.) Társadalmi önismeret és ... more Fosztó László 2002 Van-e cigány nemzettudat?, In Fedinec Csilla (coord.) Társadalmi önismeret és nemzeti önazonosság Közép-Európában., Teleki László Alapítvány, Budapest p. 207-224,
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Books by László Fosztó
Book Chapters by László Fosztó
Sepsiszentgyörgyön a Szakszervezetek Művelődési Házában működött a Nemere természetjáró kör, amelyhez diákkoromban csatlakoztam. A kör vezetője, alapítója Kakas Zoltán volt. Hétvégeken rendszeres kirándulásokat, többnyire egynapos gyalogtúrákat szerveztünk Háromszéken, illetve Brassó és Hargita megyében. Az év fénypontja azonban mindig a nyári sátortábor volt, amely külön nevet is viselt: Bao-Bao.A nyolcvanas évek végén ezek a táborok magashegyi túrák voltak, elkerültük a lakott területeket. De beszélgetéseink során kiderült, hogy nem volt mindig így. A Bao valaha komoly néprajzi kutatómunkát is célul tűzött ki, és a résztvevő gyerekek / fiatalok sok mindent megtanultak a helynevekről, hiedelmekről, népi növényismeretről, amely sokuk számára fontos útravalóul szolgált szakmai orientációnk során.
A szöveg egy a beszélgetés szerkesztett átirata , amelyet Kakas Zoltánnal (KZ) folytattam 2007 októberében (Fosztó László – FL). A Bao-Bao épp a negyvenedik évfordulójához közeledett, így alábbi beszélgetés szubjektív visszatekintésként olvasható a közösen eltöltött időkre. A lejegyzett szöveget elküldtem beszélgetőtársamnak, és néhány kérdést telefonbeszélgetés során próbáltunk tisztázni 2018 októberében és ezekkel kiegészítettük a szöveget. Az utóirat kommentárjait is ekkor fűztük a szöveghez.
Romania is a rather diverse society, with significant ethnic and religious minorities; therefore, we took into account the diversity of ethno-religious identities rather than considering Romanian identity as a homogeneous category. In order to provide a comprehensive view of migration, the paper distinguishes between ethnic migration, where migrants migrate to their kin-states, labor migration of the majority, where migrants use their social capital in order to migrate, and migration of minorities, where migrants belonging to minorities use ties and networks in the same ethnic group. For the first case, the study analyzed the migration of Romanian Germans and Hungarians; for the second, that of ethnic Romanians; and for the third, the migration of Romanian Roma, a migratory flow that has attracted much attention in the past decade. Using this typology, the paper not only provides a more comprehensive and accurate image of migration from Romania but also discusses how identity and ethnicity can be meaningful categories in migration studies.
Roma activism is often described as part and function of the civic associations or nongovernmental organizations. This chapter focuses on the interactions with state-related institutions at the central and local levels. “Activism” is defined as a particular set of roles enacted by persons whose main profession is that of journalists, academics, or civil servants. Based on the ethnography of two series of debates – the first, discussions following the reemergence of ethnic violence in Transylvania and the second, the ‘țigan’ versus ‘Roma’ debate – the chapter argues that the role of the state is essential in analyses of activism.
Keywords
activists; academics; Romanian Roma; Szeklers; Ethnic conflict; Rom / țigan debate
This chapter is an analysis of the oath taking practice among the Romungre (Hungarian Gypsies). Swearing an oath is considered a rather dangerous gesture, not only for the individual involved, but also for his or her family members because of the potential supernatural punishment involved in it. Nonetheless, oath taking remains a widespread practice. Drawing on a social anthropological understanding of the language I considered oath as a particular utterance with strong connection to and impact on the immediate social world of the speaker. Oaths either make strong claims about certain past actions or create future obligations. I formulated a working hyphotesis about the possibility of viewing oath taking and practices of religious conversion in a common comparative frame and I developed here the analysis of the oath taking by considering its linguistic structure, social organization, and the religious imagery surrounding it.
Fosztó, László. 2008. Taking the oath: Religious aspects of moral personhood among the Romungre in Jacobs, Fabian / Ries, Johannes (eds.) Roma/Zigeunerkulturen in neuen Perspektiven // Roma/Gypsy Cultures in new perspectives. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Ethnologie der Universität Leipzig/ Reihe: Tsiganologie - Vol 1, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 119-133.
Sepsiszentgyörgyön a Szakszervezetek Művelődési Házában működött a Nemere természetjáró kör, amelyhez diákkoromban csatlakoztam. A kör vezetője, alapítója Kakas Zoltán volt. Hétvégeken rendszeres kirándulásokat, többnyire egynapos gyalogtúrákat szerveztünk Háromszéken, illetve Brassó és Hargita megyében. Az év fénypontja azonban mindig a nyári sátortábor volt, amely külön nevet is viselt: Bao-Bao.A nyolcvanas évek végén ezek a táborok magashegyi túrák voltak, elkerültük a lakott területeket. De beszélgetéseink során kiderült, hogy nem volt mindig így. A Bao valaha komoly néprajzi kutatómunkát is célul tűzött ki, és a résztvevő gyerekek / fiatalok sok mindent megtanultak a helynevekről, hiedelmekről, népi növényismeretről, amely sokuk számára fontos útravalóul szolgált szakmai orientációnk során.
A szöveg egy a beszélgetés szerkesztett átirata , amelyet Kakas Zoltánnal (KZ) folytattam 2007 októberében (Fosztó László – FL). A Bao-Bao épp a negyvenedik évfordulójához közeledett, így alábbi beszélgetés szubjektív visszatekintésként olvasható a közösen eltöltött időkre. A lejegyzett szöveget elküldtem beszélgetőtársamnak, és néhány kérdést telefonbeszélgetés során próbáltunk tisztázni 2018 októberében és ezekkel kiegészítettük a szöveget. Az utóirat kommentárjait is ekkor fűztük a szöveghez.
Romania is a rather diverse society, with significant ethnic and religious minorities; therefore, we took into account the diversity of ethno-religious identities rather than considering Romanian identity as a homogeneous category. In order to provide a comprehensive view of migration, the paper distinguishes between ethnic migration, where migrants migrate to their kin-states, labor migration of the majority, where migrants use their social capital in order to migrate, and migration of minorities, where migrants belonging to minorities use ties and networks in the same ethnic group. For the first case, the study analyzed the migration of Romanian Germans and Hungarians; for the second, that of ethnic Romanians; and for the third, the migration of Romanian Roma, a migratory flow that has attracted much attention in the past decade. Using this typology, the paper not only provides a more comprehensive and accurate image of migration from Romania but also discusses how identity and ethnicity can be meaningful categories in migration studies.
Roma activism is often described as part and function of the civic associations or nongovernmental organizations. This chapter focuses on the interactions with state-related institutions at the central and local levels. “Activism” is defined as a particular set of roles enacted by persons whose main profession is that of journalists, academics, or civil servants. Based on the ethnography of two series of debates – the first, discussions following the reemergence of ethnic violence in Transylvania and the second, the ‘țigan’ versus ‘Roma’ debate – the chapter argues that the role of the state is essential in analyses of activism.
Keywords
activists; academics; Romanian Roma; Szeklers; Ethnic conflict; Rom / țigan debate
This chapter is an analysis of the oath taking practice among the Romungre (Hungarian Gypsies). Swearing an oath is considered a rather dangerous gesture, not only for the individual involved, but also for his or her family members because of the potential supernatural punishment involved in it. Nonetheless, oath taking remains a widespread practice. Drawing on a social anthropological understanding of the language I considered oath as a particular utterance with strong connection to and impact on the immediate social world of the speaker. Oaths either make strong claims about certain past actions or create future obligations. I formulated a working hyphotesis about the possibility of viewing oath taking and practices of religious conversion in a common comparative frame and I developed here the analysis of the oath taking by considering its linguistic structure, social organization, and the religious imagery surrounding it.
Fosztó, László. 2008. Taking the oath: Religious aspects of moral personhood among the Romungre in Jacobs, Fabian / Ries, Johannes (eds.) Roma/Zigeunerkulturen in neuen Perspektiven // Roma/Gypsy Cultures in new perspectives. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Ethnologie der Universität Leipzig/ Reihe: Tsiganologie - Vol 1, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 119-133.
Keywords: Romanian Roma, post-socialism, European integration, categorial exclusion, social integration
Keywords: Roma human rights, minority protection regime, NGOs, Romani movement
This article focuses on the recent developments of minority protection within the European Union though the case of Roma. The author first draws a sketch of the different models of Roma integration within the majority societies, then focuses on the post-World War Two architecture of the international treaties and monitoring mechanisms. Coming closer to the present, the text presents the political process which led to the establishment of the EU Framework Strategy for Roma inclusion. As a consequence of the second wave of Eastern enlargement of the EU (2007), the mobility of the Romani citizens increased within the European countries. Reactions such as the “the Nomad emergency” in Italy or the deportations of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma by the Sárközy administration created a human rights crisis which exposed that the rights of the Roma citizens are violated not only in their home countries but also at the destination. The EU bodies created the Framework Strategy for Roma inclusion in 2010 with the support of the Council of Europe. The article concludes with a critical assessment of the present situation (post 2020) after the second cycle of the Framework Strategy was launched.
http://www.szociologia.hu/2018_4_szam/
Slavic Review , Volume 83 , Issue 1 , Spring 2024 , pp. 177 - 178
Journal: Játéktér, Issue Year: 2018, Issue No: 4, Page Range: 57-59 Language: Hungarian
At the most general level, I am concerned with the role of religion in the construction of social divisions in postsocialist Romania. While religious belonging seems to be important in maintaining social boundaries, sociological indicators show a relative uniformity of religiosity across different ethnic and religious groups. Old and newly emerging pluralisms have increasingly been publicly acknowledged since the fall of communism, which had enforced uniformity in the public sphere and promoted an ideology of egalitarianism. Today there is a growing public awareness of ‘cultural’ – in most cases equated with ethnic and religious – differences. Socio-economic inequalities have also widened in the postsocialist era, but these trends receive less public attention.
By examining both of these dimensions through an ethnographic study, I address the challenges faced by individuals who attempt to define their place in the new order and
express their identities in the context of broader socio-economic and political transformations. I am concerned with how religious ideas and rituals contribute to thecreation, maintenance, and transformation of people’s sense of belonging and how these practices shape people’s social relationships. On the one hand I inquire into the ways religious ideas and practices create and maintain social solidarity and integration, and on the other, how these same religious practices reproduce separation and exclusion.
Bibliografia de mai jos este primul produs al unei cercetări documentare în domeniul studiilor comunităţilor de romi, fiind o culegere de date a documentelor şi analizelor asupra politicilor publice, sociale, educaţionale etc. din spaţiul european, cu atenţie sporită pe zona Europei Centrale şi de Est, Sud-Est. Cercetarea are ca obiect producerea unei bibliografii adnotate şi cât se poate de completă în domeniu. Culegerea de date bibliografice se adresează cercetătorilor în ştiinţele sociale interesate de problemele romilor şi de relaţiile interetnice, dar va putea servi şi ca un instrument de orientare persoanelor şi instituţiilor active în dezvoltarea comunitară sau celor angajate în îmbunătăţirea situaţiei romilor din România şi din regiunea est-europeană.
The CfP is attached in Englih and Romanian.
Roma in Europe are most often portrayed as marginalised and deprived group living in deep poverty and being also politically disenfranchised. There is a current political discussion on the needs and potentials of social inclusion of the Roma in Europe. These political discussions focus almost exclusively on the secular aspects of social cohesion. Major policy documents like the Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies (2011), the National Roma Inclusion Strategies adopted and implemented by the EU member states (since 2012) and the EU Council Recommendation on effective Roma integration measures in the Member States (2013) all are concerned with domains such education, health, housing and employment. The concept of empowerment is central to these discussions. While this is understandable from a political and institutional perspective; national governments and other state institutions are the main responsible actors for improving the living conditions of the marginalised groups, from the perspective of social sciences one must acknowledge that religious movements has a long record of both social mobilisation and also improving the living conditions of some of the Roma groups.
This analysis will approach the phenomena of Pentecostal conversions among the Roma in Romania with broader implications for Eastern Europe (we have ethnographies form Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Hungary) from a social anthropological angle and aims to 1) overcome the limitations of the ‘deprivation hypothesis’ of religious conversion studies, 2) ground the analysis of conversion on ethnographical detailed descritions and 3) explore the potential of the ‘folk theory of empowerment’ inherent in Pentecostalism and 4) compare with the secular projects of social cohesion and inclusion.
Publisher: ISPMN, 2015
Az RMDSZ 16., Temesváron megszervezett kongresszusa elfogadta az Állásfoglalás a magyar romák egyenlő társadalmi részvételéről című állásfoglalást. A dokumentum szorgalmazza az erdélyi magyar romák integrációját, leszögezve: a százezer fős, magyar nyelvű roma közösség sok szálon kötődik az erdélyi magyarság intézményrendszeréhez. Az állásfoglalás szerint „az RMDSZ 16. kongresszusa kinyilvánítja a magyar romákkal való teljes szolidaritást és azt, hogy őket a magyar közösség egyenrangú tagjainak tekinti”. Hangsúlyozza: alávetettségük megszüntetése „a romákkal szembeni jogos történelmi igazságtétel”. Farkas István Fosztó László antropológus, roma-kutató, a kolozsvári Nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet munkatársa.
https://open.spotify.com/episode/3vEmXfAUFjr08xGabRiaNb?si=toOILxCrSZihEW8xFeHgzw
This article looks at the causes of the local disputes surounding the opening of two school buildings belonging to the Reformed Church built or renovated with the financial support of the Hungarian state and destined to host Hungarian language classes from state educational institutions. I argue that the accusations of ethnic segregation voiced by the officials of the Ministrry of Education (in the caso of Oradea) and the local coucilors (in Huedin) are misplaced. If one really want to understand the reasons behind the local tensions need to reconsider the issue of property rights of the buildngs, flow of resources assurng the sustenability of education, aspects of national ideologies, and the interest of local groups, not forgetting the interest of main beneficiaries of schooling, the local children.
https://transtelex.ro/velemeny/2022/09/06/miert-ujult-ki-a-vita-a-magyar-tannyelvu-kulonallo-iskola-kapcsan-tobb-erdelyi-telepulesen-es-mit-lehet-tenni
https://itthon.transindex.ro/?cikk=29189&miert_szamit_tabutemanak_a_roma_rabszolgasag?_miert_bojkottalja_az_ortodox_egyhaz_a_kutatasokat?
"The present situation is a good example to see the dangers of stigmatising and dehumanising talk which projects a problem, for which thet are not the cause, on a group of people, turning them into scapegoats and opening door for exclusion towards them, or even worse, encourages violence."
Link: https://theanthro.art/after-categorical-exclusion-domains-and-processes-of-social-exclusion-of-the-romanian-roma-laszlo-foszto/
The contribution argues that anthropologists should regularly keep the tradition of preserving anonymity of research participants in published studies unless there are good reasons to do otherwise. The paper introduces a number of examples to illustrate this. Protecting the interest of our interlocutors remains a priority and the researcher has the responsibility to ensure that his work does not cause any harm to individuals he or she works with. There are cases, however, when the identification with personal name is the best way to protect our interlocutor, for example when the cultural expression, artistic production or artifact must be credited to its author. To take the right decision is a test of the professional knowledge of the ethnographer.
Link: http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/view_pdf.php?t=culture&s=c_2_4&l=en
Link: http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/view_pdf.php?t=culture&s=c_3_10&l=en