future is the missing compatibility layer between Python 3 and Python
2. It allows you to maintain a single, clean Python 3.x-compatible
codebase with minimal cruft and run it easily on Python 2 without further
modification.
future comes with futurize, a script that helps you to transition
to supporting both Python 2 and 3 in a single codebase, module by module.
- provides backports and remappings for 15 builtins with different semantics on Py3 versus Py2
- provides backports and remappings from the Py3 standard library
- 300+ unit tests
futurizescript based on2to3,3to2and parts ofpython-modernizefor automatic conversion from either Py2 or Py3 to a clean single-source codebase compatible with Python 2.6+ and Python 3.3+.- a consistent set of utility functions and decorators selected from
Py2/3 compatibility interfaces from projects like
six,IPython,Jinja2,Django, andPandas.
future is designed to be imported at the top of each Python module
together with Python's built-in __future__ module like this:
from __future__ import (absolute_import, division,
print_function, unicode_literals)
from future import standard_library
from future.builtins import *
followed by standard Python 3 code. The imports have no effect on Python 3 but allow the code to run mostly unchanged on Python 3 and Python 2.6/2.7.
For example, this code behaves the same way on Python 2.6/2.7 after these imports as it normally does on Python 3:
# Support for renamed standard library modules via import hooks
from http.client import HttpConnection
from itertools import filterfalse
import html.parser
import queue
# Backported Py3 bytes object
b = bytes(b'ABCD')
assert list(b) == [65, 66, 67, 68]
assert repr(b) == "b'ABCD'"
# These raise TypeErrors:
# b + u'EFGH'
# bytes(b',').join([u'Fred', u'Bill'])
# Backported Py3 str object
s = str(u'ABCD')
assert s != bytes(b'ABCD')
assert isinstance(s.encode('utf-8'), bytes)
assert isinstance(b.decode('utf-8'), str)
assert repr(s) == 'ABCD' # consistent repr with Py3 (no u prefix)
# These raise TypeErrors:
# bytes(b'B') in s
# s.find(bytes(b'A'))
# Extra arguments for the open() function
f = open('japanese.txt', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
# New simpler super() function:
class VerboseList(list):
def append(self, item):
print('Adding an item')
super().append(item)
# New iterable range object with slicing support
for i in range(10**15)[:10]:
pass
# Other iterators: map, zip, filter
my_iter = zip(range(3), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
assert my_iter != list(my_iter)
# The round() function behaves as it does in Python 3, using
# "Banker's Rounding" to the nearest even last digit:
assert round(0.1250, 2) == 0.12
# input() replaces Py2's raw_input() (with no eval()):
name = input('What is your name? ')
print('Hello ' + name)
# Compatible output from isinstance() across Py2/3:
assert isinstance(2**64, int) # long integers
assert isinstance(u'blah', str)
assert isinstance('blah', str) # with unicode_literals in effect
assert isinstance(b'bytestring', bytes)
| Author: | Ed Schofield |
|---|---|
| Sponsor: | Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia, and Python Charmers Pte Ltd, Singapore. http://pythoncharmers.com |
| Others: |
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Copyright 2013-2014 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia. The software is distributed under an MIT licence. See LICENSE.txt.