Modd is a developer tool that triggers commands and manages daemons in response to filesystem changes.
If you use modd, you should also look at devd, a compact HTTP daemon for developers. Devd integrates with modd, allowing you to trigger in-browser livereload with modd.
The repo contains a set of example modd.conf files that you can look at for a quick idea of what modd can do:
| Example | Description |
|---|---|
| frontend.conf | A front-end project with React + Browserify + Babel. Modd and devd replace many functions of Gulp/Grunt. |
| go.conf | Live unit tests for Go. |
| python.conf | Python + Redis, with devd managing livereload. |
Modd is a single binary with no external dependencies, released for OSX, Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD. Go to the releases page, download the package for your OS, and copy the binary to somewhere on your PATH.
Alternatively, with Go 1.17+ installed, you can install modd directly using go install. Please note that CGO is required, so if you happen to have it disabled you will need to prepend the CGO_ENABLED=1 environment variable.
$ go install github.com/cortesi/modd/cmd/modd@latest
Put this in a file called modd.conf:
**/*.go {
prep: go test @dirmods
}
Now run modd like so:
$ modd
The first time modd is run, it will run the tests of all Go modules. Whenever any file with the .go extension is modified, the "go test" command will be run only on the enclosing module.
On startup, modd looks for a file called modd.conf in the current directory. This file has a simple but powerful syntax - one or more blocks of commands, each of which can be triggered on changes to files matching a set of file patterns. The modd.conf file is meant to be portable, and can safely be checked into source repositories. Functionality that users will want to customize (like desktop notifications) is controlled through command-line flags.
Commands have two flavors: prep commands that run and terminate (e.g. compiling, running test suites or running linters), and daemon commands that run and keep running (e.g databases or webservers). Daemons are sent a SIGHUP (by default) when their block is triggered, and are restarted if they ever exit.
Prep commands are run in order of occurrence. If any prep command exits with an error, execution of the current block is stopped immediately. If all prep commands succeed, any daemons in the block are restarted, also in order of occurrence. If multiple blocks are triggered by the same set of changes, they too run in order, from top to bottom.
Here's a modified version of the modd.conf file I use when hacking on devd. It runs the test suite whenever a .go file changes, builds devd whenever a non-test file is changed, and keeps a test instance running throughout.
**/*.go {
prep: go test @dirmods
}
# Exclude all test files of the form *_test.go
**/*.go !**/*_test.go {
prep: go install ./cmd/devd
daemon +sigterm: devd -m ./tmp
}
The @dirmods variable expands to a properly escaped list of all directories containing changed files. When modd is first run, this includes all directories containing matching files. So, this means that modd will run all tests on startup, and then subsequently run the tests only for the affected module whenever there's a change. There's a corresponding @mods variable that contains all changed files.
Note the +sigterm flag to the daemon command. When devd receives a SIGHUP (the default signal sent by modd), it triggers a browser livereload, rather than exiting. This is what you want when devd is being used to serve a web project you're hacking on, but when developing devd itself, we actually want it to exit and restart to pick up changes. We therefore tell modd to send a SIGTERM to the daemon instead, which causes devd to exit and be restarted by modd.
By default modd interprets commands using a built-in POSIX-like
shell. Some external shells are also supported,
and can be used by setting @shell variable in your "modd.conf" file.
Modd batches up changes until there is a lull in filesystem activity - this means that coherent processes like compilation and rendering that touch many files are likely to trigger commands only once. Patterns therefore match on a batch of changed files - when the first match in a batch is seen, the block is triggered.
Patterns and the paths they match against are always in slash-delimited form,
even on Windows. Paths are cleaned and normalised being matched, with redundant
components removed. If the path is within the current working directory, the
normalised path is relative to the current working directory, otherwise it is
absolute. One subtlety is that this means that a pattern like ./*.js will
never match, because inbound paths will not have a leading ./ component - just
use *.js instead.
File patterns can be naked or quoted strings. Quotes can be either single or double quotes, and the corresponding quote mark can be escaped with a backslash within the string:
"**/foo\"bar"
Patterns can be negated with a leading !. For quoted patterns, the exclamation mark goes outside of the quotes. So, this matches all files recursively, bar those with a .html extension and those in the docs directory.
** !**/*.html !"docs/**"
Negations are applied after all positive patterns - that is, modd collects all files matching the positive patterns, then removes files matching the negation patterns.
Common nuisance files like VCS directories, swap files, and so forth are ignored by default. You can list the set of ignored patterns using the -i flag to the modd command. The default ignore patterns can be disabled using the special +noignore flag, like so:
.git/config +noignore {
prep: echo "git config changed"
}
If no match pattern is specified, prep commands run once only at startup, and daemons are restarted if they exit, but won't ever be explicitly signalled to restart by modd.
{
prep: echo hello
}
Modd does not implicitly traverse symlinks. To monitor a symlink, split the path specification and the matching pattern, like this:
mydir/symlinkdir foo.* {
prep: echo changed
}
Behind the scenes, we resolve the symlinked directory as if it was specified directly by the user. This means that if the symlink destination lies outside of the current working directory, the resulting paths for matches, exclusions and commands will be absolute.
File patterns support the following syntax:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
* |
any sequence of non-path-separators |
** |
any sequence of characters, including path separators |
? |
any single non-path-separator character |
[class] |
any single non-path-separator character against a class of characters |
{alt1,...} |
any of the comma-separated alternatives - to avoid conflict with the block specification, patterns with curly-braces should be enclosed in quotes |
Any character with a special meaning can be escaped with a backslash (\).
Character classes support the following:
| Class | Meaning |
|---|---|
[abc] |
any character within the set |
[a-z] |
any character in the range |
[^class] |
any character which does not match the class |
Each file match pattern specification has an associated block, which is enclosed in curly brackets. Blocks contain commands and block-scoped options.
Single-line commands don't need to be quoted:
prep: echo "I'm now rebuilding" | tee /tmp/output
Newlines can be escaped with a backslash for multi-line commands:
prep: ls \
-l \
-a
You can also enclose commands in single or double quotes, letting easily specify compound, multi-statement commands. These can contain anything you'd normally put in a shell script, and the same quoting and escaping conventions apply.
prep: "
ls \
-l \
-a
echo \"hello again\"
echo \"hello yet again\"
"
Within commands, the @ character is treated specially, since it is the marker
for variable replacement. You can include a verbatim @ symbol b escaping it
with a backslash, and backslashes preceding the @ symbol can themselves be
escaped recursively.
@foo = bar
{
prep: echo "@foo" # bar
prep: echo "\@foo" # @foo
prep: echo "\\@foo" # \bar
}
All prep commands in a block are run in order before any daemons are restarted. If any prep command exits with an error, execution stops.
The following variables are automatically generated for prep commands
| Variable | Meaning |
|---|---|
| @mods | On first run, all files matching the block patterns. On subsequent change, a list of all modified files. |
| @confdir | The absolute path of the directory that contains the current modd config file. |
| @dirmods | On first run, all directories containing files matching the block patterns. On subsequent change, a list of all directories containing modified files. |
All file names in variables are relative to the current directory, and shell-escaped for safety. All paths are in slash-delimited form on all pl 8000 atforms.
Given a config file like this, modd will run eslint on all .js files when started, and then after that only run eslint on files if they change:
**/*.js {
prep: eslint @mods
}
By default, prep commands are executed on the initial run of modd. The
+onchange option can be used to skip the initial run, and only execute when
there is a detected change.
*.go {
# only trigger on file changes
prep +onchange: go test
}
Daemons are executed on startup, and are restarted by modd whenever they exit. When a block containing a daemon command is triggered, modd sends a signal to the daemon process group. If the signal causes the daemon to exit, it is immediately restarted by modd - however, it's also common for daemons to do other useful things like reloading configuration in response to signals.
The default signal used is SIGHUP, but the signal can be controlled using modifier flags, like so:
daemon +sigterm: mydaemon --config ./foo.conf
The following signals are supported: sighup, sigterm, sigint, sigkill, sigquit, sigusr1, sigusr2, sigwinch.
Support for signals on Windows is limited. The signal type is ignored, and all daemons are stopped and restarted when a signal would normally be sent.
The following variables are automatically generated for prep commands
| Variable | Meaning |
|---|---|
| @confdir | The absolute path of the directory that contains the current modd config file. |
Modd outputs a short header on the terminal to show which command is responsible for output. This header is calculated from the first non-whitespace line of the command - backslash escapes are removed from the end of the line, comment characters are removed from the beginning, and whitespace is stripped. Using the fact that the shell itself permits comments, you can completely control the log display name.
{
# This will show as "prep: mycommand"
prep: "
mycommand \
--longoption 1 \
--longoption 2
"
# This will show as "prep: daemon 1"
prep: "
# daemon 1
mycommand \
--longoption 1 \
--longoption 2
"
}
The only block option at the moment is indir, which controls the execution directory of a block. Modd will change to this directory before executing commands and daemons, and change back to the previous directory afterwards.
The directory specification follows the same conventions as commands, and can be enclosed in quotes to span multiple lines.
{
indir: ./my/directory
prep: ls
}
Variables are declared as follows:
@variable = value
Variables can only be declared in the global scope (i.e. not inside blocks). All values are strings and follow the same semantics as commands - that is, they can have escaped line endings, or be quoted strings. Variables are read once at startup, and it is an error to re-declare a variable that already exists.
You can use variables in commands like so:
@dst = ./build/dst
** {
prep: ls @dst
}
There is a special "@shell" variable that determines which shell is used to
execute commands. Valid values are modd (the default), bash, sh and
powershell. This variable is set as follows:
@shell = bash
Avoid using the @shell variable if you can - using the built-in shell ensures
that modd.conf files remain portable across platforms.
When the -n flag is specified, modd sends anything sent to stderr from any prep command that exits abnormally to a desktop notifier. Since modd commands are shell scripts, you can redirect or manipulate output to entirely customise what gets sent to notifiers as needed.
At the moment, we support Growl on OSX, and libnotify on Linux and other Unix systems.
For Growl to work, you will need Growl itself to be running, and have the growlnotify command installed. Growlnotify is an additional tool that you can download from the official Growl website.
Libnotify is a general notification framework available on most Unix-like systems. Modd uses the notify-send command to send notifications using libnotify. You'll need to use your system package manager to install libnotify.
Some programs that have colourised output when run on the command-line don't emit colour when run under modd. Users might assume that modd is stripping the colour from the command output, but that is not the case. Well-behaved terminal programs check whether they are connected to a terminal, and if not, disable colour codes in their own output. It is possible to trick a program into believing that a terminal is present through pseudo-terminal emulation, but this is complex and platform dependent and is not a good fit for a simple, reliable tool like modd.
This leaves users with two options:
- Many tools that produce colour output also have a flag to force colour when no terminal is detected, and many logging libraries with human-friendly output do the same. The simplest solution is to work out how to force output and explicitly specify this in your modd configuration.
- There are platform-specific tools you can interpose between modd and the subprocess to emulate a terminal. One example is unbuffer on Linux.
The scripts used to build this package for distribution can be found here.