A Twitter library in PHP.
Copyright (C) 2010-2013 J.M. <me@mynetx.net>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
- PHP 5.3.0 or higher
- CURL extension
- OpenSSL extension
- Authentication
To authenticate your API requests on behalf of a certain Twitter user (following OAuth 1.0a), take a look at these steps:
require_once ('codebird.php');
\Codebird\Codebird::setConsumerKey('YOURKEY', 'YOURSECRET'); // static, see 'Using multiple Codebird instances'
$cb = \Codebird\Codebird::getInstance();You may either set the OAuth token and secret, if you already have them:
$cb->setToken('YOURTOKEN', 'YOURTOKENSECRET');Or you authenticate, like this:
session_start();
if (! isset($_SESSION['oauth_token'])) {
// get the request token
$reply = $cb->oauth_requestToken(array(
'oauth_callback' => 'http://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] . $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']
));
// store the token
$cb->setToken($reply->oauth_token, $reply->oauth_token_secret);
$_SESSION['oauth_token'] = $reply->oauth_token;
$_SESSION['oauth_token_secret'] = $reply->oauth_token_secret;
$_SESSION['oauth_verify'] = true;
// redirect to auth website
$auth_url = $cb->oauth_authorize();
header('Location: ' . $auth_url);
die();
} elseif (isset($_GET['oauth_verifier']) && isset($_SESSION['oauth_verify'])) {
// verify the token
$cb->setToken($_SESSION['oauth_token'], $_SESSION['oauth_token_secret']);
unset($_SESSION['oauth_verify']);
// get the access token
$reply = $cb->oauth_accessToken(array(
'oauth_verifier' => $_GET['oauth_verifier']
));
// store the token (which is different from the request token!)
$_SESSION['oauth_token'] = $reply->oauth_token;
$_SESSION['oauth_token_secret'] = $reply->oauth_token_secret;
// send to same URL, without oauth GET parameters
header('Location: ' . basename(__FILE__));
die();
}
// assign access token on each page load
$cb->setToken($_SESSION['oauth_token'], $_SESSION['oauth_token_secret']);Some API methods also support authenticating on a per-application level.
This is useful for getting data that are not directly related to a specific
Twitter user, but generic to the Twitter ecosystem (such as search/tweets).
To obtain an app-only bearer token, call the appropriate API:
$reply = $cb->oauth2_token();
$bearer_token = $reply->access_token;I strongly recommend that you store the obtained bearer token in your database.
There is no need to re-obtain the token with each page load, as it becomes invalid
only when you call the oauth2/invalidate_token method.
If you already have your token, tell Codebird to use it:
\Codebird\Codebird::setBearerToken('YOURBEARERTOKEN');For sending an API request with app-only auth, see the ‘Usage examples’ section.
- Usage examples
When you have an access token, calling the API is simple:
$cb->setToken($_SESSION['oauth_token'], $_SESSION['oauth_token_secret']); // see above
$reply = (array) $cb->statuses_homeTimeline();
print_r($reply);Tweeting is as easy as this:
$reply = $cb->statuses_update('status=Whohoo, I just tweeted!');For more complex parameters (see the Twitter API documentation), giving all parameters in an array is supported, too:
$params = array(
'screen_name' => 'mynetx'
);
$reply = $cb->users_show($params);When uploading files to Twitter, the array syntax is obligatory:
$params = array(
'status' => 'Look at this crazy cat! #lolcats',
'media[]' => '/home/mynetx/lolcats.jpg'
);
$reply = $cb->statuses_updateWithMedia($params);To send API requests without an access token for a user (app-only auth), add a second parameter to your method call, like this:
$reply = $cb->search_tweets('q=Twitter', true);Bear in mind that not all API methods support application-only auth.
- Mapping API methods to Codebird function calls
As you can see from the last example, there is a general way how Twitter’s API methods map to Codebird function calls. The general rules are:
-
For each slash in a Twitter API method, use an underscore in the Codebird function.
Example:
statuses/updatemaps toCodebird::statuses_update(). -
For each underscore in a Twitter API method, use camelCase in the Codebird function.
Example:
statuses/home_timelinemaps toCodebird::statuses_homeTimeline(). -
For each parameter template in method, use UPPERCASE in the Codebird function. Also don’t forget to include the parameter in your parameter list.
Examples:
statuses/show/:idmaps toCodebird::statuses_show_ID('id=12345').users/profile_image/:screen_namemaps toCodebird::users_profileImage_SCREEN_NAME('screen_name=mynetx').
-
HTTP methods (GET, POST, DELETE etc.)
Never care about which HTTP method (verb) to use when calling a Twitter API. Codebird is intelligent enough to find out on its own.
- Response codes
The HTTP response code that the API gave is included in any return values.
You can find it within the return object’s httpstatus property.
Basically, Codebird leaves it up to you to handle Twitter’s rate limit. The library returns the response HTTP status code, so you can detect rate limits.
I suggest you to check if the $reply->httpstatus property is 400
and check with the Twitter API to find out if you are currently being
rate-limited.
See the Rate Limiting FAQ
for more information.
- Return formats
The default return format for API calls is a PHP object.
For API methods returning multiple data (like statuses/home_timeline),
you should cast the reply to array, like this:
$reply = $cb->statuses_homeTimeline();
$data = (array) $reply;Upon your choice, you may also get PHP arrays directly:
$cb->setReturnFormat(CODEBIRD_RETURNFORMAT_ARRAY);The Twitter API natively responds to API calls in JSON (JS Object Notation). To get a JSON string, set the corresponding return format:
$cb->setReturnFormat(CODEBIRD_RETURNFORMAT_JSON);Support for getting a SimpleXML object is planned.
- Using multiple Codebird instances
By default, Codebird works with just one instance. This programming paradigma is called a singleton.
Getting the main Codebird object is done like this:
$cb = \Codebird\Codebird::getInstance();If you need to run requests to the Twitter API for multiple users at once, Codebird supports this as well. Instead of getting the instance like shown above, create a new object:
$cb1 = new \Codebird\Codebird;
$cb2 = new \Codebird\Codebird;Please note that your OAuth consumer key and secret is shared within multiple Codebird instances, while the OAuth request and access tokens with their secrets are not shared.
First retrieve the user object using
$reply = $cb->users_show("screen_name=$username");
with $username being the username of the account you wish to retrieve the profile image from.
Then get the value from the index profile_image_url or profile_image_url_https of the user object previously retrieved.
For example:
$reply['profile_image_url'] will then return the profile image url without https.
When the user returns from the authentication screen, you need to trade
the obtained request token for an access token, using the OAuth verifier.
As discussed in the section ‘Usage example,’ you use a call to
oauth/access_token to do that.
The API reply to this method call tells you details about the user that just logged in. These details contain the user ID and the screen name.
Take a look at the returned data as follows:
stdClass Object
(
[oauth_token] => 14648265-rPn8EJwfB**********************
[oauth_token_secret] => agvf3L3**************************
[user_id] => 14648265
[screen_name] => mynetx
[httpstatus] => 200
)
If you need to get more details, such as the user’s latest tweet,
you should fetch the complete User Entity. The simplest way to get the
user entity of the currently authenticated user is to use the
account/verify_credentials API method. In Codebird, it works like this:
$reply = $cb->account_verifyCredentials();
print_r($reply);I suggest to cache the User Entity after obtaining it, as the
account/verify_credentials method is rate-limited by 15 calls per 15 minutes.
The Twitter REST API utilizes a technique called ‘cursoring’ to paginate large result sets. Cursoring separates results into pages of no more than 5000 results at a time, and provides a means to move backwards and forwards through these pages.
Here is how you can walk through cursored results with Codebird.
- Get the first result set of a cursored method:
$result1 = $cb->followers_list();- To navigate forth, take the
next_cursor_str:
$nextCursor = $result1->next_cursor_str;- If
$nextCursoris not 0, use this cursor to request the next result page:
if ($nextCursor > 0) {
$result2 = $cb->followers_list('cursor=' . $nextCursor);
}To navigate back instead of forth, use the field $resultX->previous_cursor_str
instead of next_cursor_str.
It might make sense to use the cursors in a loop. Watch out, though,
not to send more than the allowed number of requests to followers/list
per rate-limit timeframe, or else you will hit your rate-limit.
Codebird supports xAuth just like every other authentication used at Twitter. Remember that your application needs to be whitelisted to be able to use xAuth.
Here’s an example:
$reply = $cb->oauth_accessToken(array(
'x_auth_username' => 'username',
'x_auth_password' => '4h3_p4$$w0rd',
'x_auth_mode' => 'client_auth'
));Are you getting a strange error message? If the user is enrolled in login verification, the server will return a HTTP 401 error with a custom body. If you are using the send_error_codes parameter, you will receive the following error message in the response body:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<errors>
<error code="231">User must verify login</error>
</errors>Otherwise, the response body will contain a plaintext response:
User must verify login
When this error occurs, advise the user to generate a temporary password on twitter.com and use that to complete signing in to the application.
Connections to the Twitter API are done over a secured SSL connection. Since 2.4.0, codebird-php checks if the Twitter API server has a valid SSL certificate. Valid certificates have a correct signature-chain. The cacert.pem file contains a list of all public certificates for root certificate authorities. You can find more information about this file at http://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html.
For connecting to Twitter, Codebird uses the cURL library. You can specify both the connection timeout and the request timeout, in milliseconds:
$cb->setConnectionTimeout(2000);
$cb->setTimeout(5000);