zainal zainal

ABSTRACT In char-CO2 gasification, the highly endothermic nature of the Boudouard reaction (CO2 (g) + C (s) ↔ 2CO (g)) dictates use of very high temperatures to shift the equilibrium towards CO production. In this study, such high temperature (750-900 °C) was provided by microwave irradiation. A microwave heating system was developed to perform the gasification tests by passing CO2 through a packed bed of oil palm shell (OPS) char. In order to speed up the microwave-induced CO2 gasification, ash of palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used as natural catalyst (rich in potassium) and incorporated into the skeleton of the OPS char. The synergistic effect of microwave and catalyst concluded to very encouraging results, where a CO2 conversion of 93% was achieved at 900 °C, within 60 min microwave gasification. In comparison, CO2 conversion in thermal gasification (conventional heating) of pristine OPS char was only 58% under the same operating condition.

Palm empty fruit bunch ash (EFB-ash) was used as a natural catalyst, rich in potassium to enhance the CO2 gasification reactivity of palm shell char (PS-char). Various EFB-ash loadings (ranging from 0 to 12.5wt.%) were implemented to improve the reactivity of PS-char during CO2 gasification studies using thermogravimetric analysis. The achieved results explored that the highest gasification reactivity was devoted to 10% EFB-ash loaded char. The SEM-EDS and XRD analyses further confirmed the successful loading of EFB-ash on PS-char which contributed to promoting the gasification reactivity of char. Random pore model was applied to determine the kinetic parameters in catalytic gasification of char at various temperatures of 800-900°C. The dependence of char reaction rate on gasification temperature resulted in a straight line in Arrhenius-type plot, from which the activation energy of 158.75kJ/mol was obtained for the catalytic char gasification.

ABSTRACT The wet impregnation method for catalytic micro-combustor was characterized by using palladium as a catalyst. The main purpose of this study is to increase the surface porosity of the catalyst support. A high surface porosity indicates that a high amount of catalyst was deposited within the surface areas. The performance of the catalytic micro-combustor improves with increasing catalytic surface area. The stainless steel catalyst support was treated with sulfuric acid solution containing polyvinyl (1.19 wt%) and propargyl alcohol (0.98 wt%). Combustion test was performed using LPG-air to test the performance of the catalyst. The surface support treated with polyvinyl (PVA) showed a higher surface porosity and combustion blow-out limit compared with propargyl alcohol. The combustion mode changes from surface to submerged combustion after the catalyst was deposited in the support surface.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the characterization of a micro-cyclone combustor that burns liquefied petroleum gas. The combustor is made of stainless steel and has a reaction chamber volume of 1.15 cm3. Fuel and air are mixed inside the chamber by injecting the fuel perpendicularly to the tangentially injected air. The experiment demonstrates that the flame is sustained inside the micro-combustor over a wide range of fuel flow rates and equivalent ratios. The shapes of the flame are visualized experimentally, and the results indicate that different equivalent ratios produce different flame shapes. Combustion stability measurement exhibits that combustion blowout limit decreases as fuel flow rate increases from 10 sccm to 100 sccm, Wall temperature measurement shows that an equivalent ratio of 1.0 produces the most uniform temperature distribution.

ABSTRACT Biomass is one of the alternatives energy which are abundant, relatively cheap, and widespread availability. This paper is aim to show the process finding according experimental work of wood using suction biomass gasifier. Energy can be extracted from biomass through gasification process. The experiment focuses on woody gasification. A suction biomass gasifier has been built and operated under stable condition which fueled from wood waste and air as gasifying agent. The biomass feeding rate was varied from 3 to 5.5kg/hr. Result show that producer gas contains CO in 20-30% in volume and H2 found to be varying between 14 and16% vol. The low heating value (LHV) from this woody gasification around 4-5 MJ/Nm3. Carbon conversion efficiency also measured as a parameter to indicate biomass-gas conversion.

MITOSIS INDEX STUDY OF ONION PLANT ROOT TIP
TO MAKE MITOSIS SLIDES AS LEARNING MEDIA FOR MITOSIS CELL SUBJECT

Name : Achmad Zainal Abidin
Number : 08030204216
Study Program : S-1
Department : Pendidikan Biologi, Biologi
Faculty                         : Mathematic and Natural Sciences
Name of Institution : The States University of Surabaya
Lecturer : 1. Drs. Johanes Djoko Budiono, M.Si.
  2. Dra. Isnawati, M.Si

The time of cutting root tip plant is an important thing when making mitosis slides with complete phase of mitosis. The Time of Cutting Root Plant has concerned by Mitosis Index (MI). Each of plant has a different time for makes the highest MI. The limited reference for plant MI becomes the main problem for making the mitosis slides so it needs a literature study for plant MI. The other problem in making the mitosis slides is the standard stain that spend a high cost. The use of alternative stain as a substitution of standard nucleus (chromosome stain) to decrease the cost of making mitosis squash.
The objectives of this research are 1) finding alternative plants that can be use as main material for makes slides squash for mitosis observation. 2) finding the reference of onion root tip cutting time to make mitosis squash slides based on the highest value of onion IM. 3) developing alternative stain from skin filtrate of Syzygium cumini as chromosomes staining for mitosis squash slides. 4) Describing feasibility of mitosis slides media about MI with skin filtrate of S. cumini  as a learning media.
This Research uses development research method that focus on Research and Development Method (R&D) and the steps are conducted only by stage of product design study. The data are collected by using observation and study thecnique. Obeservation technique is used to get the quantitative value of Allium MI and study technique used to get the qualitative value about feasibility of mitosis slides media that use filtrate of Syzgium cumini’s skin fruit as a stain.
Result of this research are 1) Allium sativum, A. cepa and A.  fistolusum can be use as an alternative main material to make  mitosis squash slides. 2) The time of the root tip cutting of the onion plants to be used as a reference in making mitosis slides squash found within different based on the time of the discovery of the value of the highest MI. The Highest MI for A. sativum was observed at 09.00 WIT (11,410%); for A. cepa at 12.00 WIT (11,326%) and for A. fistulosum at 06.00 WIT (12,617%). 3) Filtrate of  fruit skin Syzygium cumini can be use as alternative stain for staining the nucleus (chromosomes). 4) Feasibility of Allium root tip meristem as a mitosis squash slides media with MI that use filtrate of fruit skin S. cumini as stain have various value between 81%-100% with a viable category so that it can be used as a as a slides media for observation of mitosis cell divison.
Key Words: Mitosis index, root tip, onion plant, mitosis slides media, learning media, cell division

Waktu pemotongan ujung akar tanaman sangat penting dalam membuat preparat mitosis dengan fase lengkap. Waktu pemotongan ujung akar terkait dengan indeks mitosis (IM) tanaman. Setiap tanaman memiliki waktu yang berbeda-beda dimana terjadi IM tertinggi. Terbatasnya referensi IM tanaman menjadi kendala utama dalam pembuatan preparat mitosis sehingga diperlukan studi IM tanaman. Kendala lain dalam pembuatan preparat mitosis adalah pewarna baku yang harganya cukup mahal. Penggunaan pewarna alternatif sebagai pengganti zat warna baku inti sel / kromosom dapat menekan biaya pembuatan mitosis squash.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Menemukan tanaman alternatif yang dapat digunakan sebagai utama pembuatan preparat squash untuk pengamatan mitosis 2) Menemukan acuan waktu pemotongan ujung akar tanaman bawang untuk pembuatan preparat mitosis yang didasarkan pada nilai indeks mitosis tertinggi tanaman bawang 3) Mengembangkan pewarna alternatif dari filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini untuk pemulasan kromosom dalam pembuatan preparat mitosis 4) Mendeskripsikan kelayakan media preparat mitosis tentang indeks mitosis yang menggunakan pewarna filtrat kulit  buah S. cumini sebagai media pembelajaran.
Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan mengacu pada metode Research and Development (R&D) yang hanya dilakukan sampai tahap telaah desain produk. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi dan telaah. Teknik observasi digunakan untuk memperoleh data kuantitatif tentang nilai IM Allium, sedangkan teknik telaah digunakan untuk memperoleh data kualitatif tentang kelayakan media preparat mitosis menggunakan pewarna filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini.
Hasil penelitian ini adalah 1) Allium sativum, A. cepa dan A. fistulosum dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan utama alternatif pembuatan preparat mitosis squash. 2) Waktu pemotongan ujung akar tanaman bawang untuk digunakan sebagai acuan dalam pembuatan preparat mitosis ditemukan dalam waktu yang berbeda-beda berdasarkan pada waktu ditemukannya nilai Indeks Mitosis (IM) tertinggi. IM A. sativum tertinggi terjadi pada jam 09.00 WIB dengan nilai 11.410%; IM A. cepa tertinggi terjadi pada jam 12.00 WIB dengan nilai 11.326%; sedangkan IM A. fistulosum tertinggi terjadi pada jam 06.00 WIB dengan nilai 12.617%. 3) Filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna alternatif untuk mewarnai inti sel / kromosom. 4) Kelayakan media preparat mitosis squash meristem ujung akar Allium tentang indeks mitosis yang menggunakan pewarna filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini memperoleh nilai bervariasi antara 81%-100% dengan kategori sangat layak sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai media preparat untuk pengamatan pembelahan mitosis sel.
Kata kunci : Indeks mitosis, ujung akar, tanaman bawang, media preparat mitosis, media pembelajaran, pembelahan sel.


The time of cutting root tip plant is an important thing when making mitosis slides with complete phase of mitosis. The Time of Cutting Root Plant has concerned by Mitosis Index (MI). Each of plant has a different time for makes the highest MI. The limited reference for plant MI becomes the main problem for making the mitosis slides so it needs a literature study for plant MI. The other problem in making the mitosis slides is the standard stain that spend a high cost. The use of alternative stain as a substitution of standard nucleus (chromosome stain) to decrease the cost of making mitosis squash.
The objectives of this research are 1) finding alternative plants that can be use as main material for makes slides squash for mitosis observation. 2) finding the reference of onion root tip cutting time to make mitosis squash slides based on the highest value of onion IM. 3) developing alternative stain from skin filtrate of Syzygium cumini as chromosomes staining for mitosis squash slides. 4) Describing feasibility of mitosis slides media about MI with skin filtrate of S. cumini  as a learning media.
This Research uses development research method that focus on Research and Development Method (R&D) and the steps are conducted only by stage of product design study. The data are collected by using observation and study thecnique. Obeservation technique is used to get the quantitative value of Allium MI and study technique used to get the qualitative value about feasibility of mitosis slides media that use filtrate of Syzgium cumini’s skin fruit as a stain.
Result of this research are 1) Allium sativum, A. cepa and A.  fistolusum can be use as an alternative main material to make  mitosis squash slides. 2) The time of the root tip cutting of the onion plants to be used as a reference in making mitosis slides squash found within different based on the time of the discovery of the value of the highest MI. The Highest MI for A. sativum was observed at 09.00 WIT (11,410%); for A. cepa at 12.00 WIT (11,326%) and for A. fistulosum at 06.00 WIT (12,617%). 3) Filtrate of  fruit skin Syzygium cumini can be use as alternative stain for staining the nucleus (chromosomes). 4) Feasibility of Allium root tip meristem as a mitosis squash slides media with MI that use filtrate of fruit skin S. cumini as stain have various value between 81%-100% with a viable category so that it can be used as a as a slides media for observation of mitosis cell divison.
Key Words: Mitosis index, root tip, onion plant, mitosis slides media, learning media, cell division

Kendala pada pembuatan preparat mitosis ialah harga pewarna baku yang relatif mahal. Penggunaan pewarna alternatif sebagai pengganti zat warna baku inti sel / kromosom dapat menekan biaya pembuatan preparat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kelayakan pewarna filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini sebagai pewarna alternatif pada preparat mitosis squash Allium. Bahan pewarna alternatif dibuat dengan bahan pendukung iron alum [Fe(NH4)(SO4)2•12H2O] sebagai mordant. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan mengacu pada metode Research and Development (R&D) yang hanya dilakukan sampai tahap telaah. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik telaah. Hasil penelitian yaitu penggunaan pewarna filtrat kulit buah S. cumini sebagai pewarna alternatif pada preparat mitosis squash Allium memperlihatkan hasil pewarnaan yang sama dengan hematoksilin sebagai pewarna baku inti sel / kromosom yang umum digunakan pada histoteknik. Hasil telaah seluruh preparat menunjukkan penggunaan pewarna hematoksilin sebagai pewarna membuat kromosom tampak berwarna biru kehitaman sedangkan pewarnaan menggunakan filtrat kulit buah S. cumini membuat kromosom tampak berwarna ungu tua di bawah mikroskop. Sitoplasma yang tidak terwarnai dalam satu lapang pandang membuat warna kromosom tampak kontras sehingga kromosom sangat mudah untuk diamati. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa filtrat kulit buah S. cumini dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna alternatif untuk mewarnai inti sel / kromosom pada preparat mitosis squash Allium.

Kata Kunci: Pewarna alternatif, filtrat kulit buah Syzygium cumini, preparat mitosis

Terbatasnya referensi tentang Indeks Mitosis (IM) tanaman menjadi kendala utama dalam pembuatan media pembelajaran preparat mitosis sehingga diperlukan studi IM. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan kelayakan media preparat mitosis tentang IM Allium sebagai media pembelajaran. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan mengacu pada metode Research and Development (R&D) yang hanya dilakukan sampai tahap telaah. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi dan telaah. Hasil penelitian yaitu IM tertinggi A. sativum, A. cepa dan A. fistulosum berturut-turut terjadi pada jam 09.00 WIB, 12.00 WIB dan 06.00 WIB. Media preparat mitosis tentang IM Allium layak digunakan sebagai media pengamatan pembelahan mitosis sel.
Kata Kunci: Indeks mitosis bawang, media pembelajaran, preparat mitosis.