Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nu

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *nu(H)

Adverb

*nu

1. now
2. well (as an interjection)
3. and

Derived terms

• *nū̆-nó-, *nū̆-nó-y
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nūnái, *nunái
    • Lithuanian: nū̃n (“now, today”), nūnaĩ (“now, today, nowadays”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *nyně, *nъně
      • East Slavic:
        • Russian: ны́не (nýne), но́не (nóne)
          • Russian: ны́нче (nýnče), но́нче (nónče), но́неча (nóneča)
        • Carpathian Rusyn: нынї (nŷnji)
          • Carpathian Rusyn: нынька (nŷnʹka)
        • Ukrainian: ни́ні (nýni)
          • Ukrainian: ни́нька (nýnʹka), ни́ньки (nýnʹky) (dialectal), ни́ніка (nýnika) (dialectal)
      • South Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic:

          Old Church Slavonic: нꙑнѣ (nyně), нънꙗ (nŭnja)

          Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏⱀⱑ (nŭně)

      • West Slavic:
        • Old Czech: nenie
          • Czech: nyní
        • Old Polish: nynie
          • Polish: ninie
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nūnám
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nūnám
      • Sanskrit: नूनम् (nūnám)
    • Proto-Iranian: *nūrám
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬇𐬨 (nūrə̄m), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (nūrəm), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬄𐬨 (nūrąm)
      • Old Persian: 𐎵𐎢𐎼𐎶 (nu-u-r-m)
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (nūn)
    • Proto-Nuristani: *nūná
      • Southern Nuristani: *yéə-nū̃ə (“today”) (< *i-eká nūná)
        • Ashkun: yanū̃́
        • Waigali: önũ
  • Proto-Italic: *num
    • Latin: num (“now”), nunc (< *num + -ce)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *nu
  • Albanian: nu (“when”), tani (“now”), ani (“later”)
• Proto-Anatolian: *nu
  • Hittite: 𒉡 (nu, “now, and”)
  • Luwian:

    Cuneiform script: 𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦 (na-a-nu-un /⁠nānun⁠/)

    Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Anatolian Hieroglyphs needed] (awa-); [script needed] (unu), [script needed] (unun)}

  • Palaic: 𒉡 (nu)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nu
  • Latgalian: niu, niule, niulen (“now”)
  • Lithuanian: nū, nù (“now”)
  • Proto-Slavic: *nъ
    • East Slavic:
      • Belarusian: ну (nu)
        • Belarusian: ану́ (anú), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́тка (nútka), ану́тка (anútka)
      • Russian: ну (nu), но (no)
        • Russian: ну́-ка (nú-ka), ну́-кась (nú-kasʹ), ну́-кася (nú-kasja), ну-с (nu-s), ну́те (núte), ну́те-ка (núte-ka), ну́те-с (núte-s), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́-ко (nú-ko), ну́-кось (nú-kosʹ), ну́-тка (nú-tka)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)
        • Carpathian Rusyn: ану (anu), ануж (anuž), ноже (nože), нуж (nuž), нуже (nuže), анужек (anužek), нолем (nolem), нолиш (nolyš), ноле (nole), оле (ole)
      • Ukrainian: ну (nu), но (no)
        • Ukrainian: ану́ (anú), ну́-бо (nú-bo), ану́бо (anúbo), ну́мо (númo), ну́мте (númte), ану́те (anúte), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ану-ну́ (anu-nú)
    • South Slavic:
      • Bulgarian: нъ (n)
      • Macedonian: но (no)
      • Old Church Slavonic:

        Old Church Slavonic: нъ (nŭ)

        Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)

      • Serbo-Croatian:

        Cyrillic script: ну

        Latin script: nu

      • Slovene: no
    • West Slavic:
      • Czech: no
        • Czech: nuže
      • Polish: no
        • Polish: ano
      • Slovak: no
        • Slovak: nuž
• Proto-Celtic: *nu
  • Old Irish: nu (archaic adverb), no- (dummy preverb for simple verbs)
  • Gaulish: nu (attested in the Lezoux plate)
• Proto-Germanic: *nu (“now”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *nu, *nū
  • Ancient Greek: νῦν (nûn), νυν (nun), νυ (nu)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nú, *nū́
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nú, *nū́
    • Sanskrit: नु (nú), नू (nū́, “now”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *nū́
    • Avestan: 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”)
    • Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish: niha (nihā), noke (nōka, “now”)

      Central Kurdish: ھەنووکە (hanūka, “now”)

    • Northern Kurdish: nika (nikā, “now”)
• Proto-Italic: *nū
  • Latin: nūper