Appendix:Ido Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Ido, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Ido Ido |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | me | /me/ |
| 2 | you (singular) | vu, tu (familiar) | /vu/, /tu/ |
| 3 | he | ilu, il | /ˈi.lu/, /il/ |
| 4 | we | ni | /ni/ |
| 5 | you (plural) | vi | /vi/ |
| 6 | they | li, ili (masculine), eli (feminine) | /li/, /ˈi.li/, /ˈe.li/ |
| 7 | this | ica, ca | /ˈi.t͡sa/, /t͡sa/ |
| 8 | that | ita, ta | /ˈi.ta/, /ta/ |
| 9 | here | hike | /ˈhi.ke/ |
| 10 | there | ibe | /ˈi.be/ |
| 11 | who | qua | /kwa/ |
| 12 | what | quo | /kwo/ |
| 13 | where | ube | /ˈu.be/ |
| 14 | when | kande | /ˈkan.de/ |
| 15 | how | quale | /ˈkwa.le/ |
| 16 | not | ne | /ne/ |
| 17 | all | omna | /ˈom.na/ |
| 18 | many | multa | /ˈmul.ta/ |
| 19 | some | kelka | /ˈkel.ka/ |
| 20 | few | poka | /ˈpo.ka/ |
| 21 | other | altra | /ˈal.tɾa/ |
| 22 | one | un | /un/ |
| 23 | two | du | /du/ |
| 24 | three | tri | /tɾi/ |
| 25 | four | quar | /kwaɾ/ |
| 26 | five | kin | /kin/ |
| 27 | big | granda | /ˈɡɾan.da/ |
| 28 | long | longa | /ˈlo.ŋa/ |
| 29 | wide | larja | /ˈlaɾ.ʒa/ |
| 30 | thick | dika | /ˈdi.ka/ |
| 31 | heavy | grava | /ˈɡɾa.va/ |
| 32 | small | mikra | /ˈmi.kɾa/ |
| 33 | short | kurta | /ˈkuɾ.ta/ |
| 34 | narrow | streta | /ˈstɾe.ta/ |
| 35 | thin | dina | /ˈdi.na/ |
| 36 | woman | muliero, homino | /mu.li.ˈe.ɾo/ |
| 37 | man (male) | viro, homulo | /ˈvi.ɾo/ |
| 38 | man (human) | homo | /ˈho.mo/ |
| 39 | child | infanto (0–7), puero (7–15) | /in.ˈfan.to/ |
| 40 | wife | spozino | /spoz.ˈin.o/ |
| 41 | husband | spozulo | /spoz.ˈul.o/ |
| 42 | mother | matro, patrino | /ˈma.tɾo/ |
| 43 | father | patro, patrulo | /ˈpa.tɾo/ |
| 44 | animal | animalo | /a.ni.ˈmal.o/ |
| 45 | fish | fisho | /ˈfi.ʃo/ |
| 46 | bird | ucelo | /u.ˈt͡se.lo/ |
| 47 | dog | hundo | /ˈhun.do/ |
| 48 | louse | lauso | /ˈlaw.so/ |
| 49 | snake | serpento | /seɾ.ˈpen.to/ |
| 50 | worm | vermo | /veɾ.ˈmo/ |
| 51 | tree | arboro | /aɾ.ˈboɾ.o/ |
| 52 | forest | foresto | /fo.ˈɾe.sto/ |
| 53 | stick | bastono | /bas.ˈto.no/ |
| 54 | fruit | frukto | /ˈfɾuk.to/ |
| 55 | seed | semino | /se.ˈmin.o/ |
| 56 | leaf | folio | /fo.ˈli.o/ |
| 57 | root | radiko | /ɾa.ˈdik.o/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | kortico | /koɾ.ˈti.t͡so/ |
| 59 | flower | floro | /ˈflo.ɾo/ |
| 60 | grass | herbo | /ˈheɾ.bo/ |
| 61 | rope | kordo | /ˈkoɾ.do/ |
| 62 | skin | pelo | /ˈpe.lo/ |
| 63 | meat | karno | /ˈkaɾ.no/ |
| 64 | blood | sango | /ˈsa.ŋo/ |
| 65 | bone | osto | /ˈos.to/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | graso | /ˈɡɾa.so/ |
| 67 | egg | ovo | /ˈo.vo/ |
| 68 | horn | korno | /ˈkoɾ.no/ |
| 69 | tail | kaudo | /ˈkaw.do/ |
| 70 | feather | plumo | /ˈplu.mo/ |
| 71 | hair | pelo (on body), haro (on head) | /ˈha.ɾo/ |
| 72 | head | kapo | /ˈka.po/ |
| 73 | ear | orelo | /o.ˈɾe.lo/ |
| 74 | eye | okulo | /o.ˈku.lo/ |
| 75 | nose | nazo | /ˈna.zo/ |
| 76 | mouth | boko | /ˈbo.ko/ |
| 77 | tooth | dento | /ˈden.to/ |
| 78 | tongue | lango | /ˈla.ŋo/ |
| 79 | fingernail | unglo | /ˈuŋ.lo/ |
| 80 | foot | pedo | /ˈpe.do/ |
| 81 | leg | gambo | /ˈɡam.bo/ |
| 82 | knee | genuo | /ɡe.ˈnu.o/ |
| 83 | hand | manuo | /ma.ˈnu.o/ |
| 84 | wing | alo | /ˈa.lo/ |
| 85 | belly | ventro | /ˈven.tɾo/ |
| 86 | guts | intestini | /in.test.ˈin.i/ |
| 87 | neck | kolo | /ˈko.lo/ |
| 88 | back | dorso | /ˈdoɾ.so/ |
| 89 | breast | pektoro, mamo | /pek.ˈto.ɾo/, /ˈma.mo/ |
| 90 | heart | kordio | /koɾ.ˈdi.o/ |
| 91 | liver | hepato | /he.ˈpa.to/ |
| 92 | to drink | drinkar | /dɾin.ˈkaɾ/ |
| 93 | to eat | manjar | /man.ˈʒaɾ/ |
| 94 | to bite | mordar | /moɾ.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 95 | to suck | sugar | /su.ˈɡaɾ/ |
| 96 | to spit | sputar | /spu.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 97 | to vomit | vomar | /vo.ˈmaɾ/ |
| 98 | to blow | suflar | /suf.ˈlaɾ/ |
| 99 | to breathe | respirar | /ɾe.spi.ˈɾaɾ/ |
| 100 | to laugh | ridar | /ɾi.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 101 | to see | vidar | /vi.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 102 | to hear | audar | /aw.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 103 | to know | konocar (a person), savar (a fact) | /sa.ˈvaɾ/ |
| 104 | to think | pensar | /pen.ˈsaɾ/ |
| 105 | to smell | flarar | /fla.ˈɾaɾ/ |
| 106 | to fear | timar | /ti.ˈmaɾ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | dormar | /doɾ.ˈmaɾ/ |
| 108 | to live | vivar | /vi.ˈvaɾ/ |
| 109 | to die | mortar | /moɾ.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 110 | to kill | ocidar, mortigar | /ot͡si.ˈdaɾ/, /moɾ.ti.ˈɡaɾ/ |
| 111 | to fight | kombatar | /kom.ba.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 112 | to hunt | chasar | /t͡ʃa.ˈsaɾ/ |
| 113 | to hit | frapar | /fɾa.ˈpaɾ/ |
| 114 | to cut | tranchar | /tɾan.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/ |
| 115 | to split | fendar | /fen.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 116 | to stab | poniardagar | /po.ni.aɾd.aɡ.ˈaɾ/ |
| 117 | to scratch | gratar, skrachar | /ɡɾa.ˈtaɾ/, /skɾa.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/ |
| 118 | to dig | fodar | /fo.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 119 | to swim | natar | /na.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 120 | to fly | flugar | /flu.ˈɡaɾ/ |
| 121 | to walk | marchar, promenar | /maɾ.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/, /pɾo.me.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 122 | to come | venar | /ve.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | jacar | /ʒa.ˈt͡saɾ/ |
| 124 | to sit | sidar | /si.ˈdaɾ/ |
| 125 | to stand | stacar | /sta.ˈt͡saɾ/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | turnar | /tuɾ.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 127 | to fall | falar | /fa.ˈlaɾ/ |
| 128 | to give | donar | /do.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 129 | to hold | tenar | /te.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | klemar | /kle.ˈmaɾ/ |
| 131 | to rub | frotar, fricionar | /fɾo.ˈtaɾ/, /fɾi.t͡si.o.ˈnaɾ/ |
| 132 | to wash | lavar | /la.ˈvaɾ/ |
| 133 | to wipe | vishar | /vi.ˈʃaɾ/ |
| 134 | to pull | tirar | /ti.ˈɾaɾ/ |
| 135 | to push | pulsar | /pul.ˈsaɾ/ |
| 136 | to throw | jetar | /ʒe.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 137 | to tie | ligar | /li.ˈɡaɾ/ |
| 138 | to sew | sutar | /su.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 139 | to count | kontar | /kon.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 140 | to say | dicar | /di.ˈt͡saɾ/ |
| 141 | to sing | kantar | /kan.ˈtaɾ/ |
| 142 | to play | ludar, plear | /lu.ˈdaɾ/, /ple.ˈaɾ/ |
| 143 | to float | flotacar | /flo.ta.ˈt͡saɾ/ |
| 144 | to flow | fluar | /flu.ˈaɾ/ |
| 145 | to freeze | frostar, konjelar | /fɾos.ˈtaɾ/, /kon.ʒe.ˈlaɾ/ |
| 146 | to swell | intumecar, inflar | /in.tu.me.ˈt͡saɾ/, /inf.ˈlaɾ/ |
| 147 | sun | suno | /ˈsu.no/ |
| 148 | moon | luno | /ˈlu.no/ |
| 149 | star | stelo | /ˈste.lo/ |
| 150 | water | aquo | /ˈa.kwo/ |
| 151 | rain | pluvo | /ˈplu.vo/ |
| 152 | river | rivero, fluvio | /ɾi.ˈveɾ.o/, /flu.ˈvi.o/ |
| 153 | lake | lago | /ˈla.ɡo/ |
| 154 | sea | maro | /ˈma.ɾo/ |
| 155 | salt | salo | /ˈsa.lo/ |
| 156 | stone | petro, stono | /ˈpet.ɾo/, /ˈsto.no/ |
| 157 | sand | sablo | /ˈsa.blo/ |
| 158 | dust | polvo | /ˈpol.vo/ |
| 159 | earth | tero | /ˈte.ɾo/ |
| 160 | cloud | nubo | /ˈnu.bo/ |
| 161 | fog | nebulo | /ne.ˈbu.lo/ |
| 162 | sky | cielo | /t͡si.ˈel.o/ |
| 163 | wind | vento | /ˈven.to/ |
| 164 | snow | nivo | /ˈni.vo/ |
| 165 | ice | glacio | /ɡla.ˈt͡si.o/ |
| 166 | smoke | fumuro | /fum.ˈuɾ.o/ |
| 167 | fire | fairo | /ˈfai.ɾo/ |
| 168 | ash | cindro | /ˈt͡sin.dɾo/ |
| 169 | to burn | brular | /bɾu.ˈlaɾ/ |
| 170 | road | voyo | /ˈvo.jo/ |
| 171 | mountain | monto | /ˈmon.to/ |
| 172 | red | reda | /ˈɾe.da/ |
| 173 | green | verda | /ˈveɾ.da/ |
| 174 | yellow | flava | /ˈfla.va/ |
| 175 | white | blanka | /ˈblaŋ.ka/ |
| 176 | black | nigra | /ˈni.ɡɾa/ |
| 177 | night | nokto | /ˈnok.to/ |
| 178 | day | jorno, dio | /ˈʒoɾ.no/, /ˈdi.o/ |
| 179 | year | yaro | /ˈjaɾ.o/ |
| 180 | warm | varma | /ˈvaɾ.ma/ |
| 181 | cold | kolda | /ˈkol.da/ |
| 182 | full | plena | /ˈple.na/ |
| 183 | new | nova | /ˈno.va/ |
| 184 | old | anciena | /ˈan.t͡si.ˈen.a/ |
| 185 | good | bona | /ˈbo.na/ |
| 186 | bad | mala | /ˈma.la/ |
| 187 | rotten | putrinta | /put.ˈɾin.ta/ |
| 188 | dirty | sordida | /soɾ.ˈdid.a/ |
| 189 | straight | rekta | /ˈɾek.ta/ |
| 190 | round | ronda | /ˈɾon.da/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | akuta | /ˈaku.ta/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | obtuza | /ˈobtu.za/ |
| 193 | smooth | glata | /ˈɡla.ta/ |
| 194 | wet | humida | /hu.ˈmi.da/ |
| 195 | dry | sika | /ˈsi.ka/ |
| 196 | correct | korekta | /ko.ˈɾek.ta/ |
| 197 | near | proxim | /pɾo.ksim/ |
| 198 | far | for | /foɾ/ |
| 199 | right | dextra | /ˈde.kstɾa/ |
| 200 | left | sinistra | /si.ˈni.stɾa/ |
| 201 | at | apud, an, che, ye | /ˈa.pud/, /an/, /t͡ʃe/, /je/ |
| 202 | in | en | /en/ |
| 203 | with | kun | /kun/ |
| 204 | and | e, ed | /e/, /ed/ |
| 205 | if | se | /se/ |
| 206 | because | pro ke | /pɾo.ke/ |
| 207 | name | nomo | /ˈno.mo/ |
- Orthography:
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following:
- verbs: infinitive
- other words: masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.