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車

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 车, 倝, and 重
車 U+8ECA, 車
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECA
← 軉
[U+8EC9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 軋 →
[U+8ECB]
⾞ U+2F9E, ⾞
KANGXI RADICAL CART
← ⾝
[U+2F9D] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾟ →
[U+2F9F]
車 U+F902, 車
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F902
← 更
[U+F901] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 賈 →
[U+F903]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]
See images of
Radical 159 車

車 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十田十 (JWJ), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻亘丨 or ⿻二申)

  1. Kangxi radical #159, ⾞.

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1239, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38172
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1712, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3511, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8ECA

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 車
simp. 车*
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 車 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • chhia (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (車) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
車 *kʰlja, *kla
硨 *kʰlja
厙 *qʰljaːs
庫 *kʰaːs

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a 田 (OC *l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that 倝 (OC *kaːns) and 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from 車 (OC *kʰlja, *kla).

Etymology

[edit]

    Perhaps a loan from an Indo-European language because the horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare Tocharian A kukäl, Tocharian B kokale (“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990, Bauer, 1994), from Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.

    An older variant survives in Mandarin 軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from 舁 (OC *la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel in Tibetan ཐེག་པ (theg pa, “vehicle; carriage”) (<to support; to carry; to lift).

    Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is 處 (OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and 居 (OC *kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

    The sense of lewd content is derived from 老司機／老司机 (lǎosījī).

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]
    Note:
    • ce1 - colloquial (incl. surname);
    • geoi1 - literary.
    Note: ki - surname.
    Rime
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 昌 (24)
    Final (韻) 麻 (100)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 尺遮切
    Baxter tsyhae
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/cʰia/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ɕʰĭa/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/t͡ɕʰi̯a/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chē
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ce1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chē
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsyhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[t.qʰ](r)A/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 1311
    Phonetic
    component         		車
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		車
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰlja/

    Definitions

    [edit]
    人力三輪車

    車

    1. (countable) land vehicle; (specifically) car (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 部 m c; 臺／台 m mn; 架 c; 頂／顶 mn; 張／张 mn-t)
      汽車／汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
      火車／火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      街上一輛車都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
      街上一辆车都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jiē shàng yī liàng chē dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
      There is not even one car on the street.
      去車行買新車 [Cantonese, trad.]
      去车行买新车 [Cantonese, simp.]
      heoi3 ce1 hong4-2 maai5 san1 ce1 [Jyutping]
      to buy a new car at a car dealership
    2. wheeled device, appliance, instrument or apparatus
      滑車／滑车  ―  huáchē  ―  pulley
      紡車／纺车  ―  fǎngchē  ―  spinning wheel
    3. machine; rig; engine; motor; locomotive; tractor; truck; lorry (Classifier: 部 m; 臺／台 m)
      試車／试车  ―  shìchē  ―  to test a new machine
    4. (Cantonese) driving (action of operating a vehicle); driving skills (Classifier: 手 c)
    5. to lathe
    6. to lift water using a 水車／水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
    7. (dialectal, including Cantonese, Wu, Northern Min, Southern Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) to transport using a vehicle
      你可唔可以車我去地鐵站呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      你可唔可以车我去地铁站呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 ho2 m4 ho2 ji5 ce1 ngo5 heoi3 dei6 tit3 zaam6 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Can you drive me to the MTR station?
    8. to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
      車衫／车衫 [Cantonese]  ―  ce1 saam1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sew clothes with a sewing machine
    9. (Cantonese) to hit violently
      大巴大巴車落佢塊面度 [Cantonese, trad.]
      大巴大巴车落佢块面度 [Cantonese, simp.]
      daai6 baa1 daai6 baa1 ce1 lok6 keoi5 faai3 min6 dou6 [Jyutping]
      to hit his face with multiple violent slaps
    10. (dialectal) to turn (one's body, etc.)
    11. (Sichuanese) to rotate; to turn
    12. (Internet slang) pornography; lewd content
    13. Classifier for loads of things carried by a vehicle.
    14. a surname
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    • 車／车 (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
      汽車／汽车  ―  qìchē  ―  car
      火車／火车  ―  huǒchē  ―  train
      自行車／自行车  ―  zìxíngchē  ―  bicycle
      嬰兒車／婴儿车  ―  yīng'érchē  ―  pram
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 汽車 (“car, motor vehicle”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 汽車
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 汽車
    Taiwan 汽車
    Malaysia 車
    Singapore 汽車, 車
    Jilu Mandarin Xianxian (Xiaoying) 汽車
    Jinan 汽車
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 汽車
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 汽車, 馬什乃
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 汽車
    Wuhan 汽車
    Guilin 汽車
    Pingle 汽車
    Luzhai 汽車
    Nanning (Wuming) 汽車
    Binyang (Nanjie) 汽車
    Hechi (Yizhou) 汽車
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 汽車
    Tianlin (Langping) 汽車
    Dagudi (Maliba) 汽車
    Reshuitang (Longling) 汽車
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 汽車
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 汽車
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 汽車
    Hefei 汽車
    Cantonese Guangzhou 汽車, 車
    Hong Kong 汽車, 車
    Taishan 汽車
    Yangjiang 汽車
    Guiping (Jintian) 汽車
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 汽車
    Guiping (Madong) 汽車
    Qinzhou 汽車
    Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 汽車
    Beihai 汽車
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 汽車
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 汽車
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 汽車
    Singapore (Guangfu) 車
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 汽車
    Móng Cái 汽車
    Gan Nanchang 汽車
    Hakka Meixian 汽車
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 汽車, 自動車
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 汽車, 自動車
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 汽車, 自動車
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 汽車, 自動車
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 汽車, 自動車
    Kuching (Hepo) 車
    Jin Taiyuan 汽車
    Northern Min Jian'ou 汽車
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 汽車
    Southern Min Xiamen 汽車, 風車, 大車, 電車 dated
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 風車
    Quanzhou 汽車, 風車, 大車
    Hui'an 風車
    Zhangzhou 汽車, 大車, 電車 dated
    Zhao'an 汽車, 風車
    Taipei 自動車
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 自動車
    Kaohsiung 自動車, 動車
    Yilan 自動車
    Changhua (Lukang) 自動車
    Taichung 汽車, 自動車
    Tainan 自動車
    Hsinchu 自動車
    Kinmen 汽車
    Penghu (Magong) 自動車, 汽車
    Penang (Hokkien) 車
    Singapore (Hokkien) 車, 風車
    Manila (Hokkien) 車, 風車
    Guilin (Biyange) 汽車
    Chaozhou 汽車, 羅里
    Shantou 羅里
    Shantou (Chenghai) 羅里
    Jieyang 羅里
    Singapore (Teochew) 車, 風車
    Pontianak (Teochew) 羅里
    Singapore (Hainanese) 車
    Puxian Min Xianyou 汽車
    Central Min Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) 汽車
    Southern Pinghua Binyang 汽車
    Wu Shanghai 汽車, 大眼睛
    Suzhou 汽車
    Wenzhou 汽車
    Xiang Changsha 汽車
    Loudi 汽車子
    Shuangfeng 汽車
    • (vehicle):
    Compounds
    [edit]

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]
    Note: gu1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
    Rime
    Character 車
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 九魚切
    Baxter kjo
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨʌ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kiɔ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiɔ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kɨə̆/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiɔ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭo/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯wo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jū
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		geoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jū
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjo ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.q(r)a/
    English chariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 車
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 1315
    Phonetic
    component         		車
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		居
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kla/

    Definitions

    [edit]
    車

    車

    1. (xiangqi) chariot; rook: 🩫 (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
    2. (chess) rook
    Coordinate terms
    [edit]
    Compounds
    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (車):
    • → Japanese: 車(しゃ) (sha)
    • → Korean: 차(車) (cha), 거(車) (geo)
    • → Vietnamese: xa (車)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: xe (車, “wheeled vehicle”)
    • → Zhuang: ci (“vehicle”)

    See also

    [edit]
    Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子／国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
    ♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
    王 (wáng),
    國王／国王 (guówáng)     		后 (hòu),
    皇后 (huánghòu)     		車／车 (jū),
    城堡 (chéngbǎo)     		象 (xiàng),
    主教 (zhǔjiào)     		馬／马 (mǎ),
    騎士／骑士 (qíshì)     		兵 (bīng)

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. vehicle

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    車
    しゃ
    Grade: 1
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC tsyhae).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Counter

    [edit]

    車(しゃ) • (-sha) 

    1. used to count vehicles

    Affix

    [edit]

    車(しゃ) • (sha) 

    1. vehicle
      韓(かん)国(こく)車(しゃ)
      Kankoku-sha
      South Korean vehicle
    2. train car
      Synonym: 車両
      女(じょ)性(せい)専(せん)用(よう)車(しゃ)
      josei-sen'yō-sha
      car for women only

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    車
    くるま
    Grade: 1
    kun'yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE, with the ideographic spelling 車.[1]

    Assuming an initial meaning of wheel, may be a compound of くる (kuru, related to spinning or rotating, as in 繰る (kuru, “to spin (as in thread)”), 枢 (kuru, “hinge”), くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly, round and round”), 転めく (kurumeku, “to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) +‎ ま (ma, a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) • (kuruma)  (counter 台)

    1. a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
    2. a wheel, a caster
    3. something wheel-shaped
    4. a style of 紋 (mon, “family crest”)
    5. short for various terms:
      1. short for 車海老 (kuruma ebi): a prawn
      2. short for 車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
      3. short for 肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
      4. short for 手車 (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
      5. short for 車座 (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
    6. (obsolete) during the Edo period, in the red-light district in Ōsaka, a prostitute whose services cost four 匁 (monme) and three 分 (bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:娼婦
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Descendants
    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^
      c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 694:
      , text here
    2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
    • Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC tsyhae).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 챵 (Yale: chyà)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 又音 챠 (Yale: chyà)
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) 챠 (cha)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    車 (eumhun 수레 차 (sure cha))

    1. hanja form? of 차 (“car; automobile; vehicle”)
    2. hanja form? of 차 (“cart; wheeled machinery”)
    Usage notes
    [edit]

    This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 車 (MC kjo).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 겅 (Yale: kè)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 술위〮 (Yale: swùlGwúy) 거 (Yale: kè)
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804 수뤼 (surwi) 거 (geo)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    車 (eumhun 수레 거 (sure geo))

    1. (only in compounds) hanja form? of 거 (“cart; wheeled machinery”)

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Kunigami

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(く゚るまー) (kurumā) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Miyako

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Okinawan

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Tày

    [edit]

    Verb

    [edit]

    車 (xa)

    1. Nôm form of xa (“to search, to look for”).
      役富貴古媒車拾
      Viểc phú quý cổ moi xa thắp
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    References

    [edit]
    • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[5] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    車: Hán Nôm readings: xa, xe, xế

    1. a car
    2. (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Yaeyama

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Yonaguni

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Ryukyuan *kuruma, from Proto-Japonic *kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=車&oldid=82755399"