विष

See also: वृष

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)bor.

Hindi विष (viṣ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʋɪʂ/, [ʋɪʃ]

Noun

विष • (viṣ) m (Urdu spelling وش)

1. poison, venom

   मनुष्य के लिए, संखिया प्राण-घातक विष है।

   manuṣya ke lie, saṅkhiyā prāṇ-ghātak viṣ hai.

   For humans, arsenic is a deadly poison.

   छुआछूत हमारा समाज का विष है।

   chuāchūt hamārā samāj kā viṣ hai.

   Untouchability is a poison of our society.

Declension

Declension of विष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	विष viṣ	विष viṣ
oblique	विष viṣ	विषों viṣõ
vocative	विष viṣ	विषो viṣo

Synonyms

• ज़हर (zahar), बिस (bis), गरल (garal)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “विष”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “विष”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)bor.

Marathi विष (viṣ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋiʂ/, [ʋiːʂ]

Noun

विष • (viṣ) n

1. poison, venom

Declension

Declension of विष (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	विष viṣ
direct plural	विषे, विषं viṣe, viṣa
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	विष viṣ		विषे, विषं viṣe, viṣa
oblique सामान्यरूप	विषा viṣā		विषां- viṣān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	विषाला viṣālā		विषांना viṣānnā
ergative	विषाने, विषानं viṣāne, viṣāna		विषांनी viṣānnī
instrumental	विषाशी viṣāśī		विषांशी viṣānśī
locative सप्तमी	विषात viṣāt		विषांत viṣāt
vocative संबोधन	विषा viṣā		विषांनो viṣānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of विष (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	विषाचा viṣāċā	विषाचे viṣāċe	विषाची viṣācī	विषाच्या viṣācā	विषाचे, विषाचं viṣāċe, viṣāċa	विषाची viṣācī	विषाच्या viṣācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	विषांचा viṣānċā	विषांचे viṣānċe	विषांची viṣāñcī	विषांच्या viṣāncā	विषांचे, विषांचं viṣānċe, viṣānċa	विषांची viṣāñcī	विषांच्या viṣāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• विषबाधा (viṣbādhā, “poisoning”)
• विषाणू (viṣāṇū, “virus”)
• विषारी (viṣārī, “toxic”)

 

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ৱিষ (Assamese script)
• ᬯᬶᬱ (Balinese script)
• বিষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰪𑰰𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀯𑀺𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• ဝိၑ (Burmese script)
• વિષ (Gujarati script)
• ਵਿਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌵𑌿𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦮꦶꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂫𑂱𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ವಿಷ (Kannada script)
• វិឞ (Khmer script)
• ວິຩ (Lao script)
• വിഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᠸᡳᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘪𑘱𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᠸᠢᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧊𑧒𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐰𑐶𑐲 (Newa script)
• ଵିଷ (Odia script)
• ꢮꢶꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆮𑆴𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖪𑖰𑖬 (Siddham script)
• විෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩾𑩑𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚦𑚮 (Takri script)
• விஷ (Tamil script)
• విష (Telugu script)
• วิษ (Thai script)
• ཝི་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒫𑒱𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨭𑨁𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wiṣás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”). Cognate with Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬱𐬀 (vīša), Tocharian B wase, Middle Persian 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (ʿ(y)š /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”), Middle Irish fí.

Traditionally derived from the root विष् (viṣ, “to consume”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋi.ʂɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈʋi.ʂɐ/

Noun

वि॒ष • (viṣá) stem, n or m

1. poison, venom, bane
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of विष (viṣá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषम् viṣám	विषे viṣé	विषाणि / विषा¹ viṣā́ṇi / viṣā́¹
Vocative	विष víṣa	विषे víṣe	विषाणि / विषा¹ víṣāṇi / víṣā¹
Accusative	विषम् viṣám	विषे viṣé	विषाणि / विषा¹ viṣā́ṇi / viṣā́¹
Instrumental	विषेण viṣéṇa	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषैः / विषेभिः¹ viṣaíḥ / viṣébhiḥ¹
Dative	विषाय viṣā́ya	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Ablative	विषात् viṣā́t	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Genitive	विषस्य viṣásya	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषाणाम् viṣā́ṇām
Locative	विषे viṣé	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषेषु viṣéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of विष (viṣá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषः viṣáḥ	विषौ / विषा¹ viṣaú / viṣā́¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ viṣā́ḥ / viṣā́saḥ¹
Vocative	विष víṣa	विषौ / विषा¹ víṣau / víṣā¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ víṣāḥ / víṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	विषम् viṣám	विषौ / विषा¹ viṣaú / viṣā́¹	विषान् viṣā́n
Instrumental	विषेण viṣéṇa	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषैः / विषेभिः¹ viṣaíḥ / viṣébhiḥ¹
Dative	विषाय viṣā́ya	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Ablative	विषात् viṣā́t	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Genitive	विषस्य viṣásya	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषाणाम् viṣā́ṇām
Locative	विषे viṣé	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषेषु viṣéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kalasha: biṣ
• Pali: visa
• Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀲 (visa) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

• → Braj: विख (vikh)
• → Gujarati: વિષ (viṣ)
• → Hindi: विष (viṣ), विख (vikh)
• → Kannada: ವಿಷ (viṣa)
• → Khmer: ពិស (pɨh)
• → Malay: bisa
  • > Indonesian: bisa (inherited)
• → Malayalam: വിഷം (viṣaṁ)
• → Marathi: विष (viṣ)
• → Middle Gujarati: विष
  • Gujarati: વિખ (vikh), વખ (vakh)
• → Old Javanese: wiṣa, biṣa, bisa
  • > Javanese: ꦮꦶꦱ (wisa) (inherited)
  • > Javanese: ꦧꦶꦱ (bisa), ꦲꦶꦱ (isa) (inherited)
    • → Peranakan Indonesian: iso
    • → Malay: bisa
      • > Indonesian: bisa (inherited)
• → Marwari: विख (vikh)
• → Tamil: விடம் (viṭam), விஷம் (viṣam), விசம் (vicam)
• → Telugu: విషము (viṣamu)
• → Thai: พิษ (pít)

Adjective

वि॒ष • (viṣá) stem

1. poisonous
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of विष (viṣá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषः viṣáḥ	विषौ / विषा¹ viṣaú / viṣā́¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ viṣā́ḥ / viṣā́saḥ¹
Vocative	विष víṣa	विषौ / विषा¹ víṣau / víṣā¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ víṣāḥ / víṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	विषम् viṣám	विषौ / विषा¹ viṣaú / viṣā́¹	विषान् viṣā́n
Instrumental	विषेण viṣéṇa	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषैः / विषेभिः¹ viṣaíḥ / viṣébhiḥ¹
Dative	विषाय viṣā́ya	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Ablative	विषात् viṣā́t	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Genitive	विषस्य viṣásya	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषाणाम् viṣā́ṇām
Locative	विषे viṣé	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषेषु viṣéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of विषा (viṣā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषा viṣā́	विषे viṣé	विषाः viṣā́ḥ
Vocative	विषे víṣe	विषे víṣe	विषाः víṣāḥ
Accusative	विषाम् viṣā́m	विषे viṣé	विषाः viṣā́ḥ
Instrumental	विषया / विषा¹ viṣáyā / viṣā́¹	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषाभिः viṣā́bhiḥ
Dative	विषायै viṣā́yai	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषाभ्यः viṣā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	विषायाः / विषायै² viṣā́yāḥ / viṣā́yai²	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषाभ्यः viṣā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	विषायाः / विषायै² viṣā́yāḥ / viṣā́yai²	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषाणाम् viṣā́ṇām
Locative	विषायाम् viṣā́yām	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषासु viṣā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of विष (viṣá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषम् viṣám	विषे viṣé	विषाणि / विषा¹ viṣā́ṇi / viṣā́¹
Vocative	विष víṣa	विषे víṣe	विषाणि / विषा¹ víṣāṇi / víṣā¹
Accusative	विषम् viṣám	विषे viṣé	विषाणि / विषा¹ viṣā́ṇi / viṣā́¹
Instrumental	विषेण viṣéṇa	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषैः / विषेभिः¹ viṣaíḥ / viṣébhiḥ¹
Dative	विषाय viṣā́ya	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Ablative	विषात् viṣā́t	विषाभ्याम् viṣā́bhyām	विषेभ्यः viṣébhyaḥ
Genitive	विषस्य viṣásya	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषाणाम् viṣā́ṇām
Locative	विषे viṣé	विषयोः viṣáyoḥ	विषेषु viṣéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 2

From the root विष् (viṣ).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋí.ʂɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈʋi.ʂɐ/

Noun

विष • (víṣa) stem, m

1. servant, attendant
2. name of a साध्य (sādhya)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of विष (víṣa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	विषः víṣaḥ	विषौ / विषा¹ víṣau / víṣā¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ víṣāḥ / víṣāsaḥ¹
Vocative	विष víṣa	विषौ / विषा¹ víṣau / víṣā¹	विषाः / विषासः¹ víṣāḥ / víṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	विषम् víṣam	विषौ / विषा¹ víṣau / víṣā¹	विषान् víṣān
Instrumental	विषेण víṣeṇa	विषाभ्याम् víṣābhyām	विषैः / विषेभिः¹ víṣaiḥ / víṣebhiḥ¹
Dative	विषाय víṣāya	विषाभ्याम् víṣābhyām	विषेभ्यः víṣebhyaḥ
Ablative	विषात् víṣāt	विषाभ्याम् víṣābhyām	विषेभ्यः víṣebhyaḥ
Genitive	विषस्य víṣasya	विषयोः víṣayoḥ	विषाणाम् víṣāṇām
Locative	विषे víṣe	विषयोः víṣayoḥ	विषेषु víṣeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “विष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0995/2.