User:Jim Derby/sandbox

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Gallery of barn wall building materials

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  Half-timbered with brick infill. Uetersen, Germany
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  Half-timbered with wattle-work walls for ventilation. Stryd Lydan Barn, originally at Llannerch Banna, Flintshire, North Wales. Re-erected at the St Fagans National History Museum, Cardiff, in 1951.
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  Half-timbered walls with stone infill. Rödinghausen, Germany.
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  Half-timbered wall with wattle and daub infill. Some of the plaster coating survives. Rödinghausen, Germany.
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  A rare half-timbered barn with board infill in Skye, Lower Saxony, Germany.
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  Grange barn, Coggeshall, England. This is a studded barn so the wall sheathing must be applied horizontally and covered with a siding material in this case clapboards (weatherboards).
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  Timber framed with siding of vertical boards was typical in early New England. Red is a traditional color for paint. Connecticut, U.S.A.
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  A type of barn in Metylovice, Czech Republic with stone piers and an infill of horizontal timbers.
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  Board-on-board siding and a thatch roof on this three bay barn in Bartoszówka, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.
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  Timber framed with the sheathing covered in clapboards. New Hampshire, U.S.A.
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  Rare walls of boards and thatch. Drenthe, Netherlands
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  Gable end of a brick barn with ventilation holes built into the brickwork. Image: Alan Murray-Rust
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  LImestone walls in the Oak Hall Historic District, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
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  Stone barns are common in parts of the United Kingdom, United States, France, and some Mediterranean countries. The projecting stones are a style in part of England. Image: Alexander P Kapp
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  Abidiah Taylor Barn Chester County, Pennsylvania. Part of the Taylor-Cope Historic District. Built in either in 1724 (date stone) or 1744 (wooden beam investigation) is one of the oldest extant barns in the United States. Field stone walls.
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  The combination of brick quoins with flint walls is common in (mostly older) buildings in this area of the Chilterns, Oxfordshire, England. Image:Andrew Smith
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  A rare wall material is Cob which is similar to adobe. Devon, England. Image: Jonathan Billinger
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  Round log barn in the skansen (open-air museum) in Sanok, Poland
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  Hewn log barn painted red in Hedemora, Sweden.
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  No walls are a characteristic of what in the United Kingdom is called a Dutch barn.
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  Corrugated metal siding. Image: Andrew Hill

Haus-hus-huis

Boskapsskötsel i ladugården. Mangskogs socken, Värmland, 1911 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0043102

To explore more images of timber framed buildings here

Barns in Sweden which look like crib barns

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  Stable to the left, wagon storage to the right
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Vernacular building techniques

New England barn in Bethel, Maine

Exterieur OVERZICHT BIJSCHUUR - Schoonebeek - 20272008 - RCE

Chadshunt Farm Barn - geograph.org.uk - 98216

Mud

• Adobe
• Mudbrick
• Cob
• Rammed earth
• Hogan
• Dugout (shelter)
• Musgum mud huts
• Earth sheltering
• Compressed earth block
• Earthbag construction
• Superadobe

Bamboo

• Nipa hut
• Rice barn#Rice barns in Asia

Sod

• Sod house
• Icelandic turf house

Vegetation

• Green wall
• Straw-bale construction

Asian timber framing

Asian or eastern framing is significantly different than western framing. Eastern framing is typically post and lintel construction with no diagonal bracing and no roof trusses. The joinery must be cut very precisely and keeps the buildings from racking. This style has an advantage in having the flexibility to survive earthquakes. Asian framing is thought to be descended from Chinese techniques.

China

China has not only ancient Chinese wooden architecture but ancient texts about building construction such as the Yingzao Fashi (Building Standards) first printed in 1103 during the Song Dynasty (960-1127) and reprinted several times in the following centuries. Lost in the fifteenth century and then rediscovered, it was again published in 1919. Liang Sicheng studied the text and his book Yingzao Fashi Zhushi (The Annotated Yingzao Fashi) was published posthumously in 1983. Also the Kung ch'eng tso fatseli Qing Gongcheng Zuofa Zel (Engineering manual for the Board of Works, 1734) also known as the Qing Structural Regulations by Liang Sicheng. These structural regulations carefully define the features of twenty seven types of buildings.

The Chinese divide carpentry into major and minor. Major carpentry includes framing. Minor carpentry includes non structural work including doors and windows.

In Chinese structural system, which has survived for over four thousand years, all of the framing members and the building itself are all proportional to each other and all are based on a measurement called a ts'ai. The ts'ai has eight sizes or grades depending on the buildings type and status, and is divided into fifteen equal parts called fen. Six fen are one ch'i. These three units are the basis of measurement and proportion of all buildings from the Sung Dynasty.

Traditional Chinese timber framing is the post and lintel style of framing. This structural system did not change over the centuries, but the sizes and shapes of the timbers and the number of bracket sets in temple construction varied. During the Song Dynasty the visible beams were straight or slightly arched in a "crescent-moon" shape. "The circumference of a beam may vary according to its length, but the cross section always retains, as a norm, a ratio of 3:2 between its depth and width." The posts or columns may be straight or shaped with an entasis in the top one-third. The columns lean inward about 1:100 and the corners of the building are taller than the middle posts. Later, in during the Quing Dynasty the proportions of the beams changed, the cresent beams were not used and there were more bracket sets

The ridge beam is convex and the rafters concave

The Great Buddha Hall at Nanchan Temple was first built in 782 CE according to an inscription

"Diaojiaolou (literally means hanging attic) is a residential house with a dense architectural flavor of the ethnic minority in the southwestern Yunnan Province. The wooden building is built close to the mountain or above the river with an extended floor space. These houses are usually built on slopes with only support poles and no foundations, and are entirely made of wood without iron."

Dougong one of the most important elements. "The dou (block) is one of three types of component in the bracket set; the others are the gong (arm) and the ang (lever arm)." Each elevation of bracket has a name.

The Chinese typically use seasoned timbers in framing. There are two basic types of Chinese framing. 1 Tailiang “terraced beams” also called liangzhu “beams and columns”. This frame has vertical purlin posts landing on tie beams and another above, common rafters and no bracing. The deidou framing system in Taiwan is derived from this type. (An article by Yuxiang Jin in TF News #17, 1990 p.8 gives basic design and proportioning information in English) 2 Chuandou, chuan-dou, “pillars and transverse beams” frames have more purlins and the posts directly carry the purlins and interrupt the tie beams. The ties can be tenoned or pass through the posts. Instead of bracketing on the tops of the columns, struts carry the eaves purlins. [need illustration] Building width are described by the number of purlins or posts such as a five purlin or larger nine purlin building, and the length is described by the number of horizontal rafter lengths such as a "four rafter building". The building design process was systematic and proportional, with some variation, depending on the structural and formal type of building. First the overall dimensions were determined; the building depth and bay depth, column height, rafters and eaves projection, and building width and bay width were then divided by the modular unit being used. Chinese builders use a system of proportions that always produce a roof pitch of 1:3.3

Chinese buildings were not built straight. The intended curvatures are the Shengqi (rise and fall)- the longitudinal axis of the walls is taller on the ends, the Cejiao - the posts lean inward at the tops by a factor of "...8/1000 in the long elevation and 1/100 in the short elevation." Also, "The height of columns (zhu ) may not exceed 375 fen, nor may it exceed the width of the central bay..."

mention bamboo

Gallery File: Taiping tianguo shiwangfu 7773.jpg| File:Foguang Temple 5.JPG|Dougong brackets and roof beams in the Grand East Hall, Foguang Temple, Shanxi, China. Gallery

China has the oldest known archaeological site where wooden joinery resembling a mortise and tenon has been found, the ...site dated to 5000 B.C. Chinese framing is divided into two broad regions, northern and southern, and divided temples, ...

Pagoda of Fogong Temple Oldest extant wooden Chinese pagoda built in 1056

reading:

• Ruitenbeek, Klaas. Carpentry & Building in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Fifteenth Century Carpenter's Manual Lu Ban Jing. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1996. ISBN 9004105298
• Guo, Qinghua. The structure of Chinese timber architecture: twelfth century design standards and construction principles. Chalmers University of Technology, School of Architecture, Department of Building Design, 1995.
• Liang Ssu-ch’eng [= Liang Sicheng]. A pictorial history of Chinese architecture: a study of the development

of its structural system and the evolution of its types. Edited by Wilma Fairbank. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1984.

external link:

• Yingzao Fashi Project, Department of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
• Ten minute video by UNESCO on Chinese timber framing
• An authentic Chinese house, the Yin Yu Tang House, moved to the U.S.A. and open to the public at the Peabody Essex Museum, Massachusetts
• Ten and one-half minute, detailed video by UNESCO on Korean timber framing

Japan

• Japanese carpentry
• Japanese architecture
• Karahafu A roof shape invented in Japan

Many types of traditional Japanese buildings (Dō (architecture) used timber framing, particularly in Japanese Buddhist architecture#Common temple features. The traditional house types include the Machiya (townhouses) and nōka (farm dwellings) which are both styles of Japanese vernacular architecture known as minka (folk dwellings). (Main article Machiya). Traditional houses do not have a basement, the posts land on padstones (soseki) generally six to eight feet apart. Some buildings have a sill beam (dodai). No bracing except sometimes exterior wall braces and in some roof framing. No trusses were used in traditional Japanese framing. Common rafters (taruki) are laid parallel to each other (heikou daruki) or in a fan shape (ougidaruki) at a roof corner where they tie into a hip rafter (sumigi). There are several names for parallel rafter systems depending on there spacing. Two important roof assemblies in vernacular houses of the Edo period are 1) the sasugumi (sasu kouzou, gasshou) has principal rafters (sasu, gasshou, originally sashu) mortised (hozoana) into a transverse beam jouyabari (koyabari, hari, kouryou) spaced about one ken apart. The ridge purlin (munagi) rests in the cradle formed by the tops of the rafters. Sometimes the roof framing has braces (nuki). pegs (hanasen). This roof system was the most common type in minka houses of the Edo period. and 2) The taruki kouzou rafter system was chiefly found in the Kansai region. A ridge strut (udatsu) supports the ridge purlin directly.

Tenons (hozo) have many names depending on the number of tenons and shape. Mortises (hozoana). One type of tenon on the top of a post is called a juuhozo (kasanehozo, ryouhozo) penetrates the crossing timbers with a reduction in size for the upper tenon called a konehozo. Dovetail (ari) joint. Scarf joint (tsugite).

double check these

There are two main types of angled joint (shiguchi). 1)　watashigake shiguchi - transverly crossed timbers or those with parts set at right or oblique angles. Among the watashigake joints are T-joints (ooire hozosashi), a plain tenon that goes either a little over half the width of the beam or one that is called a through or full tenon because it extends out beyond on the opposite side; a half-lap dovetail joint (arikake), a cogged or cross lapped joint (watariago, mitered joint (tome), L-shaped corner lap joint without mitering (aigakian), an oblique joint (nagarehozo); 2　kumitate shiguchi are joints made by connecting various kinds of tenons (hozo) and mortises (hozoana) including a straight, medium size tenon (hirahozo), a long, straight tenon like on a rafter foot into a tie beam (nagahozo), a blind, wedged tenon known as a foxtail tenon (jigokuhozo), a dovetail tenon (arihozo), a gooseneck tenon (kamahozo), and a blind stub tenon (mechigaihozo). These joints are pegs (sen) or keys (shachi).

Eave purlin (gagyou, gangyou, gayou, nokigeta, or dashigeta)

Post and lintel framing is common including the type called "ridge post framing", in Japanese the ridge post is called a munamochibashira, osabashira, futabashira, uzubashira. The ridge pole (munagi)

The bracket system in Buddhist temple or Shinto shrine framing called Tokyō are of several types and are a defining feature. Gallery File: Wagoya - Japanese Roof Structure.jpg| File: Yogoya - Japanese Roof Structure.jpg|A king post truss is called a Yogoya and is a "western style". File:Horyu-ji06s3200.jpg|The center post in the five-story Pagoda of Hōryū-ji was dendrochronologically dated to 594 is a Japan's National Treasure, a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara prefecture, Japan, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. File:Gassho-zukuri farmhouse-03.jpg|zukuri Wada House, Ogimachi Village, Shirakawa-go, Gifu Prefecture. File:Mutesaki tokyou.jpg|Tokyō are assemblies of brackets and beams similar to the Chinese Dougong. This image shows the maximum of six brackets. Todaiji in Nara, Nara prefecture. File:Komyo-ji Kamakura Belltower futatesaki.jpg|futatesaki is a type of Tokyō. Kamakura belltower. File:Sagami Temple 2600px.jpg|Paint decorated framing at Sagami Temple at Hyōgo Prefecture. File:Hasedera Sakurai Nara pref06s4s4272.jpg|The Kairō a covered walkway. |Hasedera Buddhist temple, Sakurai, Nara prefecture.

reading: [[1]] Chūji Kawashima. Minka: Traditional Houses of Rural Japan. 1986. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ic7YAAAAMAAJ Azby Brown. The Genius of Japanese Carpentry: The Secrets of a Craft

see also

http://nicolawood.typepad.co.uk/kesurokai/2010/05/%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA-%E7%AB%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%93%E5%85%B7%E9%A4%A8-takenaka-carpentry-tools-museum.html

South Korea

• For more general information see Korean Architecture

gallery File:Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-22.jpg|A pavillion in Hanok, Korean traditional house at Korean Folk Village (Minsokchon) in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea File:Korea-Andong-Hahoe Folk Village-10.jpg|Houses in Hahoe Folk Village, Andong, South Korea File:Hahoe 8658.jpg|House in Hahoe Folk Village File:Jeongjeon, Jongmyo Shrine (close up) - Seoul, Korea.jpg|Jeongjeon, Jongmyo Shrine (close up) - Seoul, Korea. gallery File:Nyelloee.jpg|Details of wooden construction reconstructed from archaeological remains recovered from a dredging of Anapji pond. Chashitsu tea room or building for the Japanese Tea Ceremony. File:Boarded wall kura.JPG|A kura (storehouse) in the board-wall style File:Zenkouji7835.jpg|A storage (Kyōzō)building for texts and records in the Zenkō-ji temple complex. Gallery

Nakazonae Ken (architecture) equivalent of the word bay but not a measurement but used in proportioning structures. A Tatami is a floor mat of a standard size, one ken by one-half ken, and are traditionally used to proportion floor sizes in rooms. Korean architecture gives an overview and has many exterior images of timber framed buildings and a few details. Dancheong is the paint decoration on framing and other areas. Hanok traditional Korean house type Korean Buddhist temples Hongsalmun a gate to sacred place and Iljumun a gate to a Buddhist temple

Types of timber framed structures in Japan

Gates called mon.

Taiwan

"Gao-chi is also called “Zhang-gao”. It is a wooden stick with rectangular section and its height over ten “Chi” (Taiwanese feet) for measuring the height of wooden structural components. Gao-chi is an instrument used by traditional master carpenter for measurements of wooden components in the process of the construction. It is treated as the representative of whole design concept including auspicious measurements, the taboo of construction, the idea of aesthetic, the plan of tenons and even the thinking of construction appraising. Gao-chi also imply the construction experience, knowledge of mechanics, the relative position of tenons, the building convenience in the course of constructing , and wooden components aesthetic.

Luo-gao is the process of designing and drawing Gao-chi by master carpenter. In this process, master carpenter has to keep the traditional concept of 3D space to control the relationship of wood structural components between themselves. On one hand, the concept of space is founded upon on-site experience with traditional technology, and the idea of aesthetic as well as concept of traditional taboo are included on the other." Tiwanese master carpenters proportion their traditional buildings by first determining the height of the ridge beam, then the width of the building is in proportion to this height, the purlin locations are determined next which also determines the post locations. (same reference) gallery File:Taichung Wenchang Temple 4.jpg|Wood carving and painting on the roof beams along the courtyard of the Wenchang Temple in Taichung City, Taiwan. File:Taiping tianguo shiwangfu 7773.jpg|ZhejiangJinhuaSite of King Shiwang's Residence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. File:Thai Traditional House On Stilts Trat Thailand.jpg|A traditional wooden Thai house built on stilts in Amphoe Bo Rai, Trat Province, Thailand.

gallery

Indonesia

gallery File:TMII Baluk House, West Kalimantan.JPG|The Baluk house stands high on wooden poles, West Kalimantan pavilion, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. File:TMII Batak House 1.JPG|Traditional Toba Batak house in North Sumatran Pavilion, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. File:TMII Central Java Pavilon 2.JPG|The interior of the Central Javanese Pavilion's pendopo at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. The four main wooden columns is called saka guru. File:TMII Toraja House.jpg|The traditional Tongkonan structure of the Toraja peoples at South Sulawesi Pavilion, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. File:Traditional house Bugis Makassar.JPG|Traditional house Bugis-Makassar, Sulawesi Island File:Traditional Batak house.jpg|A traditional Batak house. See Batak architecture and Architecture of Sumatra Gallery

see also Architecture of Indonesia Architecture of Sumatra

Butan, (Southern Asia)

File:Traditional style house, Haa, Bhutan.JPG|Traditional style house in Haa, Bhutan

Maasadonia

Gallery File:Museum of Macedonia 192.jpg|Model of one type of traditional house in the Ethnological section of the Museum of Macedonia, Skopje.

Nepal

gallery File:Gokarna rest house.jpg|Traditional rest house depicting Newar architectural styles at Gokarna, Kathmandu.

Tibet

The Jokhang temple may be one of the oldest timber framed buildings in the world some elements dating to the 7th and 8th centuries.

Spain

Gallery File:Casa de la Calle Real Número 11.JPG|Traditional half-timbered house in Renedo de Valdavia, Palencia, Spain File:CasaJuntas Polvorosa de Valdavia 001.JPG|Town hall of Polvorosa de Valdavia (Palencia, Castile and León), Spain File:Albarracín - Casas02.jpg|A house in Aragon

Turkey

Gallery File:Safranbolu traditional house 1.jpg|Traditional house of Safranbolu, Karabük, Turkey

Cambodia

Gallery File:Cambo 513.jpg|Main framing and roof structure — traditional, Rural Khmer house in Cambodia File:Cambo 533.jpg|The beams pass through the posts and are wedged from below. This is a ridge post. File:Cambo 564.jpg|Roof framing. File:Cambo 566.jpg|Floor framing.

see also Khmer architecture

to do list

translate articles into English:

• [2]
• [3]
• [4]
• Søre Harildstad
• Vorlaubenhaus
• Bressehaus
• Tata somba
• Riihi, Finnish drying barn

Ridge post framing (firststanderhaus, Mesula ) article on hay carrier

types of timber framing other than residential

• several types of Medieval military devices including siege engines and Battering rams
• Pile driver
• wooden bridge
• marine structures

Falsework Treadwheel crane windmill watermill (to a limited extent) Bell tower Spire Steeple (architecture)

• Stabbur needs an article, currently an indirect redirect
• Boring machine

  

  Hand boring machine (Carpentry and Joinery magazine, 1925)

• Pagesize for Timber framing: 93,040
• daisy wheel
• metal connectors
• whipsaw needs more work
• Five Dragons Temple second oldest dated timber building in China
• decorative framing section in timber framing
• Deconstruction (building)
• Index of construction articles
• Richard Jackson House plank frame
• [[[Oldest buildings in the United States]]
• Alexander Standish House ancient gambrel roof?
• Roof pitch needs work
• Chinese architecture
• Chamfer
• Category:Timber preparation needs work
• English barn needs work
• owl hole, martin hole, barn house (barn conversion)
• Gulf house
• Low German house
• Hall house
• Middle German house
• Grubenhaus a type of Pit-house
• Minka traditional Japanese house type
• Nanchan Temple oldest frame in China?
• Black-and-white Revival architecture
• The Culture of Building book review
• Staddle stones
• Foundation (engineering) needs history section
• Wooden bridge needs work. add

  

  A bridge drawn by the French ?? Villard de Honnecourt, a combination of a hammerbeam truss and cantilever bridge??. Dictionary of French Architecture from 11th to 16th Century (1856) by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

list of Wikipedia articles relating to historic timber framing

barns

Harmondsworth Great Barn "good article"

Public Buildings

Shakespeare's Globe

1. Complex method of gambrel roof proportioning; 2. Simplest possible common rafter roof; 3. rare method for determining roof pitch; 4. rafter roof with tie beam AC; 5. simplest king post truss; 6. king post truss with struts; 7. "flat topped roof"; 8. queen post truss; 9. and 10. combinations of king and queen post trusses; 11. collar beam truaa with clasped purlins; 12. double roof with king post truss and through purlins; 13. arch-brace truss; 14 king post truss with butt purlins, a major/minor rafter system; 15. double roof with king and queen post trusses; 16. "curb" or gambrel roof; 17. "M-roof" with three king posts; 18. "M roof", the inner rafters land on a "gutter plate"; 19. king post roofs; 20. and 21. examples of "church roofs"; 22. Wren's design for theatre at University of Oxford; 23. Wren's dome of St. Pauls Cathedral; 24. dome of Registers office, Edinburgh, Scotland, 50' span; 25 "Norman roof"; 26, 27. examples of timber spires; 28, 29. examples of reciprocal framing; 28, 29, and 30 are called a "crab".

make list of types

An engineered timber framed with metal joints held by nails in Germany

Ground floor joist plan from the German Dictionary of Technology (Lexikon der gesamten Technik), Stuttgart, Leipzig, 1914

==Spirituality in carpentry== (sylva) Spirituality has played an important role in building since antiquity. The topping out ceremony is an example of the builders trying to appease the tree gods. Romans sacrificed people to the gods on the completion of a large project. Chinese carpenters could bring fortune or misfortune to a house in a large number of ways such as orienting a timber the wrong way even while handling the pieces before assembly of the building, or starting work at the wrong celestial time. “Of all the symbols of eternity and security, that which appears most frequently is the Home. The Home is the individual version of the World, in other words, the universal home of all men. This use of symbols embraces all cultures and there is no religion which hasn't adopted it. In Jung's terms, we might say that we found ourselves before an archetype, something that doesn't change with time, which isn't affected by changes in taste. From Hindus to Christians, the problem involves possession, construction, finding shelter, a place to call one's own: an elementary yet eternal need. ‘Going home’ is synonymous with happiness and safety, and ‘mum and dad's house’ or ‘The House of God’ are always ready to welcome prodigal sons who've left the nest in search of knowledge. …there is more spirituality in building a house than in all the prophecies of Isaiah or Celestino.” (Valerio Dehò quoted from http://www.galleriagagliardi.com/en/art-exhibition/2001-400). “Rituals such as the jichin-sai, the ceremony performed before the groundbreaking of a new building, and the joto-shiki, the ridge-raising ceremony, are held at important milestones of a construction project.” (http://www.dougukan.jp/toryo/content-en/highlight_03-en.html). “According to ancient history, the success or failure of man’s building ventures was usually attributed to the gods he worshipped rather than to the skill of the builder. To appease the spirits, sacrifices were offered by builders to exorcise the evil spirits who might have taken residence in the building’s framework during construction.” (http://www.tnaqua.org/newsroom/Topping_out_History.asp) JICHINSAI ground breaking, JOTOSAI ridge pole ceremony,SHYUNKOSAI completion ceremony Pan was the Greek god of pastures, forests, flocks, and fertility. “…Icelandic cosmology is rich and complex…[and included] the creation of humans from tree trunks. The completed universe consisted of various worlds - of gods, people, giants, and underworld beings - all linked by,, or indeed contained in, the World Tree, Yggddrasil. This archetypal sacred tree, life-giving and protective, decaying yet ever renewed, would endure eternally.” (Geoffrey Parrinder, ed., World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present, Facts on File publications New York, NY, Bicester, England revised edition 1983, p. 113)

Chimney

Fire pit in a crannog type house in Loch Tay, Scotland (Scottish Crannog Centre - geograph.org.uk - 606004)

Grundriss Hall with Smoke bay

Smoke hood above woman in a housebarn (Ostade, Isaac van - Barn Interior - 1645)

Smoke hood in a house called Tŷ Mawr in North Wales (geograph.org.uk - 1571872)

A hall house with chimney

Historic types of foundations

post hole construction (earthfast) piling

Section of a post-hole in an archeological excavation. 1. geological layers, 2. backfilling of the pit dug for the post, 3. dark soil silhouette by the decayed post

staddle stones padstone (podstone) piers? dry laid stone grillage Amsterdam foundation

Damage to foundations expansive soil uneven settlement bearing capacity vs load heaving

Geotechnical engineering or more specifically Soil mechanics

image of ridge post framing in USA

Attic framing, Madame Johns Legacy, New Orleans 1940

GrangeBarn-interior

Description The oldest surviving timber-framed barn in Europe. Coggeshall Grange Barn belonged to Coggeshall Abbey

Woodworking-frameandpanel

Piece sur piece

Gotland-Bunge Museum Hof 17.Jhdt. 04

Bunge Museum auf Gotland. Hof ( 17.Jhdt. ): Blockbauweise

Slotted post construction in Borovsk, Russia

Creamer's barn interior

Vouzon beams A

Beams, Rothe House - geograph.org.uk - 1538860

Old roof beams in Castle Grant - geograph.org.uk - 821393

Braced collar beam roof, chancel of St Junabius - geograph.org.uk - 958748

Romania Bistrita-Nasaud Silivasu de Campie church beam connection 89

Bucarest Musee Village Castranova poutre cheval

Beam (called 'cosorobi') with sculptured outer end in the shape of a horse head - 19th-century house from Castranova - Village Museum, Bucharest, Romania.

Veringenstadt Rathaus Balken

Mormon Tabernacle roof trusses2

Note the wooden pegs and beams bound together by strips of rawhide. Historic American Engineering Record; Library of Congress HAER, UTAH,18-SALCI,2-6 see also Henry Grow

Nolay - Les halles du XIVe siècle 9 - detail

Nolay - Open Market Hall from the 14th Century chestnut wood beams with heavy limestone cover (800 kg / sq m). After over 600 years of use and influence of the weather perfectly preserved.

Schuyler Oak Ballroom interior 4

Detail of ceiling beams in w:Oak Ballroom in Schuyler, Nebraska. The building was designed in Tudor Revival style by architect Template:Emiel Christensen and built in 1935. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

North American Historic Carpentry

define historic period, define carpentry, joinery, wright. Mass wall vs. framed wall. mention foundations, stone/brick walls need floors and roofs, falsework, ladders? Not shipbuilding. see Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural p. 115

Framing

Timber framing

Sidewall vs bent

scribe rule square rule

plank frame

Tadlow Granary - Wandlebury, England. "Report on the tree-ring dating of oak timbers from a granary of plank and muntin construction to the period 1415-1425. The granary was dismantled in 1971, and repaired and re-erected at the Cambridge Preservation Society's country park at Wandlebury, Stapleford, southeast of Cambridge, in 1981." - 1147617 Image by Sebastian Ballard

Other than buildings

Press.KlosterStGeorgen.SteinAmRhein

Balloon framing

- industrial revolution, westward expansion, boomtown architecture

plank frame barns

Ladviks farm in Sweden

Bridges

 simple types
 trusses
 covered

Mass wall

===Log structures===

stacked plank and stacked board

horizontal plank, plank on plank, board wall,

board on board

Wildfell stacked plank construction in an octagon house

Markham Museum#Chapman House see A Building History of Northern New England Building with wood and other aspects of nineteenth-century ... ISBN 0802022804

vertical plankwall

The Herbert M. Fox House is the only known vertical plankwall house in Minnesota. Circa mid-19th century. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, MINN,71-SAGO,1-3

boxed houses

Repro Negative. Single-family houses of boshout (type of wood) on fiber company Lho Soekon in Aceh, North Sumatra, 1937. The construction is similar to the U.S.A. "box house" promoted in part as company housing.

box, boxed Kentucky boxed house boxing, single wall, single wall may also mean: "...a single layer of plywood siding does the structural job of sheathing plus siding."

References

board roof

Wooden church of the Intercession, Borovsk, Rusia

Barns of the United Kingdom

Very much a traditional Yorkshire barn, with outside stairs going up to the hayloft. Image: Oliver Dixon