Rhinophore

A rhinophore is one of a pair of chemosensory club-shaped, rod-shaped or ear-like structures which are the most prominent part of the external head anatomy in sea slugs, marine gastropod opisthobranch mollusks such as the nudibranchs, sea hares (Aplysiomorpha), and sap-sucking sea slugs (Sacoglossa).

Etymology

The name relates to the rhinophore's function as an organ of "smell". Rhino- means nose from Ancient Greek ῥίς rhis and from its genitive ῥινός rhinos. "Phore" means "to bear" from Neo-Latin -phorus and from Greek -phoros (φορος) "bearing", a derivative of phérein (φέρειν).

Function

Rhinophores are scent or taste receptors, also known as chemosensory organs situated on the dorsal surface of the head. They are primarily used for distance chemoreception and rheoreception (response to water current).^[1]

The "scents" detected by rhinophores are chemicals dissolved in the sea water. The fine structure and hairs of the rhinophore provide a large surface area so that chemical detection is maximized.^[2] This allows the nudibranchs to stay close to their food source (for example species of sponges) and to find mates. In the sea hare Aplysia californica, the rhinophores are able to detect pheromones.^[1]

Protection

To protect the prominent rhinophores against nibbling by predators, including fish, most species of dorid nudibranchs are able to withdraw their rhinophores into a pocket beneath the skin.^[2]

Structure

In reproductively mature Aplysia adults, the rhinophore is about 1 cm in length.^[1] The neuroanatomical organization includes a rhinophore groove where most of the sensory cells appear to be concentrated. Its sensory epithelium contains sensory neurons that project axons back to rhinophore ganglia and dendrites that end in either a surface-exposed cilium or a small protuberance.^[1]

A low-power scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph showing the rhinophore tip of *Aplysia californica*
Scale bar is 300 μm.
rg - rhinophore groove
tip - rhinophore tip.

A medium-power SEM image showing the cilia-bearing epithelium within the rhinophore groove
Scale bar is 100 μm.
f - folds

A high-power SEM image showing cilia extending from a common pore: Also evident are pores lacking obvious bunched cilia.
Scale bar is 10 μm.
ci - numerous long cilia

Comparison with oral tentacles

In A. californica, the oral tentacles, which are situated in a more ventral position, are possibly involved in contact chemoreception and mechanoreception.^[1]

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text (but not under GFDL) from reference.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Scott F Cummins, Dirk Erpenbeck, Zhihua Zou, Charles Claudianos, Leonid L Moroz, Gregg T Nagle & Bernard M Degnan. 2009. Candidate chemoreceptor subfamilies differentially expressed in the chemosensory organs of the mollusc Aplysia. BMC Biology 2009, 7:28. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-7-28.
^ ^a ^b Rhinophore in nudibranchs Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Sea Slug Forum, accessed 8 July 2009.

v t e Gastropod anatomy
Shell	Aperture Apex Body whorl Callus Columella Lip Lira Nacre Periostracum Peristome Planispiral Plait Protoconch Sculpture Selenizone Siphonal canal Siphonal notch Spire Stromboid notch Suture Umbilicus Valve Varix Whorl
Other hard parts	Clausilium Love dart Operculum Pearl Radula
External soft parts	Caryophyllidia Caudal mucous pit Cerata Cnidosac Mantle Mentum Notum Parapodium Pneumostome Rhinophore Semper's organ Siphon Suprapedal gland
Internal soft parts	Circulatory system of gastropods Crop Ctenidium Digestive system of gastropods Diverticula Excretory system of gastropods Gastric shield Hancock's organ Hepatopancreas Hypobranchial gland Nephridium Nervous system of gastropods Nidamental gland Odontophore Oesophageal pouch Osphradium Reproductive system of gastropods Respiratory system of gastropods Sensory organs of gastropods
Other	Epiphragm Pseudofeces Torsion Circumesophageal nerve ring Trochophore Tyrian purple Veliger