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Pyongui Line

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Not to be confused with Gyeongui Line.
P'yŏngŭi Line
View of the platform at Sŏnch'ŏn station on the P'yŏngŭi Line.
View of the platform at Sŏnch'ŏn station on the P'yŏngŭi Line.
Overview
Native name평의선 (平義線)
OwnerTemporary Military Railway (1905–1906)
National Railway (1906–1909)
Korea Railway (1909–1910)
Chosen Government Railway (1910–1917)
South Manchuria Railway (1917–1925)
Chosen Government Railway (1925–1945)
Korean State Railway (since 1945)
LocaleP'yŏngyang,
South P'yŏngan,
North P'yŏngan
Termini
Stations33
Service
TypeHeavy rail, Regional rail
Passenger/Freight
Depot(s)P'yŏngyang, West P'yŏngyang, Chŏngju, Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn (locomotive);
P'yŏngyang, Kangan (rolling stock)
History
Opened28 April 1905 (freight)
1 April 1908 (passenger)
Technical
Line length225 km (140 mi)
Number of tracksDouble track (P'yŏngyang–Kalli, Ŏpa–Sukch'ŏn,
South Sinŭiju–Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn)
Single track
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius300 m (980 ft)
Electrification3000 V DC Catenary
Operating speed100 km/h (62 mph) (nominal)
40 km/h (25 mph) (actual)
Maximum incline11‰
Route map

Legend
P'yŏngbu Line
0.0
 P'yŏngyang
Trams in Pyongyang
Pot'onggang Canal
(bridge appx 185 m (607 ft))
P'yŏngnam Line
4.7
 West P'yŏngyang
Kim Chŏng-tae Works
9.6
 Sŏp'o
Ryongsŏng Line
14.3
 San'um
San'um Branch
17.6
 Kalli
Sijŏng Line
P'yŏngra Line
Pot'ong River
(bridge appx 205 m (673 ft))
(bridge appx 150 m (490 ft))
(bridge appx 190 m (620 ft))
P'yŏngyang Airport fuel dump
23.9
 Sunan
30.8
 Sŏgam
T'aegam Co-op Farm
(tunnel appx 355 m (1,165 ft))
41.6
 Ŏp'a
(tunnel appx 505 m (1,657 ft))
Chun'gyo River
(bridge appx 100 m (330 ft))
52.4
 Sukch'ŏn
57.8
 Nisŏ
Closed
62.7
 Mundŏk
Sŏhae Line
Sŏngbŏp Branch
Closed
70.8
 Taegyo
76.2
 Sinanju Ch'ŏngnyŏn
Kaech'ŏn Line
Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River
(bridge appx 1,200 m (3,900 ft))
80.2
 Ch'ŏngch'ŏn'gang
Kubongsan Line
81.0
 Maengjungri
Pakch'ŏn Line
Closed
(bridge appx 160 m (520 ft))
Taeryŏng River
(bridge appx 945 m (3,100 ft))
89.6
 Unjŏn
Changsut'an River
(bridge appx 90 m (300 ft))
102.6
 Un'am
111.1
 Koŭp
(tunnel appx 150 m (490 ft))
Talch'ŏn River
(bridge appx 280 m (920 ft))
123.9
 Chŏngju Ch'ŏngnyŏn
2.25 Factory
P'yŏngbuk Line
128.6
 Hadan
(tunnel appx 140 m (460 ft))
136.5
 Kwaksan
Taeryŏng River
(bridge appx 250 m (820 ft))
(bridge appx 260 m (850 ft))
147.6
 Roha
(bridge appx 485 m (1,591 ft))
157.4
 Sŏnch'ŏn
(bridge appx 135 m (443 ft))
167.5
 Ch'ŏnggang
(bridge appx 220 m (720 ft))
Ch'ŏlsan Line
178.3
 Tongrim
Ch'ŏlsan Line
191.6
 Yŏmju
Paengma Line
195.9
 Sujŏng
Closed 1944
199.3
 Naejung
202.1
 Tangryŏng
Closed
205.0
 Ryongju
(tunnel appx 375 m (1,230 ft))
Tasado Line
210.1
 Ryongch'ŏn
213.4
 Ribam
Closed
Samgyo River
(bridge appx 535 m (1,755 ft))
(bridge appx 110 m (360 ft))
217.2
 Ragwŏn
Paengma Line
220.2
 South Sinŭiju
Tŏkhyŏn Line
(bridge appx 210 m (690 ft))
(bridge appx 110 m (360 ft))
(bridge appx 170 m (560 ft))
225.1
 Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn
Kangan Line
↑DPRK
Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge (Yalu River)
↓China
227.7
 Dandong
China Railway Shendan Railway
Pyongui Line
Chosŏn'gŭl
평의선
Hancha
Revised RomanizationPyeongui-seon
McCune–ReischauerP'yŏngŭi-sŏn

The P'yŏngŭi Line is an electrified main trunk line of the Korean State Railway of North Korea, running from P'yŏngyang to Sinŭiju on the border with China.[1] It is the main corridor for overland traffic between North Korea and China, and is one of the country's most important rail lines. A bridge over the Yalu River connects Sinŭiju to the Chinese city of Dandong and the Shendan Line of the China Railway to Shenyang and Chinese points beyond.

Description

[edit]

The total length of the line is 225.1 km (139.9 mi),[1] which corresponds to 5.3% of the total national railway network.[2] Although most of the line is single track, the P'yŏngyang–Kalli (17.9 km (11.1 mi)), Sukch'ŏn–Ŏp'a (10.6 km (6.6 mi)) and Sinŭiju–South Sinŭiju sections (5.2 km (3.2 mi)) are double-tracked. The ruling grade on the line is 11‰, and the minimum curve radius is 300 m (980 ft). The average distance between stations is 7.5 km (4.7 mi)[2]

The P'yŏngyang–Sŏgam section is under the jurisdiction of the P'yŏngyang Railway Bureau, while the Sŏgam–Sinŭiju section is under the Kaech'ŏn Railway Bureau.[2]

There are 177 bridges with a total length of 9,083 m (29,800 ft) and 5 tunnels with a total length of 2,383 m (7,818 ft).[2] Although the average length of the bridges is only 51 m (167 ft), the P'yŏngŭi Line nevertheless features the longest railway bridge in the DPRK - over 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in length. There are locomotive depots at P'yŏngyang, West P'yŏngyang, Chŏngju and Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn stations, and two rolling stock maintenance facilities, one at P'yŏngyang, and one for passenger cars at Kangan station in Sinŭiju.[2]

Deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il used to travel on the P'yŏngŭi Line for visits to China, as he did not fly.

History

[edit]
See also: Pyongbu Line § History
See also: Gyeongui Line § History

Origins, to 1945

[edit]

For the original line's history and other information prior to 1945, see Gyeongui Line (1904–1945).

The Kyŏngŭi Line was originally opened by the Temporary Military Railway Office established by the Japanese Empire to aid in the movement of its forces during the Russo-Japanese War and to strengthen its influence over Korea. Freight service on the entirety of the line from Kyŏngsŏng to Sinŭiju started in April 1906,[3] and on 1 September of that year, the Railway Office took over control of the Kyŏngŭi Line from the military and merged it with the Kyŏngbu Railway to create the National Railway Administration, which took over ownership and operation of the Kyŏngŭi Line.[4]

Liberation, Partition and the Korean War, 1945–1953

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The ruins of the locomotive Matei 10 at Changdan in 1976.

Following the end of the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, the Kyŏngŭi Line was divided at the 38th parallel, between Tosŏng and Sariwŏn.[1] On 25 August 1945, the Soviet Army began operating trains on the Kyŏngŭi Line north of Sariwŏn,[1][5] and on 10 August 1946 the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea nationalised all railways in the Soviet-occupied part of Korea, creating the Korean State Railway,[1] and on 9 September 1948 the Kyŏngŭi Line was split, with the P'yŏngyang–Sinŭiju section becoming the P'yŏngŭi Line (from the names of the two termini, P'yŏngyang and Sinŭiju), and the P'yŏngyang–Kaesŏng–DMZ section becoming the P'yŏngbu Line (from P'yŏngyang and the theoretical southern terminus of the line, Pusan). Despite the partition, trains continued to operate along the Kyŏngŭi Line until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. On 31 December 1950, a passenger train, consisting of the locomotive MaTeI 10 and 25 cars, going from Hanp'o to Munsan was ordered to stop at Changdan by the US Army and was destroyed. The locomotive is now on display at Imjingak.[1] The Munsan-Kaesong section was thus closed, severing the north–south railway connection. Between April 1937 and May 1943, the Imperial Japanese Army built a second bridge across the Yalu River; both this newer bridge and the original bridge were attacked repeatedly between November 1950 and February 1951 by US Air Force bombers, but were repeatedly repaired. After the end of the Korean War, the 1911 bridge was left destroyed, and only the newer bridge was repaired and returned to use. In 1990 the bridge was given its current name, Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge.[6] The entirety of the line suffered severe damage during the Korean War.[2]

Post-war, since 1953

[edit]

After the end of the Korean War, with Soviet and Chinese assistance the line was quickly rebuilt and modernised.[2]

An agreement was signed between the DPRK and China on cross-border train service on 5 February 1954,[1] and a Beijing–P'yŏngyang through-train service began, using China Railway rolling stock, on 3 June of the same year.[1] In 1964, through a rearrangement of lines, the main line was shortened by almost 11 km (6.8 mi). To accomplish this, the South Sinŭiju–Naejung–Yŏmju section of the Yangsi Line was made the mainline of the P'yŏngŭi Line, while the former mainline, South Sinŭiju–Paengma–Yŏmju, was split off to become the current Paengma Line.[1] Also, in August of that year, the electrification of the entire line from P'yŏngyang to Sinŭiju was completed,[2][7] and at the same time the track was upgraded with heavy rail, and 68% of the sleepers were replaced with concrete sleepers.[2] Semi-automatic train control was also installed, with the line divided into two sections, P'yŏngyang–Kalli and Kalli–Sinŭiju.[2]

The 1970s saw the opening of new branchlines connecting to the P'yŏngŭi Line mainline[8] - the Sŏhae Line (also known as the Anju Colliery Line) from Mundŏk to Namdong to serve coal mines in the area, as well as the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn'gang–Songdo–Kubongsan–Ryonghŭng Kubongsan Line, and in 1976,[8] the Ch'ŏnghwaryŏk Line from Kubongsan to the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River Thermal Power Plant and the Namhŭng Line from Songdo to Namhŭng to serve the Namhŭng Youth Chemical Complex; both the power plant and the chemical complex were opened that year.[9]

To facilitate the construction of the Sŏhae Satellite Launching Station, the Ch'ŏlsan Line was extended in the early 2000s to the launch facility via Ch'ŏlsan and Tongchang.[10] On 22 April 2004, the worst railway disaster in the DPRK occurred when a train carrying ammonium nitrate fertiliser[11][12] exploded at Ryongch'ŏn Station.

Planned Sinŭiju–Kaesŏng high-speed railway

[edit]

On 8 December 2013, an agreement was reached between North Korea and a consortium of Chinese companies to construct a high-speed railway connecting Kaesŏng, P'yŏngyang, and Sinŭiju. The project is to be a build-operate-transfer arrangement, in which the construction, scheduled to take five years, will be funded by the consortium, which will then operate the line for 30 years, after which the Railway Ministry will take over operations and complete ownership of the line. The rail line is to be a double-track line of about 400 km (250 mi) with an operating speed of over 200 km/h (120 mph).[13][14]

Services

[edit]
See also: List of passenger train services in North Korea

The P'yŏngŭi Line serves numerous important industrial centres such as Tongrim, Mundŏk, Chŏngju and the Sinŭiju Industrial Zone, as well as Tŏkhyŏn (iron ore), Ryongamp'o (machinery manufacturing), Paengma (chemicals), Ryangch'aek (petrochemicals, machinery), Kusŏng (machinery, textiles), Ch'ŏngsu (chemicals), Namhŭng (chemicals), Kaech'ŏn (coal) and Ch'ŏngnam (coal),[2] thus being one of the DPRK's major economic arteries. It also plays a major role in foreign trade; Sinŭiju station is the most important railway station in the DPRK in terms of quantity of freight moved for import and export, accounting for 59.1% of export cargo and 38.5% of import cargo volume in 1983, as not only freight to and from China was shipped via Sinŭiju, but also cargo to and from the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Europe.[2] Although much of the traffic with Europe has dried up since the collapse of communism in Europe and the shift of traffic to and from Russia to the Hongŭi Line, Sinŭiju still remains the most important railway border station.

According to the 1996 timetable, the travel time between P'yŏngyang and Sinŭiju was 4 hours 30 minutes;[1] in comparison, the travel time over the same relation for the "Koa" limited express of 1942 was 4 hours 15 minutes, despite running via the longer Paengma Line.[1] Although in the past speeds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph) were reached on the line,[2] in recent years the average speeds of passenger trains on the line have fallen to around 40 km/h (25 mph). There are also various commuter trains on the line, such as between Sinŭiju and Ryongchŏn, and between Sinŭiju and Chŏngju, and to the Namhŭng Youth Chemical Complex.[2] The following passenger trains are known to operate on this line:[1]

  • International express trains 5/6, operating between P'yŏngyang and Beijing, China, run along the entirety of this line between P'yŏngyang and Sinŭiju;
  • Express trains 19/20, operating between P'yŏngyang and Huich'ŏn, run on this line between P'yŏngyang and Sinanju;
  • Semi-express trains 115/116, operating between P'yŏngyang and Ch'ŏngsu, run on this line between P'yŏngyang and Chŏngju;
  • Semi-express trains 124-125/126-127, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngny'ŏn and Ch'ŏngjin Ch'ŏngnyŏn, run on the entirety of this line between Sinuiju and P'yŏngyang;
  • Semi-express trains 142-143/144-145, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Kaesŏng, run on the entirety of this line between Sinuiju and P'yŏngyang;
  • Semi-express trains 146-147/148-149, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Namp'o, run on the entirety of this line between Sinuiju and P'yŏngyang;
  • Regional trains 200/201, operating between West P'yŏngyang and Ch'ŏngsu, run on this line between West P'yŏngyang and Chŏngju;
  • Regional trains 222-223/224, operating between Kalli and Kaesŏng, run on this line between Kalli and P'yŏngyang;
  • Regional trains 249/250 operate between P'yŏngyang and Sŏgam;
  • Regional trains 250-251/252-253, operating between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Huich'ŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn, run on this line between Sinuiju and Sinanju;
  • Local trains 302-303/304-305, operating between Sunan and Kangdong, run on this line between Sunan and P'yŏngyang;
  • Local trains 418/419, operating between Sinuiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Yŏmju via the Paengma line, run on this line between Sinŭiju and South Sinŭiju.

Route

[edit]

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

Distance (km)
Current Original Station Name Former Name
Total S2S Total S2S Transcribed Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) Transcribed Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) Connections
(former)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pyongyang 평양 (平壤) Phyongbu Line, Phyongnam Line,
P'yŏngdŏk Line, Phyongra Line
● Ch'ŏllima Line Yŏnggwang Station
Tram interchange ● Tram Line 1
4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 West Pyongyang
(Sopyongyang) 		서평양 (西平壤) Phyongra Line
Tram interchange ● Tram Line 3
9.6 4.9 11.1 6.4 Sopho 서포 (西浦) Ryongsong Line
● Chollima Line Sopho Station (planned)
14.3 4.7 ↓ ↓ Sanum 산음 (山陰) Sanum Branch
17.6 3.3 19.1 8.0 Kalli 간리 (間里) Phyongra Line, Sijong Line
23.9 6.3 25.2 6.1 Sunan 순안 (順安) Pyongyang International Airport
30.8 6.9 33.5 8.3 Sogam 석암 (石巖) Station relocated
41.6 10.8 41.1 7.6 Opha 어파 (漁波)
52.4 10.8 51.9 10.8 Sukchon 숙천 (肅川)
57.8 5.4 57.3 5.4 Niso 니서 (尼西) Closed
62.7 4.9 62.2 4.9 Mundok 문덕 (文德) Mansŏng 만성 (萬城) Sohae Line
71.0 8.3 70.5 8.3 Taegyo 대교 (大橋) (Songbop Branch)
76.2 5.2 75.7 5.2 Sinanju Chongnyon 신안주청년
(新安州靑年) 		Sinanju 신안주 (新安州) Kaechon Line
80.2 4.0 79.7 4.0 Chongchongang 청천강 (淸川江) Kubongsan Line
82.0 1.8 81.5 1.8 Maengjungri 맹중리 (孟中里) Namhong Line
(Pakchon Line)
89.6 7.6 89.1 7.4 Unjon 운전 (雲田) Yŏngmi 영미 (嶺美)
102.6 13.0 102.1 13.0 Unam 운암 (雲巖) Unjŏn 운전 (雲田)
111.1 8.5 110.6 8.5 Koup 고읍 (古邑)
123.9 12.8 123.4 12.8 Chongju Chongnyon 정주청년
(定州靑年) 		Chŏngju 정주 (定州) Phyongbuk Line
128.6 4.7 128.1 4.7 Hadan 하단 (下端)
136.5 7.9 136.0 7.9 Kwaksan 곽산 (郭山)
148.1 11.6 147.6 11.6 Roha 로하 (路下) Noha 노하 (路下)
157.4 9.3 156.9 9.3 Sonchon 선천 (宣川)
167.5 10.1 167.0 10.1 Chonggang 청강 (淸江) Tongrim 동림 (東林)
178.3 10.8 177.8 10.8 Tongrim 동림 (東林) Ch'aryŏngwan 차련관 (車輦館) Cholsan Line
191.6 13.3 191.2 13.4 Yomju 염주 (鹽州) Namsi 남시 (南市) Paengma Line
↓ ↓ 195.5 4.3 Sujong 수정 (壽亭) Closed 1944.
199.3 7.7 198.9 3.4 Naejung 내중 (內中)
↓ ↓ 201.7 2.8 Tangryong 당령 (堂嶺) Closed.
205.0 5.8 204.7 3.0 Ryongju 룡주 (龍州)
210.1 5.1 209.8 5.1 Ryongchon 룡천 (龍川) Yangsi 양시 (楊市) Tasado Line
213.4 3.3 213.1 3.3 Ribam 리밤 (立岩) Ibam 이밤 (立岩) Closed
217.2 3.8 216.9 3.8 Ragwon 락원 (樂元)
220.2 3.0 219.9 3.0 South Sinuiju
(Namsinuiju) 		남신의주
(南新義州) 		Paengma Line, Tokhyon Line
225.4 5.2 225.1 5.2 Sinuiju Chongnyon 신의주청년
(新義州靑年) 		Sinŭiju 신의주 (新義州) Kangan Line
Yalu River
 압록강 (鴨綠江) DPRK−PRC border
Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge
조중우의교 (朝中友誼橋)
228.0 2.6 227.7 2.6 Dandong (China) 丹东 Andong 安東 China Railway Shendan Railway

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n North Korea Geographic Information: Transportation Geography - P'yŏngŭi Line (in Korean)
  3. ^ "경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황". Korail. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  4. ^ Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), p. 69, Shinchosha, Tokyo ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6
  5. ^ "100 Years of Rail Travel - The 38th Parallel (in Japanese)". Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  6. ^ 丹東 압록강철교는 북한의 생명길 (in Korean)
  7. ^ "『デロイを探せ！（その31） 戦後のデロイ（1964年）』".
  8. ^ a b Choe, Un-sik, 한국의 전통 사회 운송 기구, ISBN 978-89-7300-728-8, pp. 114-115
  9. ^ Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. (10 April 2014). "North Korea's Namhung Youth Chemical Complex: Seven Years of Construction Pays Off". US-Korea Institute at SAIS. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  10. ^ Laurence, Jeremy (17 February 2011). "North Korea completes second missile site". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Rumours linger over N Korea blast". London: BBC. April 24, 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  12. ^ "KCNA Report on Explosion at Ryongchon Railway Station". KCNA. 24 April 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  13. ^ Song, In-geol; Choi, Hyun-june (2014-04-07). "Korail CEO waiting for approval to visit North Korea". Hankoryeh (Hani.co.kr). Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved 2018-08-20. South Korean businesspeople in China who are closely involved in the high-speed rail project said on Apr. 6 that a contract for the railway/highway construction was signed in Beijing on Feb. 24 by North Korea's State Economic Development Commission, chaired by Kim Ki-sok, and a Chinese consortium headed by the Shangdi Guanqun investment company.
  14. ^ "NK Briefs". Ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
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