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Munchkin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Munchkin (disambiguation).

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearanceThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created byL. Frank Baum

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Concept

[edit]

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin.[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen.[original research?][citation needed] This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.[1][4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Literature

[edit]

Oz Books by Frank Baum

[edit]

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

– L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman.[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story.[5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

[edit]

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

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Early works (1902–1933)

[edit]

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum.[9]

1939 film

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The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of the Singer Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors with dwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras[10] in order to make up the 124 characters requested by MGM.[11]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing a Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".[12] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

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The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[13] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves.[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.[14] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created by Pinto Colvig and Billy Bletcher[15] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back.[16]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Gladys W. Allison Un­known Un­known Played a villager [17]
John Ballas 1903 Un­known Played a villager [18][19]
Franz Balluch ("Mike") Un­known Un­known Played a villager [17]
Josefine Balluch Un­known 1984 Played a villager [20][21][22]
John T. Bambury 1891 1960 Played a soldier [18][23][24]
Charlie Becker 1887 1968 Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland" [23][25]
Freda Betsky 1916[a] Un­known Played a villager [17][26]
Henry Boers 1896 Un­known Played a villager [27]
Theodore Boers 1894 1945 Played a villager [27][28]
Christie Buresh 1907 1979 Played a villager [29]
Eddie Buresh 1909 1982 Played a villager [29]
Lida Buresh 1906 1970 Played a villager [18][29]
Mickey Carroll 1919 2009 Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier [30]
Casper "Colonel" Balsam Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Nona A. Cooper 1875 1953 Played a villager [17][31]
Thomas J. Cottonaro 1914 2001 Played a villager [17][32]
Elizabeth Coulter Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Lewis Croft 1919 2008 Played a soldier [33]
Frank Cucksey 1919 1984 Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[b] [34][35]
Billy Curtis 1909 1988 Played the Braggart[c] [36]
Eugene S. David Jr. Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler [37]
Eulie H. David 1921 1972 Played a soldier [37][38]
Ethel W. Denis 1894 1968 Played a villager [18][39][40]
Prince Denis 1900 1984 Played the Sergeant-at-Arms[d] [41][39]
Hazel I. Derthick 1906 1989 Played a villager [42]
Daisy Earles 1907 1980 Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Gracie Doll Earles 1899 1970 Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Harry Doll Earles 1902 1985 Blue member of The Lollipop Guild [43][44]
Tiny Doll Earles 1914 2004 Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle") 1869 1940 Played a villager [18][45]
Ruth Robinson Duccini 1918 2014 Played a villager [46]
Carl M. Erickson 1917 1958 Played the 2nd Trumpeter [18][47]
Fern Formica 1925 1995 Played a villager and a "sleepyhead" [48]
Addie Eva Frank Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Thaisa L. Gardner 1909 1968 Played a villager [18]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich Disputed[e] 1960 Red member of The Lollipop Guild [49]
William A. Giblin 1916 1985 Played a soldier [50]
Jack S. Glicken 1900 1950 Played a city father [51]
Carolyn E. Granger 1915 1973 Played a villager [18][52]
Joseph Herbst Un­known 1989[f] Played a soldier [18][53]
Jakob Hofbauer 1898 Un­known[g] Played a soldier [54]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite") 1913 1975 Played the 3rd Trumpeter [55][56]
Helen M. Hoy 1898 1945 Played a villager [18][57]
Marguerite A. Hoy Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
James R. Hulse IV 1915 1964 Played a villager [18][41][58]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert") 1886[h] Un­known Played a soldier [17][59]
Charles E. Kelley Un­known Un­known Played a soldier [17]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker") Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Frank Kikel Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Bernard Klima ("Harry") 1897 1957 Played a villager [34][60]
Mitzi Koestner 1894 1975 Played a villager [18][61]
Emma Koestner 1900 1984 Played a villager [10][18][61]
Willi Koestner 1908 1974 Played a soldier [18][61][62]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams") Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler [18][63]
Joseph J. Koziel 1919 1967 Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers[b] [18][64][65]
Dolly F. Kramer 1904 1995 Played a villager [18][27]
Emil Kranzler 1910 1993 Played a villager [18][66][67]
Nita Krebs 1905 1991 Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [34][68]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean") 1909 1993 Played a villager [69]
Hilda Lange 1911 1975 Played a villager [18][67]
John Leal ("Johnny") 1905 1996 Played a villager [18][70]
Ann Rice Leslie 1900 1973 Played a villager [18][71]
Charles Ludwig 1889 1941 Played a villager [18][72][73]
Dominick Magro 1909 1959 Played a villager [74][75]
Carlos Manzo 1914 1955 Played a villager [18][76]
Howard Marco 1884[i] Un­known Played a villager [18][77]
Jerry Maren 1920 2018 Green member of The Lollipop Guild [78][79]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers") 1902 1954 Played a villager [17][80][81]
Lajos Matina ("Leo") 1901 1975 Played a villager [17][82][83]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers") 1902 1965 Played a villager [17][82][80][84]
Walter M. B. Miller 1906 1987 Played a soldier and a flying monkey [18][20]
George Ministeri 1913 1986 Played the coachman and a villager [18][85]
Harry Monty 1904 1999 Played a villager and a flying monkey [86]
Yvonne Bistany Moray 1917 Un­known[j] Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [17][20]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters") 1905 1985 Played the Commander of the Navy [88]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters") 1901 1979 Played a villager [88]
Olga C. Nardone 1921 2010 Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager [89]
Nels P. Nelson 1918 1994 Played a villager [18][90][91][k]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite") 1902 1961 Played a villager [10][92]
Franklin H. O'Baugh 1922 1963 Played a soldier [93][94]
William H. O'Docharty 1920 1988 Played the coach footman and a villager [18][85]
Hildred C. Olson Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Frank Packard Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky") 1904 1978 Played a soldier and a city father [10][20]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess Leona") 1897 Un­known Played a villager [27]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 1923 2013 Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin" [48][95]
Johnny Pizo Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon") 1918 1955 Played a villager [18][96][97]
Lillian Porter 1917 1997 Played a villager [98][99]
Meinhardt Raabe 1915 2010 Played the coroner[l] [100]
Margaret Raia 1928[m] 2003 Played a villager [102]
Matthew Raia Un­known Un­known Played a city father [102]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie") 1899 Un­known Played a fiddler and villager [18][103]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy") 1895 1967 Played the barrister [104][105]
Gertrude H. Rice Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Hazel Rice Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Sandor Roka 1896 1954 Played a villager [18][106][107]
Jimmie Rosen 1892 1973 Played a villager [108]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal 1900 1947 Played a soldier [18][109]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal 1897 1958 Played a villager [18][109]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal 1903 1959 Played a villager [109]
Albert Ruddinger Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Elsie R. Schultz 1892 1987 Played a villager [18][20]
Charles Silvern 1902 1976 Played a villager [18][110]
Garland Slatton ("Earl") 1917 1995 Played a soldier [27]
Karl Slover 1918 2011 Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager [111][112]
Ruth E. Smith Un­known 1985 Played a villager [14][18]
Elmer Spangler 1910 Un­known Played a villager [18][113]
Pernell St. Aubin 1922 1987 Played a soldier [34][114]
Carl Stephan Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Alta M. Stevens 1913 1989 Played a villager [18][115]
George Suchsie Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Charlotte V. Sullivan Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Clarence Swensen 1917 2009 Played a soldier [116]
Betty Tanner 1916 1994 Played a villager [117][118]
Arnold Vierling 1919 1949 Played a villager [119]
Gus Wayne 1920 1998 Played a soldier [120]
Victor Wetter 1902 1990 Played the Captain of the Army [10][121]
Grace G. Williams Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18]
Harvey B. Williams 1905 1968 Played a soldier [18][122]
Gladys V. Wolff 1911 1984 Played a villager [41][18]
Murray Wood 1908 1999 Played a city father [18][123]

Child actresses

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About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.[124] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2023, at least three "child munchkins" are known to be living.

Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno") 1931 2023 Munchkin hatchling [125][126][127][128][129][130]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark 1929 Living Munchkin Child [126][127][131]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway") 1933 2008 Background fill [132][133]
Joan Kenmore 1931 2022 Background fill [125][126][127][124][134]
Eva Lee Kuney 1934 2015 Background fill [17][135][136]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury") 1930 1991 unknown [137][138]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk") 1930 Living Background fill [124][127][139]
Valerie Lee Shepard[n] 1931 Living Background fill [10][124][127][140]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd 1930 2022 Background fill [125][126][127][141]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors") 1932 2005 Background fill [142][143]
Viola White ("Banks") 1931 2000 Background fill [10]

Later works (1940–1989)

[edit]

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[144] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuring Jinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

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See also: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz
  • The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
  • The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
  • In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the "Mayor of Munchkinland") and his fellow rats. (2005)
  • In Strawberry Shortcake, more specifically the 2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode called Berry Brick Road that involves a story where Strawberry Shortcake gets whisked from her home. When she lands, she is greeted by three Munchkins that call themselves the Berrykins (after a feylike being from the 1980s cartoon), were tormented by the Wicked Witch of the West, thank Strawberry Shortcake for knocking out the Wicked Witch of the West (which she only did by landing nearby) and pressure her into stealing the latter's magic slippers (which she later uses to return to her home) as a reward. She later returns to Oz to teach the trio a lesson about caring for the environment. The Berrykins do not sing as much as their people had in the original version, and they and the other Munchkins look very small; however, the Berrykins specifically look just like Blueberry Muffin, Rainbow Sherbet, and Lemon Meringue. (2007)
  • The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
  • The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
  • The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
  • The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
  • The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the "Mayor of Munchkinland" voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ This year is based on the St. Louis Post-Dispatch's date (see aource). Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was born no later than 1916.
  2. ^ a b Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank).[16]
  3. ^ The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
  4. ^ It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.[20]
  5. ^ There are two claims to the birth year of Jakob. One is by his brother David Fox who claims that "Jackie" was born in 1925. The other possible year given is 1917, which Fox claims was the birth year of an older brother.[49] In either case, there are no existing social security records to prove either one accurate.
  6. ^ According to Stephen Cox, Herbst was born in Birkfeld Austria on April 19, 1908 and died on July 6, 1993 in Joliet, Illinois.[38] However this contradicts claims made by Joseph Herbst's cousin who claimed he died in 1989 and was in his "late 80s" in 1988.[53]
  7. ^ According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.[54]
  8. ^ There is a source that mentions Robert Kanter aka "Little Lord Robert" signing a postcard in 1908 when he was 22 years old. This means he was born in 1886 at the latest.[59]
  9. ^ Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
  10. ^ Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox).[87]
  11. ^ Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins".[91]
  12. ^ Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.
  13. ^ During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage (child actresses were hired for background fill). She was subsequently expelled from the set halfway through filming.[101]
  14. ^ Also known as "Lois Valerie Shepard".[140]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Lyman Frank Baum; Martin Gardner (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 39. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  2. ^ Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
  3. ^ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
  4. ^ Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 250–62. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024. PMID 16702708. S2CID 12418075.
  5. ^ a b Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
  6. ^ Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
  7. ^ "Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". 27 July 1902. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  8. ^ Mark Evan Swartz (2002). Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7092-7. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  9. ^ Matthew Freeman (3 November 2016). Historicising Transmedia Storytelling: Early Twentieth-Century Transmedia Story Worlds. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-315-43950-1.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Wizard of Oz Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  11. ^ Yours Retro magazine; Summer 2024; Issue No. 78; page 40
  12. ^ "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  13. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-61374-832-9.
  14. ^ a b "IOWA'S MUNCHKIN: Paullin Sets The Record Straight". whotv.com. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  15. ^ "MichaelBarrier.com -- Funnyworld Revisited: Billy Bletcher". 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  16. ^ a b Roger Catlin (4 July 2002). "We're Off to Sing the Wizard". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jay Scarfone, William Stillman (June 2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-61774-843-1.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Rob White; Edward Buscombe (2003). British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-57958-328-6. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  19. ^ Greg Gillette (3 March 2015). "Four Feet Tall and Searching". cnhillsborough.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Cox 2002, p. 163.
  21. ^ Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 240. ISBN 1557836248.
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Works cited

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[edit]
  • The dictionary definition of munchkin at Wiktionary
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