Mullerornis

Mullerornis; Temporal range: Quaternary PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Infraclass:	Palaeognathae
Order:	†Aepyornithiformes
Genus:	†Mullerornis; Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894
Type species
	Mullerornis betsilei; Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894
Species
	M. modestus (Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1869) Hansford & Turvey 2018;
	Map of Madagascar showing where specimens have been found
Synonyms
	Flacourtia Andrews 1895; Aepyornis modestus Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1869; Mullerornis agilis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894; Mullerornis betsilei Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894; Mullerornis rudis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894; Flacourtia rudis (Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894) Andrews 1895; ?Mullerornis grandis Lamberton 1934;

Mullerornis modestus is an extinct species of elephant bird, and the only member of the genus Mullerornis.

Taxonomy

The genus is named after Georges Muller, a French explorer, who was killed in 1892 by hostile members of the Sakalava people.

Synonyms of Mullerornis modestus

Mullerornis betsilei Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894^[2] (Betsileo elephant bird)
Mullerornis agilis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894 (agile/coastal elephant bird)
Mullerornis rudis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894^[1] (robust elephant bird)
?Mullerornis grandis Lamberton 1934 (holotype destroyed in a fire in 1995)

Description

Restoration of a *M. modestus* pair roosting during the day.

Mullerornis is smaller than the more well-known Aepyornis,^[3]^[4] with a still substantial body mass of approximately 80 kilograms (180 lb).^[5] A bone possibly belonging to Mullerornis has been radiocarbon dated to about 1260 BP,^[6] suggesting that the animal was still extant at the end of the first millennium.^[7] Aepyornis modestus was shown by Hansford and Turvey (2018) to be a senior synonym of all nominal Mullerornis species described by Milne-Edwards and Grandidier (1894), resulting in the new combination Mullerornis modestus.^[8]

Palaeobiology

Nocturnality

Like other elephant birds and its kiwi relatives, Mullerornis probably was nocturnal based on the small size of its optic lobes, though it shows less optical lobe reduction than these other taxa, implying slightly more crepuscular habits.^[9]

Diet

Isotopic evidence suggests that Mullerornis was likely a browsing herbivore.^[10]

Reproduction

The eggs of Mullerornis are substantially smaller than those of Aepyornis, weighting approximately 0.86 kilograms (1.9 lb), with a shell thickness of about 1.1 mm (3⁄64 in).^[5]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
^ Julian P. Hume; Michael Walters (2012). Extinct birds. T&AD Poyser. p. 544. ISBN 978-1408158616.
^ Burney, et al. (1997), p. 763
^ MacPhee, et al. (1985), table II
^ ^a ^b Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. (2023-02-28). "Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 914. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9974994.
^ Burney, et al. (2004), p. 50
^ Burney et al. (2004), p. 25
^ Hansford, J. P.; Turvey, S. T. (2018-09-26). "Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (9): 181295. doi:10.1098/rsos.181295.
^ Christopher R. Torres & Julia A. Clarke. 2018. Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions. Proc. R. Soc. B 285 (1890); doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
^ Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (April 2022). "Dietary isotopes of Madagascar's extinct megafauna reveal Holocene browsing and grazing guilds". Biology Letters. 18 (4): 20220094. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0094. ISSN 1744-957X. PMC 9006009. PMID 35414222.

References

Burney, David A.; James, Helen F.; Grady, Frederick V.; Rafamantanantsoa, Jean-Gervais; Ramilisonina; Wright, Henry T.; Cowart, James B. (1997). "Environmental change, extinction and human activity: Evidence from caves in NW Madagascar" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 24 (6): 755–767. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00146.x. hdl:2027.42/75139.
Burney, David A.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Jungers, William L.; Goodman, Steven M.; Wright, Henry T.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Elephant birds". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, David A.; Wells, N. A. (1985). "Early Holocene chronology and environment of Ampasambazimba, a Malagasy subfossil lemur site". International Journal of Primatology. 6 (5): 463–489. doi:10.1007/BF02735571. S2CID 44449535.

[Davies-1] Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)

[2] Julian P. Hume; Michael Walters (2012). Extinct birds. T&AD Poyser. p. 544. ISBN 978-1408158616.

[3] Burney, et al. (1997), p. 763

[4] MacPhee, et al. (1985), table II

[Molecular_exploration_of_fossil_eggshell_uncovers_hidden_lineage_of_giant_extinct_bird-5] Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. (2023-02-28). "Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 914. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9974994.

[6] Burney, et al. (2004), p. 50

[7] Burney et al. (2004), p. 25

[8] Hansford, J. P.; Turvey, S. T. (2018-09-26). "Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (9): 181295. doi:10.1098/rsos.181295.

[9] Christopher R. Torres & Julia A. Clarke. 2018. Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions. Proc. R. Soc. B 285 (1890); doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1540

[10] Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (April 2022). "Dietary isotopes of Madagascar's extinct megafauna reveal Holocene browsing and grazing guilds". Biology Letters. 18 (4): 20220094. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0094. ISSN 1744-957X. PMC 9006009. PMID 35414222.

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