[go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

Melilla

Coordinates: 35°18′N 2°57′W / 35.300°N 2.950°W / 35.300; -2.950
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Melilla (disambiguation).

Melilla
Mřič
Autonomous city
Aerial view
Old city
Modernist buildings
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Melilla in Spain
Location of Melilla in Spain
Coordinates: 35°18′N 2°57′W / 35.300°N 2.950°W / 35.300; -2.950
CountrySpain
Government
 • Mayor-PresidentJuan José Imbroda (PP)
Area
 • Total
12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi)
 • Rank19th
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total
86,384
 • Rank18th
 • Density7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
  • Rank1st
 • % of Spain
0.16%
DemonymsMelillan
GDP
[2]
 • Total€1.756 billion (2022)
 • Per capita€20,698 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code
ES-ML
Official languagesSpanish
Statute of Autonomy14 March 1995
ParliamentAssembly of Melilla
Congress1 deputy (of 350)
Senate2 senators (of 264)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Websitewww.melilla.es

Melilla (/mɛˈliːjə/ mel-EE-yə, Spanish: [meˈliʝa] ⓘ; Tarifit: Mřič) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of 12.3 km2 (4.7 sq mi). It was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.

Melilla is one of the special territories of the member states of the European Union. Movements to and from the rest of the EU and Melilla are subject to specific rules, provided for inter alia in the Accession Agreement of Spain to the Schengen Convention.[3]

As of 2019, Melilla had a population of 86,487.[4] The population is chiefly divided between people of Iberian and Riffian extraction.[5] There is also a small number of Sephardic Jews and Sindhi Hindus. Melilla features a diglossia between the official Spanish and Tarifit.[6]

Like the autonomous city of Ceuta and Spain's other territories in Africa, Melilla is subject to an irredentist claim by Morocco.[7]

Name

[edit]
See also: Rusadir § Name

Borrowed from Spanish, the English name Melilla is pronounced /mɛˈliːjə/[8] or /məˈliːjə/[9] (meh- or mə-LEE-yə) to approximate the sound of the Spanish double L, properly [meˈliʝa] in most standard Spanish dialects. The name is attested from the 9th century,[10] deriving from Arabic Malīlya (مَلِيلْيَة, [maˈliːlja]) of uncertain etymology. The name has been related to honey (Spanish: miel; Latin: mel; ‹See Tfd›Greek: μέλι, méli) since Melilla was a notable site for beekeeping in antiquity,[10] a bee appearing prominently on the city's bronze coinage under Mauretanian rule.[11] Alternatively, it has been taken from words meaning "discord", "fever", or a medieval Arab figure.[10][which?] The placename perhaps comes from the Amazigh root M·L (meaning 'white'), producing the Amazigh mlilet and which results in the local Mrič ([mrɪtʃ]) via /l/→ [r] and /lt/ → [č] changes.[12][13]

History

[edit]

Antiquity and Middle Ages

[edit]
Main article: Rusadir

Melilla was a Phoenician and later Punic trade establishment under variations of the name Rusadir (Punic: 𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬, ršʾdr),[11] taken from the Phoenician name of the nearby Cape Three Forks.[14] After Carthage's defeat in the Punic Wars, the city fell under the control of the Roman client state Mauretania. After its annexation under Caligula, Claudius organized it as part of the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Pliny mentions it as a native hillfort and port (Latin: oppidum et portus).[15] It was made a Roman colony in AD 46, after which it was sometimes referenced as Flavia. Rusaddir was said to have once been the seat of a bishop, but there is no record of any bishop of the purported see[16] and it is not included in the Catholic Church's list of modern titular sees.[17]

The political history is similar to that of towns in the region of the Moroccan Rif and southern Spain. Melilla was progressively ruled by the Vandals, Byzantines, and the Visigoths. In the early 6th century, it was the main port of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom. After the Islamic conquest of North Africa, it fell under the Umayyads, Cordobans, Idrisids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, and Wattasids.

Early Modern period

[edit]

During the 15th century, the city declined, like most Mediterranean cities of the Kingdom of Fez, eclipsed by those on the Atlantic.[18] After the Catholic Monarchs' conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492, their Secretary Hernando de Zafra [es] gathered intelligence about the sorry state of the North African coast with territorial expansion in mind.[19] He sent agents to investigate, and subsequently reported to the Catholic Monarchs that, as of 1494, locals had expelled the authority of the Sultan of Fez and had offered to pledge loyalty.[20] While the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas put Melilla and Cazaza, until then reserved to the Portuguese, under the sphere of Castile, the conquest of the city had to wait, delayed by the French occupation of Naples.[21]

Map of the Melilla fortress by the late 17th-century.

The Duke of Medina Sidonia, Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, advocated seizing Melilla, to be headed by Pedro de Estopiñán [es], and the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, endorsed the initiative and provided the assistance of artillery officer Francisco Ramírez de Madrid.[22] Melilla was occupied on 17 September 1497, virtually without violence as it was on the border between the Kingdom of Tlemcen and the Kingdom of Fez, and as a result had been fought over many times and left abandoned.[23][24] No large-scale expansion into the Kingdom of Fez ensued, and, barring the enterprises of the Cardinal Cisneros along the Algerian coast in Mers El Kébir and Oran, and the rock of Badis in the territorial scope of the Kingdom of Fez, the Hispanic monarchy's imperial impetus was eventually directed elsewhere, to the Italian Wars against France, and, especially after 1519,[25] to the newly discovered continent across the Atlantic.

Melilla was initially jointly administered by the House of Medina Sidonia and the Crown,[26] and a 1498 settlement required the former to station a 700-man garrison in Melilla and the latter to provide the city with a number of maravedíes and wheat fanegas.[27] The Crown's interest in Melilla decreased during the reign of Charles V.[28] During the 16th century, soldiers stationed in Melilla were badly remunerated, leading to many desertions.[29] The Duke of Medina Sidonia relinquished responsibility over the garrison of the place on 7 June 1556.[30]

During the late 17th century, Alaouite sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif attempted to conquer the presidio,[31] taking the outer fortifications in the 1680s and further unsuccessfully besieging Melilla in the 1690s.[32]

One Spanish officer reflected, "an hour in Melilla, from the point of view of merit, was worth more than thirty years of service to Spain."[33]

Late Modern period

[edit]

The current limits of the Spanish territory around the Melilla fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1894. In the late 19th century, as Spanish influence expanded in this area, the Crown authorized Melilla as the only centre of trade on the Rif coast between Tetuan and the Algerian border. The value of trade increased, with goat skins, eggs and beeswax the principal exports, and cotton goods, tea, sugar and candles the chief imports.

Melilla's civil population in 1860 still amounted to only 375 estimated inhabitants.[34] In a 1866 Hispano-Moroccan arrangement signed in Fes, both parties agreed to allow for the installment of a customs office near the border with Melilla, to be operated by Moroccan officials.[35] The Treaty of Peace with Morocco that followed the 1859–60 War entailed the acquisition of a new perimeter for Melilla, bringing its area to that where the 12 km2 the autonomous city currently stands.[36] Following the declaration of Melilla as a free port in 1863, the population began to increase, chiefly with Sephardi Jews fleeing from Tetouan who fostered trade in and out of the city.[37] The first Jews from Tetouan probably arrived in 1864,[38] and the first rabbi arrived in 1867 and began to operate the first synagogue, located in the Calle de San Miguel.[39] Many Jews arrived fleeing from persecution in Morocco instigated by Roghi Bu Hamara.[40] Following the 1868 lifting of the veto of emigration to Melilla from Peninsular Spain, the population further increased with Spaniards.[41] The Jewish population, who also progressively acquired Spanish citizenship, increased to 572 in 1893.[42] The economic opportunities created in Melilla henceforth favoured the installment of a Berber population.[41]

The first body of local government was the junta de arbitrios created in 1879,[43] in which the military enjoy preponderance.[44] The Polígono excepcional de Tiro, the first neighborhood outside the walled core (Melilla la Vieja), began construction in 1888.[45]

Jewish woman in the Jewish quarter (1909)

In 1893, Riffian tribesmen launched the First Melillan campaign to try to conquer the city; the Spanish government sent 25,000 soldiers to defend it against them. The conflict was also known as the Margallo War, after Spanish General Juan García y Margallo, Governor of Melilla, who was killed in the battle. The new 1894 agreement with Morocco that followed the conflict increased trade with the hinterland, bringing the economic prosperity of the city to a new level.[46] The total population of Melilla amounted to 10,004 inhabitants in 1896.[47]

Art Nouveau buildings in the Plaza de España (c. 1917)

The turn of the new century saw attempts by France (based in French Algeria) to profit from their newly acquired sphere of influence in Morocco to counter Melilla's trading prowess by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities of Ghazaouet and Oran.[48] Melilla began to suffer from this, to which the instability brought by revolts against Muley Abdel Aziz in the hinterland also added,[49] although after 1905 Sultan pretender El Rogui (Bou Hmara) carried out a defusing policy in the area that favoured Spain.[50] The French occupation of Oujda in 1907 compromised the Melillan trade with that city,[51] and the enduring instability in the Rif still threatened Melilla.[52] Between 1909 and 1945, the modernista (Art Nouveau) style was prevalent in local architecture, making Melilla's streets a "true museum of modernista-style architecture", second only to Barcelona, mainly stemming from the work of architect Enrique Nieto.[53]

Mining companies began to enter the hinterland of Melilla by 1908.[54] A Spanish company, the Compañía Española de las Minas del Rif [es], was constituted in July 1908, shared by Clemente Fernández, Enrique Macpherson, the Count of Romanones, the Duke of Tovar and Juan Antonio Güell [es], who appointed Miguel Villanueva as chairman.[55] Thus two mining companies under the protection of Bou Hmara started mining lead and iron 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from Melilla. They started to construct a railway between the port and the mines. In October of that year, Bou Hmara's vassals revolted against him and raided the mines, which remained closed until June 1909. By July the workmen were again attacked and several were killed. Severe fighting between the Spaniards and the tribesmen followed, in the Second Melillan campaign that took place in the vicinity of Melilla.

In 1910, the Spaniards restarted the mines and undertook harbor works at Mar Chica, but hostilities broke out again in 1911. On 22 July 1921, the Berbers under the leadership of Abd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish at the Battle of Annual. The Spanish retreated to Melilla, leaving most of the protectorate under the control of the Republic of the Rif.

A royal decree pursuing the creation of an ayuntamiento in Melilla was signed on 13 December 1918 but the regulation did not come into force, and thus the existing government body, the junta de arbitrios, remained in force.[44]

City centre in 1926

A "junta municipal" with a rather civil composition was created in 1927; on 10 April 1930, an ayuntamiento featuring the same membership as the junta was created,[56] equalling to the same municipal regime as the rest of Spain on 14 April 1931, with the arrival of the first democratically elected municipal corporation on the wake of the proclamation of the Second Republic.[57]

The city was used as one of the staging grounds for the July 1936 military coup d'état that started the Spanish Civil War.

In the context of the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1986, and following social mobilization from the Berber community, conditions for citizenship acquisition were flexibilised and allowed for the naturalisation of a substantial number of inhabitants, until then born in Melilla but without Spanish citizenship.[58]

Autonomy and late 20th, 21st century

[edit]
Statue of Francisco Franco in Melilla, removed in 2021.

In 1995, Melilla —until then just another municipality of the Málaga— became an autonomous city,[59] as their Statute of Autonomy was passed.

On 6 November 2007, King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia visited Melilla, with several display of affection from the population. The visit also sparked protests from the Moroccan government.[60] It was the first time a Spanish monarch had visited Melilla in 80 years.

Melilla, together with Ceuta, declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha —Feast of the Sacrifice— an official public holiday from 2010 onward. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista.[61][62]

In 2018, Morocco decided to close the customs office near Melilla, the first time since mid-19th century, without any consultation wtith Spain.[63] The customs office was expected to reopen in January 2023.[64]

Melilla was the location of the last public statue in Spain to commemorate former dictator Francisco Franco following Spain's Historical Memory Law, passed in 2007, which included provision to the removal of any artefacts which celebrated the Franco regime from all public buildings and spaces. Nonetheless, the statue remained on the Cuesta de la Florentina street until its final removal in 2021.[65][66]

Geography

[edit]
Detailed map of Melilla.
Further information: Conventico Caves

Location

[edit]
Detail of a satellite photograph of Cape Three Forks (centred on Melilla) taken during the 2013 ISS-36 expedition.

Melilla is in northwest Africa, on the shores of the Alboran Sea, a marginal sea of the Mediterranean, the latter's westernmost portion. The city is arranged in a wide semicircle around the beach and the Port of Melilla, on the eastern side of the peninsula of Cape Tres Forcas, at the foot of Mount Gurugú [es] and around the mouth of the Río de Oro intermittent water stream, 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. The urban nucleus was originally a fortress, Melilla la Vieja, built on a peninsular mound about 30 meters (98 ft) in height.

The Moroccan settlement of Beni Ansar lies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city is Nador, and the ports of Melilla and Nador are within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon.[67]

Climate

[edit]

Melilla has a warm Mediterranean climate on the border with a hot Semi-arid climate, influenced by its proximity to the sea, rendering much cooler summers and more precipitation than inland areas deeper into Africa. The climate, in general, is similar to the southern coast of peninsular Spain and the northern coast of Morocco, with relatively small temperature differences between seasons. Minimum temperatures have never been below 0 °C (32 °F) during 1991-2020 period, and only 2.2 days per year have maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F).[68]

Climate data for Melilla, altitude: 52 m (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.8
(107.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		41.8
(107.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.6
(85.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.4
(72.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.2
(66.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.4
(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.3
(2.18) 		48.2
(1.90) 		43.6
(1.72) 		37.7
(1.48) 		15.2
(0.60) 		7.2
(0.28) 		0.5
(0.02) 		3.8
(0.15) 		18.9
(0.74) 		42.6
(1.68) 		53.3
(2.10) 		48.2
(1.90) 		374.5
(14.75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.1 5.0 4.9 4.5 2.3 0.6 0.2 0.8 2.6 4.7 5.7 5.6 43
Average relative humidity (%) 73.1 72.9 72.8 70.8 68.5 68 67 69.8 73.6 75.7 74.5 74.4 71.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 188.9 184.8 203.3 226.2 269.9 295.7 304.2 278.6 220.1 203.4 183 176 2,734.1
Source 1: NCEI,[68] Météo Climat[69]
Source 2: Infoclimat [70]
Climate data for Melilla 47 m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.8
(107.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		41.8
(107.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.3
(72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.6
(60.1)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.4
(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58
(2.3) 		57
(2.2) 		44
(1.7) 		36
(1.4) 		20
(0.8) 		7
(0.3) 		1
(0.0) 		4
(0.2) 		16
(0.6) 		40
(1.6) 		57
(2.2) 		50
(2.0) 		391
(15.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.3 5.5 4.6 4.6 2.8 0.7 0.3 0.8 2.2 3.9 5.8 5.7 43.2
Average snowy days 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
Average relative humidity (%) 72 74 73 69 67 67 66 69 72 75 74 73 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 170 192 220 258 279 289 268 210 194 176 168 2,607
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[71]

Government and administration

[edit]

Self-government institutions

[edit]
See also: List of Mayor-Presidents of Melilla
Palace of the Assembly of Melilla

The government bodies stipulated in the Statute of Autonomy are the Assembly of Melilla, the President of Melilla and the Council of Government. The assembly is a 25-member body whose members are elected through universal suffrage every 4 years in closed party lists following the schedule of local elections at the national level. Its members are called "local deputies" but they rather enjoy the status of concejales (municipal councillors).[72] Unlike regional legislatures (and akin to municipal councils), the assembly does not enjoy right of initiative for primary legislation.[73]

The president of Melilla (who, often addressed as Mayor-President, also exerts the roles of Mayor, president of the Assembly, president of the Council of Government and representative of the city)[74] is invested by the Assembly. After local elections, the president is invested through a qualified majority from among the leaders of the election lists, or, failing to achieve the former, the leader of the most voted list at the election is invested to the office.[75] In case of a motion of no confidence the president can only be ousted with a qualified majority voting for an alternative assembly member.[75]

The Council of Government is the traditional collegiate executive body for parliamentary systems. Unlike the municipal government boards in the standard ayuntamientos, the members of the Council of Government (including the vice-presidents) do not need to be members of the assembly.[76]

Melilla is the city in Spain with the highest proportion of postal voting;[77] vote buying (via mail-in ballots) is widely reported to be a common practice in the poor neighborhoods of Melilla.[77] Court cases in this matter had involved the PP, the CPM and the PSOE.[77]

On 15 June 2019, following the May 2019 Melilla Assembly election, the regionalist and left-leaning party of Muslim and Amazigh persuasion Coalition for Melilla (CPM, 8 seats), the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 4 seats) and Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs, 1 seat) voted in favour of the Cs' candidate (Eduardo de Castro) as the Presidency of the Autonomous City,[78][79] ousting Juan José Imbroda, from the People's Party (PP, 10 seats), who had been in office since 2000.

Melilla also maintains a local police force known as Policia Local de Melilla (Ciudad Autonoma de Melilla - Policia Local).

Administrative subdivisions

[edit]

Melilla is subdivided into eight districts (distritos), which are further subdivided into neighbourhoods (barrios):

  • 1st
    • Barrio de Medina Sidonia.
    • Barrio del General Larrea.
    • Barrio de Ataque Seco.
  • 2nd
    • Barrio Héroes de España.
    • Barrio del General Gómez Jordana.
    • Barrio Príncipe de Asturias.
  • 3rd
    • Barrio del Carmen.
  • 4th
    • Barrio Polígono Residencial La Paz.
    • Barrio Hebreo-Tiro Nacional.
  • 5th
    • Barrio de Cristóbal Colón.
    • Barrio de Cabrerizas.
    • Barrio de Batería Jota.
    • Barrio de Hernán Cortes y Las Palmeras.
    • Barrio de Reina Regente.
  • 6th
    • Barrio de Concepción Arenal.
    • Barrio Isaac Peral (Tesorillo).
  • 7th
    • Barrio del General Real.
    • Polígono Industrial SEPES.
    • Polígono Industrial Las Margaritas.
    • Parque Empresarial La Frontera.
  • 8th
    • Barrio de la Libertad.
    • Barrio del Hipódromo.
    • Barrio de Alfonso XIII.
    • Barrio Industrial.
    • Barrio Virgen de la Victoria.
    • Barrio de la Constitución.
    • Barrio de los Pinares.
    • Barrio de la Cañada de Hidum

Economy

[edit]

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 1.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,900 euros or 66% of the EU27 average in the same year. Melilla was the NUTS2 region with the lowest GDP per capita in Spain.[80]

Melilla does not participate in the European Union Customs Union (EUCU).[81] There is no VAT (IVA) tax, but a local reduced-rate tax called IPSI.[82] Preserving the status of free port, imports are free of tariffs and the only tax concerning them is the IPSI.[83] Exports to the Customs Union (including Peninsular Spain) are however subject to the correspondent customs tariff and are taxed with the correspondent VAT.[83] There are some special manufacturing taxes regarding electricity and transport, as well as complementary charges on tobacco and oil and fuel products.[84]

Night view of Melilla (centre) and Beni Ensar in Morocco (right)

The principal industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.

Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic and is also economically connected to Morocco: most of its fruit and vegetables are imported across the border. Moroccans in the city's hinterland are attracted to it: 36,000 Moroccans cross the border daily to work, shop or trade goods.[85] The port of Melilla offers several daily connections to Almería and Málaga. Melilla Airport offers daily flights to Almería, Málaga and Madrid. Spanish operators Air Europa and Iberia operate in Melilla's airport.

Many people travelling between Europe and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.[85]

Tourism

[edit]

In order to boost growth and as a measure to promote tourism in the Autonomous City of Melilla, the Tourist Board has developed a Regulatory Decree for bonuses for Tourist Packages to Melilla.

The Tourist package consists of the application of discounts on return tickets by plane or boat provided that they include accommodation during the stay in Melilla in one of the types of tourist accommodation or at the home of a resident of the city and do not exceed, between the round trip dates, ten days.[86]

Water supply

[edit]
View of the Melilla's desalination plant

Melilla's water supply primarily came from a network of dug wells (which by the turn of the 21st century suffered from overexploitation and had also experienced a degradation of the water quality and the intrusion of seawater),[87] as well as the capture of the Río de Oro's underflow.[88] Seeking to address the water supply problem, works for the construction of a desalination plant in the Aguadú cliffs, projected to produce 22,000 m3 (29,000 cu yd) a day, started in November 2003.[89] The plant entered operation in March 2007.[90] Its daily operation is partially funded by the central government.[91] Relative to the Spanish average (and similarly to the Canary and Balearic Islands), the city's population spends a comparatively larger amount of money on bottled water.[92]

Funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir [es], works for the expansion of the plant's production capabilities up to 30,000 m3 (39,000 cu yd) a day started by September 2020.[93]

Architecture

[edit]

The dome of the Chapel of Santiago, built in the mid-16th century by Miguel de Perea with help from Sancho de Escalante, is a rare instance of Gothic architecture in the African continent.[94]

Parallel to the urban development of Melilla in the early 20th century, the new architectural style of modernismo (irradiated from Barcelona and associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to the city, granting it a modernista architectural character, primarily through the works of the prolific Catalan architect Enrique Nieto.[95]

Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration of Modernista works in Spain after Barcelona, Mainly concentrated in the city's ensanche.[95] Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic Churches.[96]

  • Dome of the Chapel of Santiago [es]
    Dome of the Chapel of Santiago [es]
  • Modernista building, former headquarters of El Telegrama del Rif newspaper.
    Modernista building, former headquarters of El Telegrama del Rif newspaper.
  • Local synagogue
    Local synagogue
  • Melilla's central mosque
    Melilla's central mosque

Demographics

[edit]
Melilla population pyramid in 2022

Religion

[edit]
Holy Week procession in Melilla

Melilla has been praised as an example of multiculturalism, being a small city in which one can find Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists represented.[97]

Judaism

[edit]

Percentagewise, Melilla may be the most Jewish city in Spain with around 1,000 Jews still living in the city, down from 7,000 around the year 1930 which is mainly due to economic reasons resulting in moving to the Spanish mainland, Israel or elsewhere. Melilla plays an important part in the History of Jews in Spain, having been exempt from the expulsion of Jews from Spain. The expelled Spanish Jews were Sephardic Jews and subsequently found new home in neighboring Morocco, including Melilla. Especially during the second half of the 19th century, many of the expelled Sephardic Jews moved from northern Morocco to Melilla. The first ones were traders from the Moroccan cities who came for economic and safety reasons. Later, impoverished Jews from the rural Riffian areas joined, also because of safety reasons. Thus, Melilla's special geographical and political situation has made the city the oldest and one of the most important centers of Sephardic Judaism in today's Spain, traditional home of the Sephards.[98]

Christianity

[edit]

According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research, Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in Melilla.[99] In 2019, the proportion of Melillans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 65.0% (31.7% define themselves as not practising, while 33.3% as practising). 30% identify as followers of other faiths, 2.7% identify as non-believers, and 2.3% identify as atheists.[99]

The Roman Catholic churches in Melilla belong to the Diocese of Málaga.[100]

Islam

[edit]

Muslims account for roughly half the population in Melilla.[101]

Hinduism

[edit]

There is a small, autonomous, and commercially important Hindu community present in Melilla, which has fallen over the past decades as its members move to the Spanish mainland and numbers about 100 members today.[97]

Language

[edit]

Melilla features a diglossia, with Spanish first and official language and Tarifit as the second language, with limited written codification, and usage restricted to family and domestic relations and oral speech.[6]

The population can be thus divided into monolingual Spanish speakers of European ethnic origin (without competence in any other language than those formally taught at school); those descended from Tamazight-speaking parents, usually bilingual in Spanish and Tamazight; and Moroccan immigrants and cross-border workers, with a generally dominant Tamazight language (with some also competent in Arabic) and a L2 competence in Spanish.[102] The Spanish spoken in Melilla is similar to the Andalusian variety from Cádiz,[103] whereas the Berber variant spoken in Melilla is the Tarifit common with the neighbouring Nador area.[104] Rather than Berber (Spanish: bereber), Berber speakers in Melilla use either the glotonym Tmaziɣt, or, in Spanish, cherja for their language.[103]

The first attempt to legislate a degree of recognition for Berber in Melilla was in 1994, in the context of the elaboration of the Statute of Autonomy, by mentioning the promotion of the linguistic and cultural pluralism (without explicitly mentioning the Berber language). The initiative went nowhere, voted down by PP and PSOE.[105] Reasons cited for not recognizing Tamazight are related to the argument that the variety is not standardized.[106]

Border security

[edit]

Defence and Civil Guard

[edit]

The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces' General Command of Melilla.[107] The Spanish Army's combat components of the command include:

The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.[107]

In addition to the defence of Melilla, the garrison is also responsible for the defence of islands and rock formations claimed by Spain off the coast of Morocco. Units of the garrison are deployed to these rock formations to secure them against Moroccan incursions and did so notably during the Perejil Island crisis in 2002.[107] To enhance coastal security, the Spanish Navy based a dedicated patrol boat (Isla Pinto) in Melilla from mid-2023.[114][115][116] Melilla itself is about 350 kilometres (220 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base at Rota on the Spanish mainland while the Spanish Air Force's Morón Air Base is within 300 kilometres (190 mi) proximity.[citation needed]

The Civil Guard is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's fortified land border against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.[117][118]

Trans-border relations

[edit]

Melilla forms a sort of trans-border urban conurbation with limited integration together with the neighbouring Moroccan settlements, located at one of the ends of a linear succession of urban sprawl spanning southward in Morocco along the R19 road from Beni Ensar down to Nador and Selouane.[119] The urban system features a high degree of hierarchization, specialization and division of labour, with Melilla as chief provider of services, finance and trade; Nador as an eminently industrial city whereas the rest of Moroccan settlements found themselves in a subordinate role, presenting agro-town features and operating as providers of workforce.[119]

The asymmetry, as reflected for example in the provision of healthcare, has fostered situations such as the large-scale use of the Melillan health services by Moroccan citizens, with Melilla attending a number of urgencies more than four times the standard for its population in 2018.[120] In order to satisfy the workforce needs of Melilla (mainly in areas such as domestic service, construction and cross-border bale workers, often under informal contracts), Moroccan inhabitants of the province of Nador were granted exemptions from visa requirements to enter the autonomous city.[121] This development in turn induced a strong flux of internal migration from other Moroccan provinces to Nador, in order to acquire the aforementioned exemption.[121]

The 'fluid' trans-border relations between Melilla and its surroundings are however not free from conflict, as they are contingent upon the 'tense' trans-national relations between Morocco and Spain.[122]

Securing the border

[edit]
The Melilla border fence aims to curb illegal immigration into the city.

Following the increasing influx of Algerian and sub-Saharan irregular migrants into Ceuta and Melilla in the early 1990s,[123] a process of border fortification in both cities ensued after 1995 to reduce the border's permeability,[124][125] a target attained to some degree by 1999,[123] although peak level of fortification was reached in 2005.[124]

Melilla's border with Morocco is secured by the Melilla border fence, a 6 metres (20 ft) tall double fence with watch towers; yet migrants (in groups of tens or sometimes hundreds) storm the fence and manage to cross it from time to time.[126] Since 2005, at least 14 migrants have died trying to cross the fence.[127] The Melilla migrant reception centre was built with a capacity of 480.[128] In 2020 works to remove the barbed wire from the top of the fence (meanwhile raising its height up to more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the stretches most susceptible to breaches) were commissioned to Tragsa [es].[129]

In June 2022, at least 23 sub-Saharan migrants and two Moroccan security personnel were killed when around 2,000 migrants stormed the border. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 37 by certain NGOs.[130] Around 200 Spanish and Moroccan law enforcement officers and at least 76 migrants were injured. Hundreds of migrants succeeded in breaching the fence, and 133 made it across the border.[131] Widely circulated footage showed dozens of motionless migrants piled together.[132] It was the worst such incident in Melilla's history.[133] The United Nations, the African Union and a number of human rights groups condemned what they deemed excessive force used by Moroccan and Spanish border guards, although no lethal weapons were employed, and the deaths were later attributed to "mechanical asphyxiation".[134]

Morocco has been paid tens of million euros by both Spain and the European Union to outsource the EU migration control.[135] Besides the double fence in the Spanish side of the border, there is an additional 3 metres (9.8 ft) high fence entirely made of razor wire lying on the Moroccan side as well as a moat in between.[135]

See also: Fortress Europe § Postwar usage, and 2022 Melilla incident

Transportation

[edit]
Annual passenger traffic at MLN airport. See Wikidata query.
See also: Transport in Melilla, Port of Melilla, and Melilla Airport

Melilla Airport is serviced by Air Nostrum, flying to the Spanish cities of Málaga, Madrid, Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Granada, Badajoz, Sevilla and Almería. In April 2013, a local enterprise set up Melilla Airlines, flying from the city to Málaga.[136] The city is linked to Málaga, Almería and Motril by ferry.

Three roads connect Melilla and Morocco but require clearance through border checkpoints.

Sport

[edit]

Melilla is a surfing destination.[137] The city's football club, UD Melilla, plays in the third tier of Spanish football, the Segunda División B. The club was founded in 1943 and since 1945 have played at the 12,000-seater Estadio Municipal Álvarez Claro. Until the other club was dissolved in 2012, UD Melilla played the Ceuta-Melilla derby against AD Ceuta. The clubs travelled to each other via the Spanish mainland to avoid entering Morocco.[138] The second-highest ranked club in the city are Casino del Real CF of the fourth-tier Tercera División. The football's governing institution is the Melilla Football Federation.

Dispute with Morocco

[edit]
See also: Greater Morocco

The Moroccan government has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Melilla, Ceuta and the plazas de soberanía to Morocco, with Spain's refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension in Morocco–Spain relations. In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "occupied Sebtah", and the Moroccan government has argued that the city, along with other Spanish territories in the region, are colonies.[139][140] One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Melilla refers to the geographical position of the city, as Melilla is an exclave surrounded by Moroccan territory and the Mediterranean Sea and has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain.[141] This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party, Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Melilla and other North African territories under Spanish rule.[142] Spain, in line with the majority of nations in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Melilla. The official position of the Spanish government is that Melilla is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956.[143] The majority of Melilla's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.[144]

In 1986, Spain joined NATO. However, Melilla is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the Tropic of Cancer. However, French Algeria was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.[145] During the 2022 Madrid summit, the issue of the protection of Melilla was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".[146] On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani that Melilla is "Moroccan as the Sahara", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.[147]

Notable people

[edit]
Main page: Category:People from Melilla

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Melilla is twinned with:


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  2. ^ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es.
  3. ^ Council of the European Union (2015). The Schengen Area (PDF). Council of the European Union. doi:10.2860/48294. ISBN 978-92-824-4586-0.
  4. ^ "Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  5. ^ Trinidad 2012, p. 962.
  6. ^ a b Sánchez Suárez 2003, p. 190.
  7. ^ Trinidad 2012, pp. 961–975.
  8. ^ "Melilla". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Melilla". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Lara Peinado 1998, p. 25.
  11. ^ a b Head & al. (1911), p. 889.
  12. ^ Yahia, Jahfar Hassan (2014). Curso de lengua tamazight, nivel elemental. Caminando en la didáctica de la lengua rifeña (in Spanish and Riffian). Melilla: GEEPP Ed.
  13. ^ Tilmatine 2011, p. 25.
  14. ^ López Pardo 2015, pp. 137.
  15. ^ Pliny, Nat. Hist., Book V, Ch. 18.
  16. ^ Sophrone Pétridès, "Rusaddir" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)
  17. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 960
  18. ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, pp. 21–22.
  19. ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 25.
  20. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 83.
  21. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, pp. 83–84.
  22. ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 26.
  23. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 85; Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 26
  24. ^ Ayuntamientos de España, Ayuntamiento.es, archived from the original on 1 March 2012, retrieved 7 March 2012
  25. ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, pp. 17, 28.
  26. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 127.
  27. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 125.
  28. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 131.
  29. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, pp. 127–128.
  30. ^ Polo 1986, p. 8.
  31. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 175.
  32. ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, pp. 175–176, 179.
  33. ^ Rezette, p. 41
  34. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1985, p. 23.
  35. ^ Remacha Tejada 1994, p. 218.
  36. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, pp. 99–100.
  37. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 100.
  38. ^ Díaz Rodríguez 2011, p. 67.
  39. ^ Díaz Rodríguez 2011, p. 68.
  40. ^ Fernández García 2015, p. 108.
  41. ^ a b López Guzmán et al. 2007, p. 11.
  42. ^ Díaz Rodríguez 2011, pp. 67–68.
  43. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1985, p. 24.
  44. ^ a b Morala Martínez 1985, pp. 107–108.
  45. ^ Cantón Fernández & Riaño López 1984, p. 18.
  46. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 102.
  47. ^ Perpén Rueda 1987, p. 289.
  48. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 107.
  49. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, pp. 106–108.
  50. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, pp. 113–114.
  51. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, pp. 110–115.
  52. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 120.
  53. ^ Cantón Fernández & Riaño López 1984, pp. 16, 19.
  54. ^ Saro Gandarillas 1993, p. 121.
  55. ^ Escudero 2014, p. 331.
  56. ^ Morala Martínez 1985, p. 120.
  57. ^ Fernández Díaz 2009, pp. 25, 27.
  58. ^ Fernández García 2015, p. 110.
  59. ^ Bascón Jiménez et al. 2016, p. 47.
  60. ^ "Mohamed VI "condena" y "denuncia" la visita "lamentable" de los Reyes de España a Ceuta y Melilla", El País, Elpais.com, 6 November 2007, retrieved 7 March 2012
  61. ^ Muslim Holiday in Ceuta and Melilla, Spainforvisitors.com, archived from the original on 29 September 2011, retrieved 7 March 2012
  62. ^ Public Holidays and Bank Holidays for Spain, Qppstudio.net, archived from the original on 30 September 2011, retrieved 7 March 2012
  63. ^ Cembrero, Ignacio (2 December 2019). "Marruecos pone fin al contrabando con Ceuta y asfixia la ciudad". El Confidencial.
  64. ^ "Morocco complies with Spain and announces border customs in Ceuta and Melilla in January". Atalayar. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  65. ^ "La última estatua de Franco que quedaba en España es retirada de las calles de Melilla". El País (in Spanish). 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  66. ^ "Last statue of dictator Franco removed in 'historic day' for Spain". Reuters. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  67. ^ "Port of Nador". World Port Source. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  68. ^ a b "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Melilla-60338" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  69. ^ "Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  70. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Melilla" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  71. ^ "Valores climatológicos normales (1981–2010). Melilla". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  72. ^ Márquez Cruz 2003, pp. 10–11.
  73. ^ Márquez Cruz 2003, p. 11.
  74. ^ Márquez Cruz 2003, p. 12.
  75. ^ a b Márquez Cruz 2003, pp. 14.
  76. ^ Márquez Cruz 2003, pp. 12–13.
  77. ^ a b c Bautista, José (6 May 2019). "Se compran votos por 50 euros". El Confidencial.
  78. ^ "Resultados Electorales en Melilla: Elecciones Municipales 2019 en EL PAÍS". El País. Resultados.elpais.com. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  79. ^ Alba, Nicolás (15 June 2019). "El único diputado de Ciudadanos consigue la presidencia de Melilla tras 19 años de Gobierno del PP". El Mundo. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  80. ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
  81. ^ Morón Pérez 2006, p. 64.
  82. ^ Morón Pérez 2006, p. 67.
  83. ^ a b Morón Pérez 2006, pp. 67–68.
  84. ^ Morón Pérez 2006, p. 68.
  85. ^ a b English translation of Volkskrant article: Melilla North-Africa's European dream Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 5 August 2010, visited 3 June 2012
  86. ^ "Tourist Bonds to visit Melilla".
  87. ^ "El trabajo de la desalinizadora mejora la calidad del agua y la sitúa en los parámetros exigidos por Sanidad y Consumo". 20 February 2008.
  88. ^ "Melilla ahorrará un 6% de agua a partir de la segunda fase de planificación hidrológica". Europa Press. 29 July 2014.
  89. ^ Ronda, Javier (January 2004). "Adiós al problema del agua en Melilla" (PDF). Ambienta.
  90. ^ "Espinosa anuncia una inversión de 10 millones para ampliar la desalinizadora de Melilla". Europa Press. 29 September 2009.
  91. ^ "El Gobierno financia con 3,9 millones el funcionamiento de la desalinizadora". Diario Sur. 24 September 2013.
  92. ^ Villarreal, Antonio; Ojeda, Darío (9 April 2021). "Las dos Españas del agua: al oeste se tira más del grifo y en el resto aprecian la embotellada". El Confidencial.
  93. ^ "Arrancan los trabajos para la ampliación de la desaladora de Melilla". El Faro de Melilla. 7 September 2020.
  94. ^ Bravo Nieto 2002, p. 37.
  95. ^ a b Cantón Fernández & Riaño López 1984, pp. 15–19.
  96. ^ "Melilla Modernista". Melilla Turismo. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic churches
  97. ^ a b "Melilla: Where Catalan "Modernisme" Meets North Africa". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  98. ^ Luis Alemany (30 May 2018). "La última esperanza del barrio judío de Melilla" (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  99. ^ a b Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 20. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  100. ^ Rodríguez, José Vicente (31 May 2014). "El 37% de las declaraciones de la Renta en Málaga marcan la X para la Iglesia". La Opinión de Málaga.
  101. ^ Ponce Herrero & Martí Ciriquián 2019, p. 117.
  102. ^ Montero Alonso & Sayahi 2021, p. 56.
  103. ^ a b Tilmatine 2011, p. 23.
  104. ^ Tilmatine 2011, p. 26.
  105. ^ Tilmatine 2011, p. 19.
  106. ^ Montero Alonso & Sayahi 2021, p. 58.
  107. ^ a b c "Comandancia General de Melilla". Ministerio de Defensa.
  108. ^ "REGIMIENTO DE CABALLERIA "ALCÁNTARA"10". Ministerio de Defensa.
  109. ^ "Ejercicio de tiro del vehículo VCIC Pizarro - Ejército de tierra".
  110. ^ "Contenido - Ejército de tierra".
  111. ^ "Regimiento Mixto de Artillería 32". Ministerio de Defensa.
  112. ^ "El GAAA II/32 realiza ejercicios de colaboración aérea y tiro AAA en el CMT de Rostrogordo. - Spanish army".
  113. ^ "Learning from how our Allies' armies are organized". 8 December 2020.
  114. ^ "Entregado a la Armada española el patrullero "Isla Pinto" (P-84)". infodefensa.com. 28 June 2023.
  115. ^ "La Armada recibe el patrullero 'Isla Pinto' para vigilar las aguas de Melilla". Lavanguardia. 21 June 2023.
  116. ^ "La Armada incrementará su presencia en Melilla con un patrullero de vigilancia costera". infodefensa.com. 27 February 2023.
  117. ^ "Melilla: Thousands of migrants attempt to scale fence into Spanish enclave". 3 March 2022.
  118. ^ Guerraoui, Saad (12 June 2021). "Spanish report warns of Morocco's 'hybrid strategies' to annex Ceuta, Melilla | Saad Guerraoui". MEO. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  119. ^ a b Ponce Herrero & Martí Ciriquián 2019, p. 115.
  120. ^ Ponce Herrero & Martí Ciriquián 2019, p. 116.
  121. ^ a b Ponce Herrero & Martí Ciriquián 2019, p. 109.
  122. ^ Ponce Herrero & Martí Ciriquián 2019, p. 118.
  123. ^ a b Ferrer Gallardo 2008, p. 140.
  124. ^ a b Castellano, Nicolás (14 June 2016). "Preguntas y respuestas sobre 20 kilómetros de cuchilas en Ceuta y Melilla". Cadena Ser.
  125. ^ Ferrer Gallardo, Xavier (2008). "Acrobacias fronterizas en Ceuta y Melilla. Explorando la gestión de los perímetros terrestres de la Unión Europea en el continente africano" (PDF). Documents d'anàlisi geogràfica (51). Bellaterra: Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona: 134. ISSN 2014-4512.
  126. ^ "BBC News – Hundreds breach Spain enclave border". BBC News. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  127. ^ "Al menos 27 inmigrantes han fallecido desde 2005 tras los asaltos a la valla". ABC. 6 February 2014.
  128. ^ "African migrants storm into Spanish enclave of Melilla". BBC. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  129. ^ Mata, Alejandro (16 August 2020). "La nueva valla de Ceuta y Melilla será un metro más alta que el muro de Trump". El Confidencial.
  130. ^ "Calls for investigation over deaths in Moroccan-Spanish border crossing". the Guardian. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  131. ^ "Death toll rises to 23 in Melilla border-crossing stampede". POLITICO. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  132. ^ Eljechtimi, Ahmed; Keeley, Graham (25 June 2022). "Dozens of migrants piled together at Melilla border fence". Reuters. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  133. ^ "Melilla migrant deaths spark anger in Spain". BBC News. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  134. ^ "Moroccan probe finds 23 Melilla border dead likely 'suffocated'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  135. ^ a b Muñoz Medina, Lucía (29 August 2020). "Menos concertinas y más altura: colectivos de Melilla y Ceuta denuncian que las nuevas vallas continúan vulnerando los derechos humanos". Público.
  136. ^ "Una nueva compañía aérea comunica Melilla con Málaga tras la marcha de Helitt – Transporte aéreo – Noticias, última hora, vídeos y fotos de Transporte aéreo en lainformacion.com". Noticias.lainformacion.com. 28 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  137. ^ "Melilla – Weather Stations". Magicseaweed.com. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  138. ^ Hawkey, Ian (2009). Feet of the chameleon : the story of African football. London: Portico. ISBN 978-1-906032-71-5.
  139. ^ "Ceuta and Melilla: Spain's enclaves in North Africa". BBC News. 4 June 2021.
  140. ^ Gold, Peter (2000). Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool University Press. pp. XII–XIII. ISBN 0-85323-985-1.
  141. ^ Castan Pinos, J. (2014). "The Spanish-Moroccan relationship: combining bonne entente with territorial disputes". In K. Stoklosa (ed.). Living on the border. European Border Regions in Comparison. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 103.
  142. ^ Castan Pinos, J. (2014). La Fortaleza Europea: Schengen, Ceuta y Melilla. Ceuta: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes. p. 61. ISBN 978-84-92627-67-7.
  143. ^ Tremlett, Giles (12 June 2003). "A rocky relationship". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  144. ^ François Papet-Périn (2012). La mer d'Alboran ou Le contentieux territorial hispano-marocain sur les deux bornes européennes de Ceuta et Melilla (doctorat d'histoire contemporaine soutenue thesis). Paris 1-Sorbonne. 2 volumes.
  145. ^ Thess Móstoles (2 October 2021). "¿Están Ceuta y Melilla bajo el paraguas de la OTAN?". Newtral (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  146. ^ Jens Stoltenberg (30 June 2022). "Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government (2022 NATO Summit)". NATO (transcript). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  147. ^ "España convoca a la embajadora de Marruecos por unas declaraciones de su primer ministro sobre Ceuta y Melilla". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
    "Moroccan Ambassador to Spain summoned over calls for territorial sovereignty talks". AfricaNews. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  148. ^ "Melilla y Venezuela, más cerca que nunca". Diario Sur. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  149. ^ "Ceuta, Melilla profile". BBC News. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  150. ^ "Melilla se hermana con Montevideo para unir lazos y promocionar valores". InfoMelilla. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  151. ^ Rubio Cano, Begoña (18 January 2008). "El presidente de Melilla y el alcalde de Motril hermanan a las dos ciudades y firman un convenio". Diario Sur.
  152. ^ Revilla, María Victoria (19 October 2010). "Almería se hermana con los Emiratos Árabes y abre nuevas vías de negocio". Diario de Almería.
  153. ^ "Mantua, hermana e invitada de honor". El Faro de Melilla. 17 September 2013.
  154. ^ "Vélez y Melilla, dos ciudades hermanadas". Diario Sur. 10 January 2013.
  155. ^ "Melilla y Antequera comienzan los trámites de hermanamiento el próximo septiembre". El Faro de Melilla. 1 July 2016.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melilla.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Melilla.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melilla&oldid=1257870829"