Madonna and business

Madonna is the first solo entrepreneur woman to grace a Forbes cover (1990).

American singer-songwriter and businesswoman Madonna received significant coverage by business journalism, becoming the first solo entrepreneur woman to grace a Forbes cover (1990). She started some enterprises in her career, including Maverick and its subdivision Maverick Records. She was one of the first women in music to have established an entertainment company and a record label. In its early years, Maverick Records became the highest-grossing artist-run label. Her entrepreneur's profile became visible to her public image in her first decades, receiving praise, although it was the only role recognized by many of her critics.

Despite the ever-evolving nature of business, Madonna received immediate and retrospectively interest from marketing, management and businesses communities. She was discussed in related themes, including capitalism, marketing strategies and consumerism. Called the "Material Girl", Madonna also epitomized the consumer ethos of the 1980s and beyond, for which she attained both cultural praise and severe criticisms. She was considered the ultimate in crass commercialism and the epitome of banal consumerism. Madonna has been continually considered by many critics as only a marketing product. Furthermore, Madonna is also credited with pioneering some brand management strategies, and for helping shape music business. Madonna also served as a role model of self-actualization and reinvention, inspiring expressions coined in the 2000s such as the "Madonna effect" by business professor Oren Harari and the "Madonna-curve" used by a think tank author for NATO.

Commercial and financially, Madonna became for a short-span the highest-grossing woman in media and ended as the highest-earning female musician of the 20th century. Into the 21st century, Madonna continued as the richest woman in music until being surpassed in 2019. She also became the first female artist to have earned more than $100 million in a single year (2009), and scored then the highest-earnings for a female pop star (2013). Madonna has appeared as Forbes top-earning female musician a record 11 times, spanning four separate decades. Culturally, Madonna's figure impacted tourism of some places, including Belize's San Pedro Town thanks to "La Isla Bonita", and during the 2000s in Israel which lead her being praised due to Second Intifada crisis.

Critical background

Community interest

[...] Scholars detail Madonna's business practices, her relations to the record, video, film, and book industries [...]

—The Madonna Connection (1993).

For many reasons, Madonna's semiotics extended to marketing, academic, management and business communities over the years. During the height of her career, media scholar Douglas Kellner considered "one cannot fully grasp the Madonna phenomenon without analyzing her marketing and publicity strategies". Andrew Morton commented her "success has certainly impressed the business community". Various authors working in the Madonna studies, focused its developments in marketing strategies and consumer culture. She also became a "central image" in the studies of commercialism according to authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary (1999), and embodied capitalism to intellectuals according to Ann Power in 1998. In 1995, professor Suzanna Danuta Walters explains Madonna was generally represented as a "personification of commodity capitalism".

For decades, businesses also used Madonna as a role model of self-reinvention. Stephen Brown (University of Ulster marketing professor) seen her case as "relevant" to the consumer research community when analyzed her in 2003. In the early 2000s, Kelley School of Business considered her more than a "pop cult icon" describing "she is someone every can learn from", although counter to conventional to 4Ps variety.

Effects on Madonna's public image

Regarding critical perceptions, Madonna's business profile became visibly to her public image, leading her critics to have a "popular answer" when it comes to define her, that "she's done it through sheer business savvy", according to Jennifer Egan in 2002. In fact, Ludovic Hunter-Tilney commented for Financial Times in 2008, that for her critics she is right to describe herself as a businesswoman but wrong to call herself an artist. According to professor Robert Miklitsch from Ohio University in From Hegel to Madonna: Towards a General Economy of Commodity Fetishism (1998), she is "largely a story about publicity and marketing". Professor Ann Cvetkovich similarly considered her a product of "intense marketing and public relations campaigns", but also reflects that the relationships between her production and reception by world audiences "must be articulated".

List of associated enterprises and brands

• Madonna fashion brands:
  • Truth or Dare by Madonna
• Hard Candy Fitness
• Maverick
  • Maverick Films
  • Maverick Records
• Boy Toy Inc.
• Siren Films
• Music Tours Inc.
• Slutco
• Webo Girl Publishing Inc.
• Tidal

Charity

• Raising Malawi
• Ray of Light Foundation

Some endorsements

See also: Fashion of Madonna

Areas

Businesswoman role

Madonna has started various enterprises. She became one of the first female celebrities to have ever established an entertainment company and a record label, and became one of the first female CEOs in the industry. Madonna received positive commentaries in the community; she is "herself a corporation, and a rather diverse one" wrote Miklitsch. Similarly, Colin Barrow a visiting scholar at the Cranfield School of Management described her as "an organisation unto herself", and Kevin Sessums also described her "a corporation in the form of flesh".

Despite positive commentaries, Madonna debuted in an era when most entertainers avoided labels of "manager" or "businesswoman", marked by a cultural perception at that time of art and commerce. American political analyst Matt Towery, described in 1998: "Madonna never tries to portray herself as a corporate manager or captain of industry". She herself downplayed her role, saying "I don't think is necessary for people to know that". Madonna was also quoted as saying: "I'm very flattered that everyone thinks I'm such a good businesswoman, but I think that to say that I'm a great manipulator, that I have great marketing savvy is ultimately an insult, because it undermines my power as an artist". On the contrary, her profile became notorious at that time and her entrepreneurial talent begun labeled "legend" to the public perception and insiders. In 2007, Billboard explained Madonna's CEO "has a reputation as being a tenacious executive as ubiquitous as her music".

Publicity and endorsements

Far view of a billboard in Germany of Madonna's H&M collaboration in 2007.

In her early career, Madonna also earned a reputation of being a "calculating businesswoman", which led The Canberra Times to describe it as a "crucial difference" between her and other American industry fellows. She refrained from commercializing her brand with all sorts of products, and which Forbes commented that fellows such as Bill Cosby and Michael Jackson who "eagerly hawk products, Madonna refuses to do so [...] more likely she fears it might sully her image as an artist".

On the other hand, her tactics of marketing and publicity were especially noted during her first decades of career. She was described as a "supreme expert on marketing" by The Daily Gazette in 1997. Although some considered she "rigid control of her own publicity", British novelist Martin Amis also said that she understands "her publicity gets publicity". Nekesa Mumbi Moody from Associated Press wrote in 2006, that "Madonna certainly has been the embodiment of the adage, 'there's no such thing as bad publicity'". In 1990, Richard Harrington from Washington Post called her "Our Lady of Perpetual Hype". He cited Paul Grein from Billboard who also considered the singer a "very smart and very shrewd artist", whose generates a lot of publicity, interpreting it as her "key to staying on top". Grein concludes "her career events are as carefully choreographed as the GOP convention".

Branding

Madonna's name at L'Olympia in 2012

Madonna is one of the first celebrities to protect her name as trademark. According to Irish Examiner, she did it in 1979 when still unknown. Authors of Gen Z, Explained (2022), including Jane Shaw, held that "the 'selfmark' trend can be traced back to Madonna in the 1980s". Madonna also impacted in her generation the usage of a one-single name. In 1987, Radio & Records noted an increase of female singers with one-name, while the phenomenon goes back beyond her, the magazine perceived an increase in the era, after singer's debut. In 2022, American Songwriter magazine said: "If she didn't invent the one-name legacy then she sure made it real".

Various branding experts appreciated her ability to expand her brand, including marketing executive Sergio Zyman and author Armin Brott agreed in The End of Advertising as We Know It (2003), "unlike almost anyone else in her business" she has an "uncanny ability to retool" her brand further adding "no one repositions herself as well —or as frequently— as Madonna".

Trends

Madonna was recognized in the community and media as a trend-setter, and "widely perceived to be on the cutting edge" for that reason, according to authors of Emotionally Intelligent Leadership (2009). In 2008, Rashod Ollison from The Baltimore Sun described it as her "career hallmark". A commentator said in 1998 for The Vancouver Sun, "Madonna is to trend-surfing what Stephen Hawking is to cosmology". According to business theorists Jamie Anderson and Martin Kupp for London Business School in 2006, Madonna is "one of the world's first artists to bring this approach to the music industry". Professor and editor Popy Belasco even named her the "first coolhunter in history".

Linda Mihalick, professor in the Merchandising department at University of North Texas, commented "her ability to set trends became unrivaled". Marketing expert Roger Blackwell explained "she becomes the conduit", introduction and acceptance of a wide range of trends in areas from fashion to expression, dance, lifestyle and more. However, a turning point occurred during the release of her album Hard Candy (2008) and has since continually deemed as a follower of trends.

Legacy

She's not really a singer per se, but she created the whole idea of a pop icon marketing herself. She's the epitome of the modern entertainer.

Entertainment Weekly (1999)

Madonna has been noted as a self-marketer. Her performance at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards in 1984, was called a defining moment in her career as she emerged as a self-made star, according to The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History (2006), while Bitch magazine highlighted it as a marketing strategy and a defining moment for women in rock. Overall, Irish Examiner commented in 2018 that "she broke new ground, harnessing and marketing herself". Ohio State University scholar David Bruenger held that "she pioneered brand management strategies". She is credited for helping transform "self-reinvention" and "multiple identities" into a business strategy in her industry according to Brown. In 2007, she was included among Billboard's Power Players recognizing women in the entertainment industry who "have made an important mark on the music business".

In 1992, a contributor from The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, describes Madonna as a signifier of changing "world's views" of the boundaries between "music, entertainment, and business", along with other figures like Bill Gates with similar impacts, such as world's views on information-processing. Similarly, hispanic scholars in Bitch She's Madonna (2018), grant her also a notable role for help shaping music businesses as "we know it". In 1986, The Sunday Times commented with Madonna's spurt to fame, "new heights have been scaled or new depths plumbed". The advent of Madonna usher the "phenomenon of star as multimedia impresario" considered Gerald Marzorati. In both 1990s and 2000s, she signed some of the largest music deals, and some commentators seen them as influential for helping shape music businesses; Madonna's 1992 deal with Warner, was according to BBC Worldwide in 1994, "seen by many as the symbol of the kind of new relationship between a global media star and the moneymen". Madonna became the founding artist in Live Nation's division, "Artist Nation" in 2007. Described as a "radical deal" by BBC, they referred she was the first "major star" to choose an all-in-one agreement with a tour company over a traditional record deal. In HumanCentric (2020), analyst Mike Saunders largely explored its impact, calling the deal a "milestone" that clearly helped change the way of many aspects in the concert industry, a sector that would later become a leading source of music revenues. In Peer to Peer and the Music Industry (2010), Matthew David also explored Madonna's move as the "first big name" further calling it "significant". Madonna's forays within the wireless world would also impacted the medium, including during the release of American Life in 2003, as claims Rick Mathieson in Branding Unbound (2005). Previously, in 2000, The Business Times called her the "epitome of m-commerce".

Cultural impact

According to Encyclopædia Britannica in 2009, Madonna "achieved levels of power of control [that were nearly] unprecedented for a woman in the entertainment industry". Biographer Chris Dickers noted how she was referred to as "the most successful woman in the history of the music business". For instance, Deutsche Welle in its English version called her "music business' most successful woman" in 2018. Two decades prior, The Daily Telegraph commented in 1998: "Madonna is arguably the most successful businesswoman in the entertainment industry (her only rival for the title being Sherry Lansing, chairman of Paramount)".

Madonna's business profile transcended music industry, as she began referred by various corporations and businesses as a role model, mainly for self-reinvention. Lyve Lab's director at Israel and Singapore named her a role model in early 2023. According to Alfons Cornella from Deusto Business School in 2007, node used the phrase "this is a Madonna company" to define a company capable of reinventing successively. Spanish Socialist Workers' Party also recognized Madonna's reinvention in 2015. Years later in 2017, Uruguayan newspaper El Observador, also noted how a company used Madonna's reinvention as a central theme.

Expressions coined

The "Madonna-curve" in the words of Tim Galles from Barkley Inc.

• Madonna effect: Business professor Oren Harari used the phrase inspired in her business tactics and changes (reinventions) while deems its use for both individuals and organizations. In Information Today's Event DV (2008), the "Madonna effect" is described as "all about reinventing yourself to keep yourself and your business to the culture of that demographic".

• Madonna-curve: According to Peter van Ham from Clingendael Institute in an article for NATO Review, is a phrase used by some business analysts to describe the "adapting to new tasks whilst staying true to one's own principles". The usage for NATO was no well received by analyst Robin Shepherd from Chatham House, as argued that "an ageing pop diva is not an excellent analogy for NATO". Canadian educator and designer Bruce Mau, refers "it's named after the pop star for her capacity to alter her image and stay popular. However radical the visual difference, she is always Madonna".

Recognition

During her career, Madonna was referred variously by media, including "Queen of Marketing", "Queen of Rebranding", "Queen of Branding" and "Queen of Trends". In early 1990, Jon Pareles called her "Queen of Multimedia Promotion". In the mid-2000s, MuchMusic named her "the world's top trend-maker". In the 1990s, scholar Douglas Kellner called her as "one of the greatest PR machines in history". Various called her a "marketing genius", including Brown in 2004. A contributor from Slate magazine in 1999, listed as the "Madonnas" of the age of stock market, and celebration of the entrepreneur to individuals from Bill Gates to Steve Ballmer.

American accountant Sharon Lechter, in 2014, noted that she has received acclaim for her role as a businesswoman in media. She received positive commentaries both immediate and retrospectively. Dan Bigman from Forbes noted how in early 1990s, they deemed her as one of "shrewdest businesswomen we'd ever seen". She became the first solo female entrepreneur on a Forbes cover (1990) according to themselves. In 2021, Maggie McGrath from the publication mentioned that moment in an article discussing women participation in magazine's history. Madonna was then considered "America's smartest businesswoman" in the community, with editor of Profiles of Female Genius (1994), explaining it was an unusual treatment at that time, because he considered Forbes as part of the bastion male capitalism system. In 2013, British entrepreneur Vince Stanzione, referred to her as "one of the smartest self-made businesswomen in this century and last". In 2014, Gabriela Pedranti of the Istituto Europeo di Design acknowledges her business role, considering her a productive and intelligent multimedia-digital platform itself. In 2006, business theorists Jamie Anderson and Martin Kupp for London Business School, concluded she is a "born entrepreneur".

Madonna as brand

See also: Madonna fandom§Demographics of Madonna's audience and audience studies

Madonna's brand was discussed as a cultural product or amid consumer culture over years. By 1998, Ann Powers wrote for The New York Times that in last years, her "symbolic impact wane". Alone in the 21st century, during the release of American Life in 2003, The New York Times also addressed difficulties amid younger generations in the United States. Also, a researcher cited by various media publications in 2016, discussed how her brand has significantly lost influence, although he called the singer a "legacy act".

Logo used for the era of Rebel Heart (2015); her last appearance on the yearly IFPI's Global Best-Selling Albums.

Others have estimated her brand both retrospectively and well over the course of the 21st century. In Understanding Digital Culture (2011), Vincent Miller elaborates that she is a "marketable product" due to her popularity and that even if one can download her music for free, "as a product still has marketable value". He later said that her "decline or rise in value has more to do with cultural factors that her scarcity". Economist Robert M. Grant, studied her case in 2008, praising her longevity in an "intensely competitive, volatile world of entertainment". In 2012, José Igor Prieto-Arranz from University of the Balearic Islands described her as a generational household name for different targets. Writing for business magazine Campaign in 2018, AARP's Patricia Lippe Davis considered her case notable within a visible target on the market, women over 60. In 2023, BBC Music correspondent Mark Savage, noted a "resurgence" last year thanks to platforms such as TikTok. In Brazil, one of Madonna's primary markets, a 2024 research by Chartmetric revealed that Generation Z was her primary audience, followed by people in the 25–34 age range. This information was reported by Folha de S.Paulo.

Academics from Warwick Murray (2006) to business theorists such as Michael Czinkota and Ilkka Ronkainen (2013), called her a "global brand". Willie Cameron from Loch Ness Marketing acknowledges Loch Ness' global brand lumping with others, including Madonna, by saying in 2014: "It's as big as Coca Cola, Madonna, Elvis Presley. It's global". Furthermore, in The Experience Effect (2010), author Jim Joseph considered her a "quintessential brand" further arguing she is "perhaps the epitome of celebrity marketing and celebrity branding". Similarly, Michael Levine commented about her 20-years plus career, that she "bucked every rule of branding and still manage to become the most well-known, well considered brand in the entertainment business". In 2015, business magazine Fast Company labeled her "the biggest pop brand on the planet". In 2020, Journal of Business Research collaborators estimated her as "probably the most successful female music artist ever in terms" that include "brand recognition".

Cultural aspects

Background

Cross referential socio-cultural aspects were also remarked on by community, academics and media alike. Back in the 1980s, journalist Steve Anderson speaks of "Madonna's resonance in the minds of the public", saying she become a "repository for all our ideas", including money. According to Theodore Koutsobinas in The Political Economy of Status (2014), media celebrities like Madonna were "widely seen as symbols" of the Great Moderation period. For a notable portion of public, including authors, she became a paradigm of the Reaganomics era, and also for the Thatcherism in the United Kingdom. Thomas Ferraro granted her an "important" cultural role as a whole, at least for young public in the 1980s, defending his point by saying she was a "miracle worker, and wonder woman", the "faith healer" of Reagan's divide and-conquer America.

Perspectives

Madonna interpreting "Material Girl" during 1990's Blond Ambition World Tour. Its video was influenced by Marilyn Monroe's "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"

To many authors, Madonna embodied the materialism bloosed in the 1980s during the emergence of new technologies of the era, as economist Jeremy Rifkin in The Empathic Civilization (2010), said she "capture the spirit of the age when she proclaimed to be a Material Girl". According to Brown, her "Material Girl" persona was held up as an embodiment of the "Greed is Good" 1980s decade. Catherine Gourley detailed how the song resonated with young women across the United States. As girls wanted more than equal opportunity in the workplace, and being a "material girl" was more rewarding than being feminist. Author Nicholas Cook, however, said its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as gay community, women, straight people and academics. After having influenced yuppie culture with a monetary hedonism, Ann Powers for The New York Times in 1998 noted her turning into spirituality, saying were been "scrutinized as signs of a new style of growing up".

Madonna was described with having a "street-smart attitude", while Barrow commented her business skills included "planning, personal discipline and constant attention". Madonna was defined a workaholic, including by critics Camille Paglia and Gina Arnold. In 2000, writer Warren Allen Smith explained many people of the 1990s spoke of Madonna as "the lady who work". Henry Rollins referred "when you're sleeping, she is working". Called "one of the hardest working and most disciplined of performers" by some publications, including The Guardian (2023), others further called her as arguably "the hardest-working woman in the music business", including The Straits Times (2001).

What set her apart was her bottomless maw of ambition. And over the years, her statements — "I want to rule the world" — supported this theory.

—Vanessa Grigoriadis for The New York Times (2019).

Madonna has also a reputation of being ambitious, described as "legendary". It became a "common denominator" in her marketing analysis according to Roger Blackwell in 2004. German cultural critic Diedrich Diederichsen explained she herself openly cultivated that legend. In her early career, she was quote as saying: "I'm tough, ambitious, and I know exactly what I want. If that makes me a bitch, okay". In updated views, during the 2010s she told Matthew Todd that her ambition was driven by feeling unloved after her mother's death, and also told Alexis Petridis, that she just meant "I want to make a mark on the world. I want to be a somebody". Different reviewers have interpreted her ambition variously ranged from negative to neutral. Madonna critic bell hooks, as pointed out scholars from Nordic Association for American Studies commented it was a "monetary and a global media ambition". French scholar Georges-Claude Guilbert said that her ambition was also to try her hand at every art form. Author Kay Turner felt she "made outrageous claims about her ambitions, but invited the world to join her in believing that dreams come true". Similarly, Alina Simone wrote in Madonnaland (2016), that she "has never been anything but aggressively honest about her ambition". American feminist Susie Bright commented that "she is considered too ambitious, and therefore too much like a man". A contributor from website Death and Taxes, commented in 2014, that she has "changed society through her fiery ambition and unwillingness to compromise".

Authors of Strategic Marketing (2010), commented "she has created a rags-to-riches myth". Madonna embodied the American Dream for many people and authors, with a special emphasis on women and as a self-made star. Writing for German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung in 2008, Caroline von Lowtzow commented she turned into a "female incarnation" of the "self-made man". "Few figures in American life have manage to exert as much control over their destinies as she has, and the fact she has done so as woman is all the more remarkable", wrote Jim Cullen in 2001. Although Madonna reflectiveness in American Life (2003) interrogate also the American Dream.

Commercial impact

Global economy

Madonna's global value once compared to that of Coca-Cola, while she was a reflection of a global economy

Madonna's corporate image reached a noteworthy global height through the early 1990s. During this period, she was described as "a valuable property in the world of international capital", as her value overseas was regarded double than her domestic one. On this, American business writer Tom Peters praised her international numbers, commenting in 1993, she runs a "positive trade balance" leading him to describe it as part of a "new soft economy". Madonna was ranked among U.S leading exports in 1992, which lead Walter Berns call her as one of the biggest American export items. On that year, Spanish newspaper ABC even named her as the "most prolific, profitable and universal consumer object since the commercialization of Coca-Cola". She was being called by others as "the most commercial singer of all-time" by this point, including Leo Tassoni.

In Madonnaland (2016), Alina Simone retrospectively commented: "Madonna isn't just a musician; she is the 'whole package' and a 'real' prophet of commerce. [...] One might even call her an artist of commerce". Professor Roy Shuker in Understanding Popular Music (1994) commented she "must be viewed as much as an economic entity as she is a cultural phenomenon". Author of International Communication and Globalization (1997), lumped Madonna along with Internet, Michael Jackson and other cultural motifs for paving the way the global economy. American business writer Robert J. Samuelson, explored for The New York Times in 1991, the interchangeable growing aspects of a global economy, and titled his article "Madonna and the New Economic Order".

Tourism and economy

Madonna's Colombian public street announcements for the MDNA Tour in 2012

"La Isla Bonita" have benefited Belize's San Pedro Town tourism sector.

Madonna has also contributed with temporary to nearly enduring pop-culture tourism around the world. A one-time event such as a concert benefit local tourism; for instance, during her The MDNA Tour (2012) in Colombia, moved unprecedented figures for a concert in Medellín, early predicted with three times of what the municipality spent throughout the year. Similarly, Madonna's free concert at Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana Beach as part of her Celebration tour in May 2024, boosted city's economy and was called by some media as the "Madonna effect".

According to geopolitic author Parag Khanna, Madonna helped "put Malawi on the map". In 2013, BBC compared how with Madonna, the country was "enjoying a boom in visitors" up 181% in the last seven years. In 2018, Malawi Tourism Council (MTC) also acknowledges Madonna's inputs in a discussion with The Nation. Similarly, in Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies (2015), Melanie Smith said after the release of Evita with Madonna, it "boosted the profile of Argentina in recent years". Madonna's wedding with Guy Ritchie in late 2000, carried a media frenzy on Scotland no seen since a report about Loch Ness in 1933 according to Associated Press, while authorities called the "Madonna effect" to the publicty she drew to Scottish Highlands.

"La Isla Bonita" is an example of an enduring impact. According to Minister of Tourism from Belize, the song have contributed to San Pedro Town's tourism. During the 2000s, Madonna favored Israel's tourism, especially in the city of Safed. Her presence was praised amid the Second Intifada crisis, producing Israeli tourism's major media coup when she declared Israel a safe destination. Gideon Ezra, Ministry of Tourism was reportedly distribute photographs of Madonna's 2004 visit. Sylvan Adams, the Israeli-Canadian billionaire who brought Madonna to the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest, expected the same as in previous years.

From 2017 to 2020, Madonna lived in Lisbon, Portugal. Portuguese and Spaniard media outlets credited her presence as a boost and help for Portugal's tourism industry, having found benefits in "luxury tourism" or real estate business, with a journalist from ABC calling it "the Madonna effect". However, Bloomberg News also reported in 2017, how celebrities like Madonna caused home prices raise, worrying locals. In 2018, the country won their first World Travel Awards for the World's Leading Destination. On the win, EFE commented both Madonna and Cristiano Ronaldo were two of leading ambassadors who made it possible. In 2022, British Vogue editor Laura Hawkins called her "Lisbon's most famous expat".

Madonna's name has been also used in tourism sector in other ways. She was proposed also by organizations or individuals to promote tourism of locations such as La Palma (also called "La Isla Bonita"), Turkey, or Pacentro, Italy (the city of her paternal grandparents). Director of Business Development for Telefónica used Madonna as example in 2017 for seeking a tourism sector free of bureaucratic procedures, while MCI Singapore CEO, called Singapore as "Madonna of the Destinations" as "the country re-invents itself every few years" according to Singapore Tourism Board. After an article published by South China Morning Post reporting that Madonna snubbed Hong Kong to perform a concert in the early 2010s, it turned into a "strong adverting selling point" for Hong Kong tourism industry. It was reportedly the Tourism Board used Madonna's example to asking the government to create a proper concert venue.

Warner corporation

Madonna was particularly a successful act for WarnerMedia corporation during several years. During the height of her career, some called her as perhaps their "most effective corporate symbol" behind Bugs Bunny or its leading person, including by Musician magazine. An author explained they usually featured Madonna's picture prominently in their annual report. At some point, Judson Rosebush and Steve Cunningham commented in Electronic Publishing on CD-ROM (1996) that she accounted for something like 20 to 33 percent of all record sales from Warner Communications, as well pointing out she was an influence for their stock. Alone in 1986, WEA International reported an increase of 27% in revenues, then their largest recorded sum in 15 years and with Madonna having a leading role followed by Phil Collins. Described by scholar Fred Goodman back then as "one of their biggest and most consistent-selling artists", Michael Ovitz called Madonna as Warner Music's "hit machine".

Madonna's record label, Maverick Records also achieved commercial success in its early years. Once described as a "highly profitable" artist-run label, Madonna had an important role along Freddy DeMann in approving their signed artists. In 1998, Ingrid Sischy from Vanity Fair deemed the label as one of the "few artist-involved entities in the business to have moved into big-league status". The same year, Spin recognized it as "the most successful vanity label", while under Madonna's control, it generated well over $1 billion for Warner Bros. Records, more money that any other recording artist's label up that point.

Other industries and products

Madonna invested in Vita Coco, inviting other celebrities to do the same. It had an impact in then-tiny company, later becoming the top leader of coconut water in the U.S. and worldwide

Her advertising debut was made in Japan with a campaign for Mitsubishi Electric between 1986–1987. It helped to erase corporation's image of being "safe but bland" after researchers noted most Japanese no longer considered them a "conservative company". Her campaign also led to Japanese agencies and advertisers to feature more musicians, invigorating the overall interest in using foreign celebrities in ads by that time.

Madonna also impacted other brands, including Vita Coco. According to UPI, she convinced a number of celebrities to invest in the company. In a conversation to TheLadders.com in 2019, its founder explained how crucial was Madonna to have the brand growing up. After Madonna's announcement on social media in 2010 promoting the water, the company received ten times their usual web traffic. Short after, Vita Coco became the sales leader of coconut water in the U.S. with a 60% of market share at some point, while publications like Reuters called it the "world's leading brand of coconut water". Financial-targeted Spaniard newspaper El Confidencial, explores how the coconut water before Madonna, was only sold in ethnic food stores and other small locals. Madonna also helped popularize a variety of other products, including Cosmopolitan cocktail, which was later frequently mentioned on the television program Sex and the City.

Earnings

Madonna net worth as of 2017 (BBC via Forbes)

Madonna's own financial triumph was praised in her generation, coinciding when Forbes began tracking entertainer earnings in 1987; less common in her time, professor E. Ann Kaplan described in 1993, that she "has entered the public sphere as an entrepreneur earning a lot of money, something that is not considered natural for women". Her consistency was acknowledged by Clifford Thompson in Contemporary World Musicians (2020), where wrote: Madonna "has been overwhelmingly successful on a financial level". In Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women (2004), feminist scholars Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender commented she achieved "the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within industry".

Called by Forbes, circa 2020s, as "one of the top pop divas of all time", Madonna was reputed to be the highest-earning female performer of the 20th century. Authors in On the Edge (1998), even called her as the "most financially successful female entertainer in history". A decade later, in 2010, author Matthew David named her as well "the most profitable female performing artist of all time" in Peer to Peer and the Music Industry. In the 1980s, she grossed an estimated $1 billion in products. Madonna's spokeswoman, Liz Rosenberg, accounted at least $2 billion worldwide sales for her albums and music products by early 2003, according to The New York Times.

Madonna's image also helped others financially succeed. Stephen Jon Lewicki, director of Madonna's first film appearance, A Certain Sacrifice became "millionaire" after film's VHS distribution in 1985. In 2018, Bloomberg News explained Tsuyoshi Matsushita from Japan, and founder of MTG Co. become in billionaire after gambling on Madonna and Cristiano Ronaldo. In a conversation with Spin in 1998, producer William Orbit, said: "There are a lot of people depending on Madonna to maintain their livelihood".

Forbes' lists

Madonna in 2013. She was the highest-paid celebrity that year, her first time to top the overall earning-money ranking of entertainers.

Madonna made appearance in four consecutives decades on Forbes' entertainer earning-lists, becoming the annual top-earning female musician a record 11 times. During several years running in the 20th century, she was blocked by only Oprah Winfrey, although she also became for a short-live period "the highest-grossing woman in entertainment" according to Forbes prior 1990. Regarding female artists, Forbes themselves, pinpointed in the early 1990s the "rise fast and fade fast" of other contemporary female artists, while they said Madonna "nearly reach" their top for consecutive years. However, it was until 2009 that she was able to be the highest-paid musician overall, and until 2013, she became annual's highest-paid celebrity in media industry.

Madonna also topped their first inaugural "Cash Queens of Music" list in 2007. In 2015, Madonna appeared at the inaugural list of Forbes's America's wealthiest women (originally America's 50 Richest Self-Made Women), as the top singer. By 2017, Madonna was the second highest-ranked entertainer on the list, just behind TV personality Oprah Winfrey. As of 2024, she was continually ranked since 2015, reaching her own highest "self-made score" at 9.

Does not include pretax earnings

Period	List	Earnings	Adjusted inflation (2024 $)	F. rank	Ref(s).
1987	Forbes Top 40	$47 million	$131 million	1
1988	Forbes Top 40	$46 million	$123 million	1
1989	Forbes Top 40	$43 million	$111 million	1
1990	Forbes Top 40	$62 million	$152 million	1
1991	Forbes Top 40	$63 million	$147 million	1
1992	Forbes Top 40	$48 million	$107 million	1
1993	Forbes Top 40	$37 million	$80 million	1
2002	Forbes Celebrity 100	$43 million	$73 million	2
2005	Forbes Celebrity 100	$50 million	$78 million	1
2007	Forbes Celebrity 100	$72 million	$106 million	1
2009	Forbes Celebrity 100	$110 million	$156 million	1
2010	Forbes Celebrity 100	$58 million	$81 million	4
2013	Forbes Celebrity 100	$125 million	$164 million	1
2016	Forbes Celebrity 100	$76.5 million	$97 million	3

Other earning lists

In March 1986, the New Sunday Times informed Madonna banked a then "straggering" $25 million in just one year. Madonna was the top musician at some Billboard's Moneymaker lists, including in 2008 and 2013. She also made appearance at some Sunday Times Rich List, including in 2002, where she was the top paid musician in Britain.

Money and earning records

Madonna is the first female singer to earn more than $100 million in a single year. Madonna is believed to have once the largest recording contract for a short-time when she signed an agreement with Warner in 1992.

Record title	Notes
Highest royalty payment for a female artist	She scored this feat with Warner's $60 million record deal in 1992, equalling 20% of Michael Jackson's Sony contract. She was later surpassed by Janet Jackson in 1996.
Highest annual earnings for a female pop star	Madonna scored the highest earnings for a female pop star, when she grossed $125 million for June 2012 – 2013, breaking previous Celine Dion's record established in 1998. She was later surpassed by Katy Perry and Taylor Swift.
Highest annual earnings for a female artist	Madonna held this title in the Guinness World Book of Records. According to their 2007 edition, her earnings in 2005 were $50 million.
World's richest female recording artist	Long-time Forbes's richest female artist, before being surpassed by Rihanna in 2019.

Statistics and achievements

Main article: List of Madonna records and achievements

Contradictory perspectives

Criticisms

Over her career, many of her moves have been accused of publicity stunt/cynicism, including her horse-riding accident (occurred in August 2005). In the image, the inspired Equestrian segment during the Confessions Tour in 2006.

Madonna was often considered for critics as only a marketing product. According to The Nation in 1992, Madonna was deemed by mainstream academics as a "talentless opportunist" and a "monster created by the publicity machine". At that time, American journalist Michael Gross described her as the "world's most advanced human publicity-seeking missile". Writing for Time magazine in 1994, Jamaican author Christopher John Farley commented that her career has "never really about music", while mentioned publicity. "She's a product of the shopping-mall culture", once criticized Dave Marsh. At some stage of her career, she became a flashpoint for advertisers.

Although it has also earned her sympathetic reviews and praise, she is also known for generating scandalmongering which lead an author to describe her as the "Warren Buffett of the shock market". Therefore, some controversial moments in her career, were accused of publicity stunt, including Rebel Heart Tour's Australian gig, when Madonna accidentally exposed the 17-year-old Josephine Georgiou's breast in front of thousands, her stage fall at the Brit Awards of 2015, or her first adoption of Malawian children, David Banda in 2006 amid her Confessions Tour. Some other focal criticisms remarked that she was known for "selling sex"; a 2008 cover of Vanity Fair highlighted that she "made her fortune selling sex". On the other hand, Madonna's advertising posters for Rebel Heart was considered a controversial album cover for Hong Kong’s public transportation which caused to have included a warning label.

Madonna also garnered some criticisms for fads she propelled. Writing for The Conversation in 2016, University of Southern Queensland's lecturer, Susan Hopkins, said that she "pioneered a lot of cultural trends that didn't do average working women a lot of favour". Some of her business moves were not well received by others; in Branding Unbound (2005), Rick Mathieson wrote that "Madonna was among the first global brand names to make advertising campaigns delivered to consumers' cell phones seem downright dope". Blockbuster music deals of high-profile artists like Madonna, Michael Jackson, Prince or Barbra Streisand in 1992, was criticized by an editor from Telegraph Herald commenting "the goal wasn't to improve the music, it was to generate the most hype". Upon announcement, her deal in 2007 with Live Nation met with some skepticism in the sector.

Pepsi controversy

Madonna also became part of the Pepsi Generation with an advertisement in 1989. Contemporary reception, including an article from Los Angeles Times, considered it as part of the Cola wars.

Her advertisement sparked an "extensive" coverage in a variety of "diverse arenas", including stock market circles, the show-business industry and tabloids according to James Robert Parish and Michael R. Pitts. While some critics regarded it as a blockbuster sponsorship, J. Randy Taraborrelli labeled her deal as one of the "biggest controversies in the history of corporate advertising's" related to pop music. A contributor from Forbes considered that back then, the ad hurt the brand image and Pepsi lost millions of dollars. Years later, Pepsi embraced the commercial uploading a shortened version on YouTube in 2023 as part of their 125th anniversary, while Madonna thanked them to re-aired the commercial. Nonetheless, in 2018, Spanish critic Víctor Lenore described the commercial helped open the door to major endorsements in pop music. Mary Gabriel similarly explored for Vanity Fair how its accompanied video "rewired Pop capitalism".

Consumerism and capitalism

For some critics [...] Madonna represents nothing but the worst excesses of commercial exploitation. She is a typical product of cynical media manipulation and her millions of fans are the brain-dead dupes of a vast capitalist conspiracy.

Glenn Ward (2010).

During the height of her career, Madonna largely exemplified the "globalization of American consumer culture". Kristen Marthe Lentz was quoting as saying when it comes to Madonna, "suddenly everybody is a critic of capitalism". To various reviewers she epitomized the consumer ethos of the 20th century, or the 1980s at least. Akbar Ahmed wrote she was the "supreme product of the consumerist culture".

Madonna was also labeled as "the ultimate" in crass commercialism, the epitome of banal consumerism and a representation of the "worst excesses of commercial exploitation", as John E. Seery reports, her critics considered her "a vulgar reflection of gimmicky American consumerist culture at its worst". Writing for political magazine CounterPunch in 2019, Ramzy Barroud considered Madonna along with the Beatles and Coca-Cola as examples of "tools used to secure cultural, thus economic and political dominance".

In 1997, author Douglas Baldwin explained with Madonna's case, that some other people in fields like medicine receive very few rewards in relation to their contribution to society, and entertainers such as Madonna, earn much more than they contribute to it, although brought examples of public figures like philosopher Ayn Rand favoring free will of people entitled to spend "whatever they wish", which lead him to include examples of "expensive" tickets. In 1993, Nirvana's vocalist Kurt Cobain nod how musical acts like Madonna charged a notable gap for ticket prices, compared to their case. She also received internal criticisms by some for development costs, as it was the case of budgets for music videos; on the case, an article of Vanity Fair in 2000, referred that the success of Madonna and Michael Jackson, "sent video production costs spiraling, enraging record company executives and artists".

Responses

Others slightly objected some criticisms towards Madonna, or favored some points. Responding to a commentator whom said "Material Girl" reflected "the deterioration of Western values", Muslim scholar Sheikh Kabbani considered and responded "you have to be both material and spiritual [..] Madonna is giving people a kind of joy in their material life. You cannot say she is wrong". On pair with criticisms, Brown also noted in 2004: "Almost every commentator on the Madonna phenomenon, from fellow entertainer to cloistered academician, acknowledges her promotional genius". Madonna responded to charges of cynicism/publicity stunt regarding her first adoption in 2006, and her horse-riding accident, overall saying about the issue: "If you're a celebrity, everything you do is suddenly perceived as a way to get attention". Regarding criticisms towards her ever-evolving style as a tool of marketing, Madonna responded:

People always see the evolution of my career as marketing. I change. I evolve. People can't understand that, so they put a label on it like 'marketing.' I call it growing. Most celebrities and iconographic figures have one presentation, and that's what they stick with. Maybe that's what people find unsettling about me. But that's so boring—just to have the same hairstyle the rest of your life?

See also

• Cultural impact of Madonna
• Madonna studies

Book sources

See also: Bibliography of works on Madonna and List of academic publishing works on Madonna

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• Barnet, Richard D.; Burriss, Larry L. (2001). Controversies of the Music Industry. Greenwood. ISBN 0313310947.
• Barrett, Paul M. (2007). American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374708306.
• Bartlett, Anthony (2011). Virtually Christian. O Books. ISBN 978-1846943966.
• Benson, Carol; Metz, Allen (1999). The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary. Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-02-864972-9.
• Benson, Carol; Metz, Allen (2000). The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary. Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7194-9.
• Belasco, Popy (2013). Yo fui Teen en los 90. La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 978-8499709529.
• Beverland, Michael (2021). Brand Management: Co-creating Meaningful Brands. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1529755275.
• Blackwell, Roger; Stephan, Tina (2004). Brands That Rock. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-48344-1.
• Borg, Bobby (2020). Music Marketing for the DIY Musician. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538134634.
• Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). McKenna, Amy (ed.). The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1615300563.
• Brown, Stephen (2004). Free Gift Inside!!: Forget the Customer. Develop Marketease. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 1841126020.
• Brown, Vanessa (2014). Cool Shades: The History and Meaning of Sunglasses. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0857854643.
• Bruenger, David (2016). Making Money, Making Music. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520966062.
• Burnett, Robert (2002). The Global Jukebox. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1134872100.
• Cook, Nicholas (2000). Analysing musical multimedia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816737-7.
• Cornella, Alfons (2007). La alquimia de la innovación (in Spanish). Deusto Business School. ISBN 978-8423424627.
• Cross, Mary (2007). Madonna: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33811-3.
• Cullen, Jim (2001). Restless in the Promised Land: Catholics and the American Dream: Portraits of a Spiritual Quest from the Time of the Puritans to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1-58051-093-0.
• Cvetkovich, Ann (2018). Articulating The Global And The Local: Globalization And Cultural Studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0429981814.
• Czinkota, Michael R.; Ronkainen, Ilkka A. (2012). International Marketing. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1285687162.
• David, Matthew (2010). Peer to Peer and the Music Industry. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1847870056.
• Dicker, Chris (2017). Madonna Biography: The Sex Symbol of The Music Industry Revealed. Smashwords Edition. ISBN 978-1-370-52975-9.
• Dines, Gail; Humez, Jean M. (2011). Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader. SAGE. ISBN 978-1412974417.
• Ferraro, Thomas J. (2005). Feeling Italian: The Art of Ethnicity in America. NYU Press. ISBN 0814728391.
• Fouz-Hernández, Santiago; Jarman-Ivens, Freya (2004). Madonna's Drowned Worlds: New Approaches to Her cCultural Transformations, 1983-2003. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754633716.
• Gabriel, Mary (2023). Madonna: A Rebel Life. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316456449.
• Goodman, Fred (2010). Fortune's Fool. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439160503.
• Gourley, Catherine (2008). Ms. and The Material Girls: Perceptions of Women From The 1970s Through The 1990s. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0822568063.
• Guilbert, Georges-Claude (2015). Madonna as Postmodern Myth. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-48071-5.
• Harari, Oren (2006). Break From the Pack: How to Compete in a Copycat Economy. Pearson Education. ISBN 0132703823.
• Hirshey, Gerri (2001). We Gotta Get Out Of This Place: The True, Tough Story Of Women In Rock. Grove Press. ISBN 0802138993.
• Horowitz, David A.; Carroll, Peter N. (1998). On the Edge: The U.S. in the 20th-century. West/Wadsworth. ISBN 0314128824.
• Hosie, Peter; Pforr, Christof (2016). Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry Beating the Odds?. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1351947381.
• Janosik, MaryAnn (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: The video generation, 1981-1990. Greenwood Press.
• Joseph, Jim (2010). The Experience Effect. AMACOM. ISBN 978-0814415559.
• Katz, Roberta; Ogilvie, Sara; Shaw, Jane; Woodhead, Linda (2022). Gen Z, Explained: The Art of Living in a Digital Age. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226823966.
• Kellner, Douglas (2003). Media Spectacle. Psychology Press. ISBN 041526829X.
• Khanna, Parag (2011). How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance. Random House. ISBN 978-0679604280.
• Koopmans, Andy (2002). Madonna. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59018-138-7.
• Koutsobinas, Theodore (2014). The Political Economy of Status. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1783477456.
• Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2004). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women. Routledge. ISBN 1135963150.
• Landrum, Gene N. (1994). Profiles of Female Genius: Thirteen Creative Women who Changed the World. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-892-9.
• Lechter, Sharon (2014). Think and Grow Rich for Women. Penguin. ISBN 978-0698160750.
• Levine, Michael (2003). A Branded World: Adventures in Public Relations and the Creation of Superbrands. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43288-1.
• Löfgren, Hans; Shima, Alan (1998). After Consensus: Critical Challenge and Social Change in America. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ISBN 9173463353.
• McCrossan, John (2000). Books and Reading in the Lives of Notable Americans. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0313303762.
• Miklitsch, Robert (1998). From Hegel to Madonna. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791435407.
• Miller, Vincent (2011). Understanding Digital Culture. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1446246481.
• Mohammadi, Efraim (1997). International Communication and Globalization. SAGE Publishing. ISBN 0-85702-614-3.
• Mathieson, Rick (2005). Branding Unbound: The Future of Advertising, Sales, and the Brand Experience in the Wireless Age. AMACOM. ISBN 0814428908.
• Mooney, Sean (2000). 5,110 Days in Tokyo and Everything's Hunky-dory. Quorum Books. ISBN 1567203612.
• Morton, Andrew (2001). Madonna. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-312-98310-7.
• Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1134369018.
• Nicholson, Helen (2010). Geographies of Globalization. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-1-77020-117-0.
• O'Brien, Lucy (2007). Madonna: Like an Icon. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05547-2.
• Ovitz, Michael (2018). Who Is Michael Ovitz?. Penguin. ISBN 978-1101601488.
• Paglia, Camille (2011). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307765550.
• Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Garland to O'Connor. Routledge. ISBN 0415943337.
• Rifkin, Jeremy (2010). The Empathic Civilization. Polity. ISBN 978-0745641461.
• Rosebush, Judson; Cunningham, Steve (1996). Electronic Publishing on CD-ROM. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1565922093.
• Rowe, Kathleen (1995). The Unruly Woman: Gender and the Genres of Laughter. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292790724.
• Saunders, Mike (2020). HumanCentric: Technology Fails Unless it Means Something to Someone. Jonathan Ball Publishers. ISBN 978-0639992969.
• Schwichtenberg, Cathy (1993). The Madonna connection. Westview Press. ISBN 0813313961.
• Seery, John E. (2018). Political Theory for Mortals: Shades of Justice, Images of Death. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501718311.
• Sexton, Adam (1993). Desperately Seeking Madonna. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0385306881.
• Simone, Alina (2016). Madonnaland. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1477308912.
• Shankman, Marcy Levy; Allen, Scott J. (2009). Emotionally Intelligent Leadership: A Guide for College Students. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470596593.
• Sheumaker, Helen (2017). Artifacts from Modern America. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440846830.
• Shuker, Roy (2013). Understanding Popular Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134564798.
• Smart, Barry (2010). Consumer Society: Critical Issues & Environmental Consequences. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0857026934.
• Smith, Melanie K. (2015). Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1317664208.
• Smith, Warren Allen (2000). Who's who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-theists. Barricade Books. ISBN 1569801584.
• Stange, Mary Zeiss; Oyster, Carol K.; Sloan, Jane E. (2011). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Vol. 1. SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-7685-5.
• Stanzione, Vince (2013). The Millionaire Dropou: Fire Your Boss. Do What You Love. Reclaim Your Life!. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118652770.
• Stewart, Mark (2009). Music Legends. Gareth Stevens Pub. ISBN 978-0836891652.
• Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2001). Madonna: An Intimate Biography. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 028307289X.
• Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2002). Madonna: An Intimate Biography. Berkley Books. ISBN 0425186695.
• Tassoni, Leo (1993). Manual de Prestidigitacion (in Spanish). Icaria. ISBN 8474262070.
• Todd, Matthew (2016). Straight Jacket. Random House. ISBN 978-1448111107.
• Thompson, Clifford (2020). Contemporary World Musicians. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1135939618.
• Towery, Matt (1998). Powerchicks: How Women Will Dominate America. Longstreet Press. ISBN 1563525216.
• Viñuela, Eduardo (2018). Bitch She's Madonna: La Reina del Pop en la cultura contemporánea. Dos Bigotes. ISBN 978-8494796333.
• Walters, Suzanna Danuta (1995). Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory. University of California Press. ISBN 0520089782.
• Ward, Glenn (2010). Understand Postmodernism: Teach Yourself. John Murray Press. ISBN 978-1444133981.
• West, Douglas; Ford, John; Ibrahim, Essam (2010). Strategic Marketing: Creating Competitive Advantage. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199556601.
• Zyman, Sergio; Brott, Armin (2003). The End of Advertising as We Know It. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 047142966X.

Further reading

• Seymour Stein On What Music, Advertising And Marketing Can Learn From Madonna (Forbes, 2014)
• Five Leadership Lessons from Madonna (Forbes, 2023)
• Business learnings from Madonna (BusinessMirror, 2023)
• From Harvey Weinstein to Shakira, the celebrities with offshore interests (The Guardian, 2017)