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List of sundown towns in the United States

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Map of Sundown Towns in the United States by county

A sundown town refers to a municipality or neighborhood within the United States that practices or once practiced a form of racial segregation characterized by intimidation, hostility, or violence among white people directed toward non-whites, especially against African Americans. The term "sundown town" derives from the practice of all-white towns erecting signage alerting non-whites to vacate the area before sundown.[1] Sundown towns might include entire sundown counties and sundown suburbs and may have been strengthened by the local presence of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy organization.[2]

Though the United States has a history with expulsion of African Americans from certain communities dating to the 18th century, sundown towns became common during the nadir of American race relations after the Reconstruction era ended in 1877 and through the civil rights movement in the mid-twentieth century. The period was marked by the lawful continuation of racial segregation in the United States, known as the Jim Crow era. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 codified enforcement of federal law abolishing restrictive housing covenants.

Definition and scope

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A sundown town is an all-white community that shows or has shown hostility toward non-whites. Sundown town practices may be evoked in the form of city ordinances barring people of color after dark, exclusionary covenants for housing opportunity, signage warning ethnic groups to vacate, unequal treatment by local law enforcement, and unwritten rules permitting the harassment of non-whites. Sundown towns in the United States include past and present communities that do not socially accept people who are not white. Although African Americans are primarily the focus of sundown town violence, Chinese Americans, Jewish Americans, and Mexican Americans have also been subject to this practice.[3]

Legally, municipalities cannot enforce restrictions on discrimination of people by race or other protected classes, but this has not always been the case. The 1948 United States Supreme Court case Shelley v. Kraemer outlawed the legal enforcement of restrictive housing covenants. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited housing discrimination and defined equal protection, enforcement of such provisions would not be codified until the Civil Rights Act of 1968. As such, any location that is listed below is not an indicator of that place practicing traditional sundown town rules today.

Sundown communities by state

[edit]

Alabama

[edit]
  • Arab, Alabama, historically had signage warning Black people to leave the town before dark and did not permit Black residents during the daytime either.[4][5]
  • Cullman County, Alabama, did not allow Black people by law from the 1890s to the 1950s.[6][7][8] Notices were posted on roads leading out of the county that read, "Nigger, read and run, don't let the sun go down on you in Cullman county."[9] According to former Speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives Tom Drake, "there used to be signs on the railroad track, at the county line and all that. 'Nigger, don't let the sun set on your head in Cullman County.'"[5]

Arizona

[edit]
  • Tempe, Arizona, home to Arizona State University, once was considered a sundown town. This changed in the early 1960s. Tempe allowed Black people to work but not reside in the town from its founding in 1871 until 90 years later.[10] Warren and Carrol Livingston became the first Black people to buy property in Tempe in 1965.[11]

Arkansas

[edit]
  • Bonanza, Arkansas, forcibly expelled "nearly all" Black residents between April 27 and May 7, 1904, by inducing terror through "as many as 500 [gun]shots" into the homes of Black residents.[12][13][14]
  • Boone County, Arkansas, is a county containing Harrison (see below) and Zinc, home of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan leader Thomas Robb.
  • Clay County, Arkansas, forbade Black people as late as 1945.[15]
  • Craighead County, Arkansas, forbade Black people as late as 1945.[15]
  • Greene County, Arkansas, forbade Black people as late as 1945.[15]
  • Harrison, Arkansas, was the site of two race riots in 1905 and 1909. In 1905, a white mob broke into the local jail to kidnap two Black prisoners, drive them outside the city, and whip them while threatening them to leave. In 1909, Charles Stinnett, a Black man, was sentenced to hang for the alleged rape of a white woman, and Harrison's white community expelled more Black people in its aftermath.[16] Stinnett died from strangulation as a result of a botched hanging fifteen minutes after it began.[16]
  • Hickory Ridge, Arkansas, segregated Black housing to a "slum" west of the Cotton Belt Railroad. In 1910, as a response to a rape allegation, residents expelled Black people by throwing dynamite into their houses.[17]
  • Horatio, Arkansas, residents posted notices on the front doors of 17 Mexicans employed at a fruit company to leave town or face violent consequences on or about April 12, 1905.[18] The community had been excluding Black people from living there for years before.[18]
  • Mena, Arkansas, wrote in a newspaper about how it had "No Negroes".[19]
  • Sheridan, Arkansas, forcibly expelled "nearly all" Black residents between April 27 and May 7, 1904.

California

[edit]
  • Antioch, California, residents burned Chinatown and banned Chinese people after sunset when one doctor's report on April 29, 1876, pointed to Chinese sex workers for spreading venereal disease.[20]
  • Beverly Hills, California, was planned as an "all-white suburb" along with Culver City, Palos Verdes Estates, Tarzana, and others.[21]
  • Burbank, California, barred members of the Civilian Conservation Corps from locating a Black-owned business in Griffith Park in the 1930s on the grounds of an "old ordinance of the cities of Burbank and Glendale which prohibited Negroes from remaining inside municipal limits after sun down."[22]
  • Culver City, California, was planned as an "all-white suburb" along with Beverly Hills, Palos Verdes Estates, Tarzana, and others.[21]
  • Glendale, California, was a sundown town at least until the 1960s.[23] In 2020, Glendale's city council passed a resolution that formally apologized for its past sundown town status.[23]
  • Hawthorne, California, had a sign during the 1930s that read, "Nigger, Don't Let the Sun Set on You in Hawthorne."[24] Hawthorne's former status as a sundown town was mentioned by the Los Angeles Times in 2007.[25]
  • Hemet, California, was once a sundown town where Black visitors were allowed to work during the day but were not allowed to stay the night.[26]
  • Palos Verdes Estates, California, was planned as an "all-white suburb" along with Beverly Hills, Palos Verdes Estates, Tarzana, and others.[21]
  • Piedmont, California, had its first Black homeowners, Sidney and Irene Dearing, in 1925 after they bypassed the city's restrictive covenants for housing by using a white family member to purchase their home.[27][28] The Dearings faced the threat of a 500-person mob who planted bombs on the property when the Dearings refused to leave, and when the chief of police, a Ku Klux Klan member named Burton Becker, chose not to protect the family, they were forced to sell the home back to the city.[29]
  • Taft, California, posted "No Colored Allowed" signs that were removed prior to 1975.[30][31]
  • Tarzana, Los Angeles, California, was planned as an "all-white suburb" along with Beverly Hills, Culver City, Palos Verdes Estates, and others.[21]

Colorado

[edit]
  • Fruita, Colorado, had a law stating that all Black people had to leave the city limits before dusk; the law was repealed in 1952.[32]

Connecticut

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Florida

[edit]
  • Gulfport, Florida, had an informal policy that barred Black people from staying in the town after sundown that lasted until the 1950s.[34][35]
  • Jay, Florida, once had signs aimed at Black people that warned, "don't let the sun set on you in Jay."[36] Jay went from having 175 Black residents in the 1920 census to 0 Black residents in the 1930 census after a race riot that resulted from a dispute between a white man and a Black man over farm equipment.[36] Jay's history is portrayed in the 2024 documentary Welcome to Jay.[37]
  • Ocoee, Florida, was the site of a 1920 massacre that nearly eliminated its Black population.[38] The city issued a formal proclamation in 2018 that it was no longer a sundown town.[39]
  • Zephyrhills, Florida, for a time did not allow Black people in its city limits.[40]

Georgia

[edit]
  • Fitzgerald, Georgia, was a sundown town by 1900.[41] Its founders, some of whom were former Union Army soldiers during the American Civil War, had reportedly "met and solved the race problem by keeping the races separate and drawing, not only the color line, but the land line on the negro."[41]
  • Forsyth County, Georgia, drove out its Black population during a period of racial conflict in 1912.[42] In 1987, a group of white protestors gathered at an intersection to protest a civil rights marched called the "Walk for Brotherhood".[42] According to The New York Times, "the march was originally planned by a Forsyth County resident, Charles A. Blackburn, who said he had hoped to dispel the racist image of the county, which has no blacks among its population of about 38,500."[42]

Illinois

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An estimated crowd of 10,000 gathered for the lynching of Will James on November 11, 1909.
Around 10,000 spectators watch the lynching of William "Froggie" James in Cairo, Illinois, on November 11, 1909.
  • Anna, Illinois, drove out its Black population in response to the 1909 lynching of William "Froggie" James in Cairo, Illinois, for the alleged rape and murder of Anna Pelley.[43][44] The city's name was colloquially used as an acronym for "Ain't No Niggers Allowed",[45][46] despite its namesake being Anna Davie, the town founder's wife. Signs warning Black people to leave before sunset were posted on Illinois Route 127 in the Anna and Jonesboro areas as late as the 1970s.[47]
  • Cicero, Illinois, was the site of a 1951 race riot that took place when a mob of thousands of whites violently protested a Black bus driver's family moving into the all-white suburb.[48] Cicero allowed Black people to work in the city but not live there as late as 1966.[49]
  • De Land, Illinois, board of trustees members acknowledged in 2002 that the municipality had passed a sundown ordinance for African Americans decades ago.[50]
  • Effingham, Illinois, had sundown signs that were removed by 1960 and prohibited Black people "beyond the railroad station and bus station" for sometime thereafter.[51]
  • Eldorado, Illinois, forced out its non-white residents with stone-throwing and gunfire into their homes during a 1902 race war, reportedly out of "fear that colored labor will be used in the mines which are being opened in that vicinity."[52]
  • Granite City, Illinois, had an unwritten sundown ordinance prior to 1967 according to former Mayor Donald Partney.[53] Partney described Granite City as having "no racial problems" at the time when it reported a white population at 45,000 and a nonwhite population at 90.[53] When Homer Randolph, then-chairman of the East St. Louis chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality, claimed that the city had a sundown ordinance, Partney stated, "When I became Mayor I went through our laws and found we do not have such an ordinance."[53]
  • Pekin, Illinois, was a sundown town unwelcoming for non-whites.[54] Prior to the American Civil War, Pekin had been a pro-slavery place.[55] It once hosted rallies for the Ku Klux Klan, including one in August 1924 that attracted 25,000 to 45,000 attendees.[56]
  • Salem, Illinois, had signs warning Black people to leave before sunset.[57]
  • Sandoval, Illinois, as of 1898, would "not allow any negro to live in their town."[58] When two Black carpenters arrived in the town to finish constructing a house in 1893, owing to a labor shortage, "a party of seventy-five waited upon them, threatening to lynch them if they did not move at once. Things were finally compromised, the men agreeing to leave town as soon as the building is finished."[58][59]

Indiana

[edit]
1902 New York Times article detailing the last Black man to be forcefully driven out of Decatur, Indiana.
  • Aurora, Indiana, once had a sign reading, "Nigger, Don't Let the Sun Set on You in Aurora", which was removed before 1937.[60]
  • Bluffton, Indiana, residents have claimed that the city "once had an ordinance to keep blacks out", according to former Mayor Ted Ellis in a 2006 statement.[61] A Sikh restaurant owner and college professor was quoted in an archived newspaper clipping stating, "We don't wear turbans in Bluffton ... we speak English."[61] Bluffton has since joined the National League of Cities' Partnership for Working Toward Inclusive Communities, and Ellis commented that "No matter how nice we are to one another, there still is an underlying current."[61]
  • Decatur, Indiana, drove its last Black residents away on July 13, 1902.[62] A month prior to the incident, "a mob of fifty men drove out all the negroes who were then making that city their home."[62] According to a contemporary New York Times article, "The colored man who has just left came about three weeks ago, and since that time received many threating letters. When he appeared on the streets he was insulted and jeered at. An attack was threatened and he made a hasty exit."[62] The article further stated, "The anti-negroites declare that as Decatur is now cleared of negroes they will keep it so, and the importation of any more will undoubtedly result in serious trouble."[62]
  • Elwood, Indiana, in 1897 was a place where Black people were not "permitted to remain any length of time."[63]
  • Goshen, Indiana, adopted a resolution on March 17, 2015, acknowledging and apologizing for its exclusion practices and policies.[64]
  • Greensburg, Indiana, experienced race riots in 1906[65] and 1907.[66] Sociologist James W. Loewen described the town as a sundown town in his 2005 book, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism.[67]
  • Greenwood, Indiana, had an unwritten law "forbidding Negroes to be in town after dark according to the Indiana Civil Rights Commission."[68]
  • Howell, Evansville, Indiana, was described by The Nashville American in 1904: "In Howell, a small station below here, negroes are not allowed to live, all strange negroes being driven out of the town by the marshal. The color line has been drawn tightly since the race riot of one year ago to-day, when several white people were killed."[69]
  • Linton, Indiana, expelled its Black population in 1896.[70]
  • Martinsville, Indiana, was reported by The Indianapolis Star in 2017 as "a town with a tragic reputation for racism, a place many blacks still consider a 'sundown town' where it's best not to be caught after dark."[71]
  • Muncie, Indiana, historically did not permit "strange negroes" in its Riverside and Normal City districts after dark.[72] According to a 1904 article in The Plymouth Tribune, "the edict has gone out that unknown negroes who are found on the streets after nightfall are liable to be severely dealt with."[72] Normal City expelled its Black population earlier that year.[72]
  • Osgood, Indiana, in 1894 was a place where "negroes were not allowed to live there, and that there was not a colored family within quite a number of miles of the town," according to the Indianapolis Journal.[73]
  • Salem, Indiana, was described by the Richmond Daily Palladium in 1898 as having "the unenviable distinction of being the only town in Indiana where negroes are not allowed to live."[74]
  • Washington County, Indiana, was mentioned in a 1903 article in The Richmond Item, which wrote that "negroes are not allowed to live in Washington county."[75]

Iowa

[edit]
  • Lenox, Iowa, "was violently opposed to blacks. It was well-known," according to Taylor County Historical Society president Helen Janson, quoted in a 2006 article on racism in Iowa in The Des Moines Register.[76]
  • New Market, Iowa, once had a sundown ordinance, as confirmed by former New Market Mayor Frank Sefrit.[76] This ordinance was recalled by John Baskerville, a Black professor at the University of Northern Iowa, as being in force until at least the mid-1980s, when a concert featuring Black musicians, including Baskerville, prompted the local government to suspend the order for a single night.[76] Former city council members in office during the concert dispute that the ordinance was overturned and likened it to other laws "still on the books in small towns. People ignored it."[76]

Kansas

[edit]

Kentucky

[edit]
  • Birmingham, Kentucky, before being submerged in a lake in the 1940s, drove out its Black population in 1908.[89]
  • Benton, Kentucky, drove out its Black population in 1908.[89]
  • Calvert City, Kentucky, was a sundown town in 1896, and signage was erected during the era reading, "Negro, don't let the sun go down on you here."[90][91]
  • Corbin, Kentucky, residents forced the town's Black population to leave town in late 1919, with one contemporary affidavit stating, "They swore at us and said: 'By God we are going to run all Negroes out of this town tonight."[92] Other affidavits from the time of the incident wrote that a mob intentionally wanted to remove the Black population from Corbin and that Black workers who tried to return were threatened once more.[92]
  • Crescent Springs, Kentucky, was named by the International Labor Defense in 1930 as a place where "Negroes are not allowed to live."[93]
  • Shively, Kentucky, was the site of a violent incident in 1954 between the family of Black Korean War veteran Andrew Wade and the residents of all-white Shively. Wade had befriended the white Braden family, who purchased a home in Shively that was transferred to the Bradens. After moving into the house in May 1954, the Bradens found a burning cross in their yard, and the home was later bombed on June 27.[94]

Louisiana

[edit]

Maryland

[edit]
  • Brentwood, Maryland, erected a metal barrier in 1957 to separate the majority-white Brentwood from the historically Black town of North Brentwood.[96] The barrier was later demolished and replaced with artwork in 2024.[96]
  • Silver Spring, Maryland, in the early 20th century, had an area covering more than ten square miles where racially restrictive deed covenants prevented African Americans from owning or renting homes.[97]

Massachusetts

[edit]
  • Groton, Massachusetts, a town that was 90 percent white in 2020, was once a "Ku Klux Klan stronghold, rife with anti-Catholic and nativist prejudice", according to The Boston Globe.[98] That year, a board in Groton voted to reject "wholeheartedly the designation" of the town still being a sundown town at present.[98]

Michigan

[edit]
  • Dearborn, Michigan, from 1942 to 1978 had one mayor, Orville L. Hubbard, a vocal proponent of racial segregation and anti-miscegenation who spoke candidly to reporters about Dearborn's stance on Black people living there. Hubbard once told the Montgomery Advertiser, "They can't get in here. We watch it. Every time we hear of a Negro moving—for instance, we had one last year—in a response quicker than to a fire. That's generally known. It's known among our own people and it's known among the Negroes here."[99]
  • Owosso, Michigan, was reported in 1956 by the Montgomery Advertiser as a place "where Negroes are not allowed to live or even to stay overnight."[100]
  • Wyandotte, Michigan, is home to the Bacon Memorial District Library, which contains "about 50 pages of oral histories, along with local newspaper accounts and minutes from City Hall" about Wyandotte's history of the town's historic exclusion of Black people, which were originally gathered by librarian Edwina DeWindt for a chapter in a 1955 history of Wyandotte that was excluded from the final print.[101]

Minnesota

[edit]

Missouri

[edit]
  • Doniphan, Missouri, was described as a place where "No negroes are allowed to live in the town" in 1900.[105]
  • Lamar, Missouri, was considered a sundown town prior to the civil rights movement.[106]
  • Monett, Missouri, once had signage reading, "Nigger, don't let the sun go down."[107]
  • Monroe City, Missouri, had a curfew in 1907 for Black people to leave the city streets by nightfall.[108]
  • St. John, Missouri, had a sign posted as late as 1939 that read, "Negro, don't let the sun set on your head here."[109]
  • Stone County, Missouri, was described along with Taney County in a 1904 news article as a place where Black people were "the last most woefully unwelcome in these two counties, where no negroes have been allowed to live for many years."[110]
  • Stoutsville, Missouri, forbade Black people from staying in the town after dark for at least 25 years prior to 1907. It once displayed a sign not far from the railroad station reading, "Mr. Nigger, don't let the sun set on you in Stoutsville."[111]
  • Sullivan, Missouri, was effectively a sundown town into the 1990s.[112]
  • Taney County, Missouri, was described along with Stone County in a 1904 news article as a place where Black people were "the last most woefully unwelcome in these two counties, where no negroes have been allowed to live for many years."[110]

Nevada

[edit]
  • Gardnerville, Nevada, sounded a siren at 6:00 PM that was intended to warn Native Americans to vacate the area.[113][114][115] The practice was ended in 2023 by SB 391, which passed before the Nevada legislature and was signed into law by the governor.[116]
  • Minden, Nevada, had sirens that sounded at 6:00 PM as a warning to Native Americans to leave the area no later than 6:30 PM.[117] Minden's sundown ordinance went into effect in 1908, was expanded in 1917, and was eventually repealed in 1974.[117] The siren was briefly turned off in 2006, the same year that a resolution passed to designate the siren to honor local volunteers, but local backlash pushed Minden to turn the siren back on two months later.[117] The George Floyd protests of 2020 brought new attention to sundown town sirens, and though legislation was furthered in the state to end sundown sirens statewide, Minden argued against Nevada's proposed legislation because the siren was first activated after its sundown ordinance was instituted.[117] Upon passage of Nevada's SB 391 in 2023, the siren was legally silenced.[118]

New Jersey

[edit]
  • Hoboken, New Jersey, had only one Black family in 1901, to which a Brooklyn Daily Eagle article attributed to there being "no way for negroes to earn a livelihood in the city" and "a sort of unwritten law in the town that negroes are to be barred out."[119]

North Carolina

[edit]
Julian S. Carr, Confederate States Army veteran and namesake of Carrboro, North Carolina.
  • Carrboro, North Carolina, was once "a sundown town dangerous for Black people to venture into at night past the railroad tracks."[120] Carrboro's former mayor Robert Drakeford, first elected in 1977, called it a "sundown town" in a retrospective news article.[121] Carrboro was named for Julian S. Carr, a white supremacist who never resided in Carrboro, who infamously remarked during the 1913 University of North Carolina dedication of the Confederate monument Silent Sam that he had horsewhipped "a negro wench until her skirts hung in shreds."[121] In recent years, Carrboro has attempted to distance itself from its past, attempting to rename the municipality or honor another person named Carr.[121]
  • Mitchell County, North Carolina, was described in 1899 as place where "no negroes are allowed to live or work."[122]
  • Pinebluff, North Carolina, forbade Black people from staying in the city overnight, according to a 1909 article. It read that, "negroes are not allowed to live within the corporate limits" of Pinebluff.[123]
  • Southern Pines, North Carolina, was described in 1898 as a place where "no negro is allowed to live or do business." A separate part of Southern Pines called "Jimtown" was set aside for Black people to live in, and when visiting the main part of the city, they were expected to be "models of quiet and orderly behavior."[124]

Ohio

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Oklahoma

[edit]
  • Ada, Oklahoma, began allowing Black people to open restaurants, barber shops, stores, and hotels by court order as to offer places where "negro witnesses might stay during the [court] session".[131] When threats to those people went unanswered, unnamed parties blew up a Black restaurant with dynamite, seriously injuring one occupant.[131]
  • Bartlesville, Oklahoma, was described in 1907 as a place where "only a short time ago that negroes were not allowed to either live or die in Bartlesville."[132]
  • Blackwell, Oklahoma, once had a sign that read, "Negro, don't let the sun set on you here."[133]
  • Dougherty, Oklahoma, was described by The Daily Ardmoreite in a May 7, 1900, news article: "Negroes are not allowed to live in the corporate limits of Dougherty and none are allowed in town except on business and not for any cause are they allowed here after night."[134]
  • Durant, Oklahoma, was a place where "notices had been posted for the Negroes not to let the sun go down on them in said towns" in 1904.[135]
  • Edmond, Oklahoma, once had exclusionary housing covenants based on race, with one reading, "No person of any race, other than the Caucasian or American Indian shall ever own, use, or occupy any land or structure in this addition except that this covenant and restriction shall not apply to nor prevent occupancy of domestic servants of a different race domociled (sic) with an owner or tenant."[136]
  • Glencoe, Oklahoma, residents in 1901 responded to a group of 40 Black railroad workers with threats of "a visit from vigilants with ropes" for arriving in the historically all-white town, which prompted the United States Marshals Service to intervene in fear of a race war.[137]
  • Greer County, Oklahoma, was a sundown county as late as 1903.[138]
  • Holdenville, Oklahoma, was a place where "notices had been posted for the Negroes not to let the sun go down on them in said towns" in 1904.[135]
  • Marlow, Oklahoma, once had signs stating, "Negro, don't let the sun go down on you here."[139][140] On December 17, 1923, an all-white mob confronted a white hotel owner and his Black porter before fatally shooting them.[141]
  • Norman, Oklahoma, was once a sundown town where Black people could not live or work[142] and "dared not be seen after dark".[143] A 1902 article described it as a place where "the negro is thought less of here than the Indian[...]They are hounded and driven out, mostly by the ultra abolitionists and hoodlums of the town."[144] It remained a sundown town until the early 1960s, and Black people were discriminated in the housing market until the late 1960s.[145]
  • Stroud, Oklahoma, erected a sundown sign in 1901, which read, "Nigger, don't let the sun go down on U."[146]

Oregon

[edit]
  • Ashland, Oregon, was a sundown town in the years before World War II.[147]
  • Grants Pass, Oregon, was a sundown town in the years before World War II.[147]
  • Medford, Oregon, had a reputation of being a sundown town unwelcoming to "negroes and other racial minorities" prior to 1963.[148] According to the Medford Mail Tribune, "In some cases of record, many years ago, police officers were assigned to see that no such individuals were permitted to remain here overnight."[148]

Pennsylvania

[edit]

South Dakota

[edit]

Tennessee

[edit]
  • Crossville, Tennessee, was a sundown town into the 1950s.[151] It once had a sign reading, "Nigger, don't let the sun set on you here."[151]
  • Erwin, Tennessee, in 1918, had a mob murder a Black man, which forced the Black population to watch his body being burned, and then expelled all 131 of the town's Black men, women, and children; the Black population never returned.[152][153]

Texas

[edit]
  • Alba, Texas, did not permit Black or Hispanic residents to live or work there.[154][155][156]
  • Alvin, Texas, was described as a place where "practically no negroes [we]re allowed to live" in 1933.[157]
  • Bibb, Texas, erected signage in 1886 reading "No negroes allowed in this town."[158]
  • Comanche County, Texas, residents expelled its Black population in 1886, ordering "all negroes to leave the county on penalty of death, and in De Leon, Bibb, Snipe Springs, Whittville, and Fleming signs [we]re hung out: "No negroes allowed in this town."[158] A 1901 account from a former Comanche County resident recalls that the meeting "resolved to give every negro in the county one week's notice to leave the county, and committees of men from different sections of the county were appointed to carry out the will of the white people."[159]
  • De Leon, Texas, erected signage in 1886 reading "No negroes allowed in this town."[158]
  • Elmo, Texas, expelled its Black population and prohibited any new Black residents with an 1892 ordinance.[160]
  • Fleming, Texas, erected signage in 1886 reading "No negroes allowed in this town."[158]
  • Leggett, Texas, set rules for Black people including instituting a curfew, banning Black churches, and banishment for Black Americans visiting post offices or railroad stations.[161]
  • Snipe Springs, Texas, erected signage in 1886 reading "No negroes allowed in this town."[158]
  • Terrell, Texas, was described in 1892 as a place where "very few negroes are barely tolerated, and in many sections everything is done to discourage negro immigration."[162]
  • Vidor, Texas, kept an all-white population until federal judge William Wayne Justice desegregated its public housing project in 1993.[163] Mimi Swartz of Texas Monthly wrote in December 1993 that Vidor not only had no Black residents but that it seemingly had "no trace of black culture".[163] Swartz went on to say that Vidor expelled its Black population 70 years prior, noting that the Houston Chronicle described it as "a Klan stronghold" and that The New York Times called it "a hotbed of Klan activity."[163] Its 1993 desegregation was met with "several months of terror at the hands of various white supremacist groups, unrelenting negative news coverage of the town, and as of last September, the restoration of Vidor to its monochromatic state."[163]
  • Whittville, Texas, erected signage in 1886 reading "No negroes allowed in this town."[158]

Washington

[edit]
  • Kennewick, Washington, residents and law enforcement reportedly harassed and stopped people of color in the city during the daytime and nighttime.[164] The city's racial discrimination practices were reported by The Spokesman-Review in 1954 as a contributing factor to its decision not to construct a community college.[165] Despite protests from the NAACP in 1963, its sundown town status prompted the Washington State Board of Discrimination to indict Kennewick for racial discrimination on July 9, 1963.[166][167][168]

Wisconsin

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Morgan, Gordon D. (1973). Black Hillbillies of the Arkansas Ozarks. Assistance by Dina Cagle and Linde Harned. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Department of Sociology. p. 60. OCLC 2509042. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  2. ^ Onibada, Ade (July 22, 2021). "Sundown Towns Are Still a Problem for Black Drivers". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  3. ^ "Sundown Towns". Tougaloo University. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  4. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: The New Press. pp. 347, 380. ISBN 156584887X.
  5. ^ a b Windham, Ben (March 5, 2006). "Cullman's 'Sundown Town' Image Worthy of Study". Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  6. ^ "The Race Problem". The Free Press. Ozark, Alabama. December 8, 1898. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. It is our recollection that it was once 'against the law' for a negro to live in Cullman in this state.
  7. ^ Z. B. "No title". Scottsboro Progressive Age. Scottsboro, Alabama. Reprinted in "A Bit of Gossip About Things Away from Home". The Tribune-Gazette. Cullman, Alabama. March 2, 1899. p. 7. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. In Cullman there are many handsome homes kept up in the best city style, and the people are so hospitable and social that visitors cannot help but fall in love with the place. Many of the older people speak no English at all, and will not allow it spoken in their families, and negroes are not allowed to live there at all. It seems very strange to find such a town in Alabama.
  8. ^ Rawls, Phillip (February 9, 2011). "Senator Defends Call to 'Empty the Clip'". Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. Associated Press. p. 4C. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. She said the remarks were especially troubling because [Scott] Beason chose to make them in Cullman, an overwhelmingly white city that once was known as a 'sundown town' because blacks feared being there after sunset.
  9. ^ Mandy, Charles H. (March 24, 1913). "'Nigger, Read and Run'". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-11-04 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ Mark, Jay (February 21, 2014). "Black History More Readily Available with Curator's Book". The Arizona Republic. Tucson, Arizona. p. Z10. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-04 – via Newspapers.com. Blacks were slow to settle in Arizona. At the time of Tempe's founding in 1871, only 155 were recorded throughout the territory. ... For its first 90 years, Tempe was considered a 'sundown town' where Blacks were welcomed for agricultural and other daily labors. But they were encouraged to live elsewhere.
  11. ^ "African American Contributions to Tempe History". Tempe History Museum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  12. ^ "Bonanza (Sebastian County)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Central Arkansas Library System. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  13. ^ "Negroes Warned to Leave Town". Arkansas Gazette. April 30, 1904. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024 – via Encyclopedia of Arkansas.
  14. ^ "Negroes Leave Town of Bonanza". Arkansas Gazette. May 7, 1904. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024 – via Encyclopedia of Arkansas.
  15. ^ a b c Neville, A. W. (March 2, 1945). "Backward Glances". The Paris News. Paris, Texas. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. On the survey from Bird's Point, Mo., to Jonesboro, Ark., I had a Negro cook. As Negroes were not allowed to live in Clay, Greene and Craighead Counties, Ark., my cook was a curiosity to the children. The women used to bring the children to camp to see him.
  16. ^ a b "Harrison Race Riots of 1905 and 1909". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Archived from the original on 2019-08-31. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  17. ^ "Hickory Ridge (Cross County)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  18. ^ a b "Mexican Laborers Warned to Leave". Arkansas Gazette. Texarkana, Texas. April 12, 1905 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "Sundown Town Illustrations". Tougaloo University. Archived from the original on 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  20. ^ Dowd, Katie (April 6, 2021). "The Bay Area Town That Drove Out Its Chinese Residents for Nearly 100 Years". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2021-05-30. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  21. ^ a b c d Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2.
  22. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. pp. 100, 239–240. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2.
  23. ^ a b Crouch, Angie (October 13, 2020). "City of Glendale Apologizes for Its History as a 'Sundown Town'". NBC Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  24. ^ Wexler, Laura (October 23, 2005). "Book Review: Darkness on the Edge of Town (A review of Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism by James W. Loewen)". The Washington Post. p. BW03. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  25. ^ Aubry, Erin (January 24, 2007). "Sun Hasn't Set on 'Sundown Towns'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  26. ^ Jennings, Bill (December 11, 1992). "Left-Hander Finds Many Who Impress". The Press-Enterprise (Hemet-San Jacinto ed.). Riverside, California. p. B1 – via NewsBank. It must have bothered a few attending the stellar affair because in those days Hemet was pretty well a sundown town, meaning blacks could work over here during the day but they had better head for Perris or wherever at dusk.
  27. ^ Ravani, Sarah (20 May 2021). "Piedmont Residents Wrestle with How to Add More Housing to Exclusive Enclave". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Why Is There Another City Inside of Oakland?". KALW. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  29. ^ Phillips, Justin (June 13, 2021). "An Affluent East Bay City Chased Out Its First Black Homeowner a Century Ago - And Still Hasn't Atoned". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Calif. Town Chases Blacks Out, and Few People Seem to Mind". Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. Associated Press. June 15, 1975. p. 2E. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Many residents came here from the South. Taft once was known as a 'sundown town,' meaning blacks weren't welcome. 'Although the "no colored allowed" signs are down now, there is still a lot of resentment,' said Police Chief McKee.
  31. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York City: The New Press. pp. 344, 430. ISBN 978-1-62097-454-4.
  32. ^ Lofholm, Nancy (April 18, 2019). "A Nazi Flag Led This Western Mayberry to Confront Hate Once Again. Now Fruita Aims to Send a Different Message". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on 2024-10-07. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  33. ^ a b Basler, Cassandra (December 2, 2021). "Darien's Jews Proudly Celebrate Hanukkah in a Town They Say Wasn't Always Welcoming". CTPublic.org. Connecticut Public Radio. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  34. ^ Salustri, Cathy (January 15, 2015). "Once a 'Sundown Town,' Gulfport Reaches Out to Its Black Residents". Creative Loafing Tampa Bay. SouthComm. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  35. ^ "Beckhard Hits Negro Bathing Beach Project". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. May 17, 1937. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Text of [town councilman Bruno] Beckhard's statement follows: 'In the first place Gulfport has never receded from the position it took when most of the men were fishing and women and children were left alone, that no negroes would be allowed within the town limits after sundown. This is not a matter of statute, it is merely a condition that no St. Petersburg negro questions.'
  36. ^ a b Little, Jim (February 20, 2023). "A Fight over a Stalk Cutter in 1922 Turned into a Mass Exodus of Black Residents of Jay". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  37. ^ Little, Jim (August 15, 2024). "'Welcome to Jay' Documentary Examines 'Sundown Town' Reputation Through a 2010 Killing". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  38. ^ Brockell, Gillian (November 2, 2020). "A White Mob Unleashed the Worst Election Day Violence in U.S. History in Florida a Century Ago". Chron.com. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  39. ^ Hudak, Stephen (November 20, 2018). "Ocoee, Where Massacre Occurred in 1920, Aims to Shed Past Reputation As 'Sundown' Town". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. p. A1. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  40. ^ "Down in Florida". Marengo Republican-News. Marengo, Illinois. January 23, 1941. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 12, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. 'Believe it or not, we have 'black-outs' here. Negroes are not allowed to live in the city. They must live either in the country or on the R.-R. right-of-way.'
  41. ^ a b "How Northern Settlers Solve the Negro Problem". The Lexington Gazette. Lexington, Virginia. March 28, 1900. p. 1 – via Chronicling America. In the colony of Fitzgerald, in Georgia, there are very few negroes, and not one allowed to live in the city of Fitzgerald. The founders of this colony and the builders of this city are all Western people, and many of them old Union soldiers. But they met and solved the race problem by keeping the races separate and drawing, not only the color line, but the land line on the negro.
  42. ^ a b c "White Protestors Disrupt 'Walk for Brotherhood' in Georgia Town". The New York Times. January 18, 1987. Archived from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  43. ^ Wexler, Laura. "Darkness on the Edge of Town". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  44. ^ Brown, Nikki; Stentiford, Barry M. (2008). The Jim Crow Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 345. ISBN 9780313341816. Retrieved 9 April 2016 – via Google Books.
  45. ^ Jaffe, Logan (November 7, 2019). "The Legend of A-N-N-A: Revisiting an American Town Where Black People Weren't Welcome After Dark". ProPublica Illinois. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  46. ^ Loewen, James W. (November 2005). "Sundown Towns". Poverty & Race. Poverty and Race Research Action Council. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  47. ^ Loewen, James W. (2018). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (2018 ed.). New York, London: The New Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781620974346. signs that usually said "Nigger Don't Let the Sun Go Down on You in ____."Anna-Jonesboro had such signs on Highway 127 as recently as the 1970s.
  48. ^ "Bayonets in Chicago Race Rioting". The Sydney Morning Herald. Chicago. July 15, 1951. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2024-09-16. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  49. ^ Nolte, Robert (September 8, 1966). "'Victory' Means Little to Cicero". Billings Gazette. Billings, Montana. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Although he says the Cicero march was a victory, residents of Cicero probably feel no different about Negroes than they did one week ago. (Negroes are not allowed to live in Cicero, but ironically, 15,000 of them work in the suburb's factories and stores five days a week.)
  50. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York City: The New Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-62097-454-4. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-09-10 – via Google Books. Most of these towns, especially in the Midwest, were not close to any black population concentration and would not have confronted any inundation by African Americans had they failed to pass an ordinance. Consider De Land, for instance, a small village in central Illinois, population 475 in 2000. Present and former members of the De Land board of trustees agreed in 2002 that it had passed such an ordinance decades ago.
  51. ^ Loewen, James W. "Honda's All-American Sundown Town". HisoryNewsNetwork.org. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  52. ^ "Illinois Race War". The Silver Standard. Vol. XVI, no. 33. Carbondale, Illinois. June 21, 1902 [Originally published June 17, 1902]. p. 6. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-03 – via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
  53. ^ a b c "Core Considers Housing Drive in Granite City". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. April 6, 1967. p. 93 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ "Pekin Wasn't Always a Welcoming Place". Pekin Daily Times. Pekin, Illinois: Local History Room of the Pekin Public Library. June 21, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  55. ^ Dancey, Charles L. (April 13, 1989). "Pekin, KKK, Blacks: It Goes Back to Copperheads, Union League". Peoria Journal Star.
  56. ^ Hallberg, Carl V. (1984). "For God, Country and Home". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. JSTOR 40191608.
  57. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 156584887X.
  58. ^ a b "Professional Witnesses". The Ohio Democrat. Logan, Ohio. August 26, 1898. p. 6. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019 – via Chronicling America. The citizens of Sandoval, Ill., will not allow any negro to live in their town. Several weeks ago two strange negroes were employed by a new carpenter who was not acquainted with the color-line law of the place, but it did not take him long to learn it when seventy-five of the 'best people' of the town waiting upon him and threatened to lynch the negroes if they did not leave at once.
  59. ^ "And This in Illinois". Rock Island Daily Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. July 17, 1893. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2019 – via Chronicling America. At Sandoval, thirteen miles east of here, owing to the scarcity of labor, two strange negroes were engaged by some carpenters to help finish a house. Negroes are not allowed to live in that place, consequently a party of seventy-five waited upon them, threatening to lynch them if they did not move at once. Things were finally compromised, the men agreeing to leave town as soon as the building is finished.
  60. ^ Booher, L. L. (September 9, 1937). "Do You Know?". The Aurora Journal. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-09-09 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ a b c El Nasser, Haya (August 4, 2006). "Small Indiana Town Singing Tune of Racial, Ethnic Harmony". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  62. ^ a b c d "Negroes Driven Away". The New York Times. Richmond, Indiana. July 14, 1902. Archived from the original on 2024-10-06. Retrieved 2024-10-13 – via ByMattRuff.com.
  63. ^ "Race Troubles in Indiana". The Evening Times. Washington, D.C. August 27, 1897. p. 5. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019 – via Chronicling America. There is a race war brewing in Ellwood [sic]. The citizens always have been averse to allowing negroes to live there. For the past twenty years occasionally a colored man or woman would come, but he would not be permitted to remain any length of time. Recently a number of negro families have located here. Within the last few days the entire negro population would have been notified to leave the city. Four of them, have been driven out this week, and the remainder have been given until Saturday night to move. Trouble is anticipated should any families refuse to comply with the demands.
  64. ^ Bibbs, Rebecca R. (April 3, 2016). "Madison County Communities Strive to Overcome 'Sundown Town' Reputation". The Herald Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  65. ^ Bergman, Peter M.; Bergman, Mort N. (1969). The Chronological History of the Negro in America. New York: Harper & Row. p. 347. ISBN 978-1199128683.
  66. ^ Fort Wayne Daily News. Fort Wayne, IN: 1 May 1907: 3.
  67. ^ James Loewen. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, New York: New Press, 2005.
  68. ^ Reed, Robert (March 28, 1965). "Report Shows Greenwood Had a 'Sundown' Law . . ". The Daily Journal. Retrieved 2024-10-13 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Negro in Indiana". The Nashville American. Evansville, Indiana. July 7, 1904. p. 12. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Feeling against the negroes in Southern Indiana is becoming more intense each day, especially since the assault on a white girl last week. There are thousands of negroes in this city, and those living along the river refuse to work. In Howell, a small station below here, negroes are not allowed to live, all strange negroes being driven out of the town by the marshal. The color line has been drawn tightly since the race riot of one year ago to-day, when several white people were killed.
  70. ^ "One Place on Earth too Hot for a Negro". The Richmond Climax. Richmond, Kentucky. August 5, 1903. p. 2 – via Chronicling America. At Linton, Ind., in 1896, a coal company imported 300 negroes to take the places of strikers in one of the mines there. The negroes organized a company and drilled with rifles on the streets. One of them shot a white boy and the entire white population, aroused at midnight by fire bell, raided the negro quarters and drove every one of them from the city. Several of them were shot. Since that time not a negro has been allowed to live in the town. On July 6, Alex. Sanderson, a Terre Haute caterer, was employed to serve the banquet at the institution of a new lodge of the Elks. He took his cook and waiters with him and while the lodge work in the hall was going on several hundred miners assembled in the street and threatened to dynamite the hall unless the negroes were sent out of town. They were hurried into a cab and driven to Jasonville, where they were put on the train for Terre Haute. Six policemen hung on the carriage and beat back the crowd while the negroes were driven out of town.
  71. ^ "Alliance". The Indianapolis Star. April 2, 2017. p. A6.
  72. ^ a b c "Race Feeling Running High". The Plymouth Tribune. Muncie, Indiana. June 30, 1904 [Originally published June 28, 1904]. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^ "No Colored Men There". Indianapolis Journal. October 22, 1894. p. 8 – via Chronicling America. During a month's sojourn in Ripley county I visited several towns without seeing a single Afro-American, and at Osgood, the largest town in the county, was informed that negroes were not allowed to live there, and that there was not a colored family within quite a number of miles of the town.
  74. ^ "John Hay". Richmond Daily Palladium. Richmond, Indiana. August 20, 1898. p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Chronicling America. John Hay, the new secretary of state, was born in Salem, this state, about sixty years ago. That place has the unenviable distinction of being the only town in Indiana where negroes are not allowed to live.
  75. ^ "Removal". The Richmond Item. New Albany, Indiana. October 24, 1903. p. 10. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. She had seen many Indians in the pioneer days, but until she reached this city had never seen any person of African descent, as negroes are not allowed to live in Washington county.
  76. ^ a b c d Kilen, Mike (January 22, 2006). "Racism Lurking at Sundown". The Des Moines Register. p. E1.
  77. ^ "News and Comment". The Coffeyville Daily Journal. Coffeyville, Kansas. October 12, 1916. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. In trying to prove that a negro wasn't killed in Altoona last week Editor Butcher of the Tribune says 'Negroes are not allowed to live in Altoona.' Clad Thompson believes that one wasn't.
  78. ^ "Wise and Otherwise". The Freedonia Daily Herald. Fredonia, Kansas. October 14, 1916. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Commenting on the complaint of the Altoona Tribune that a negro killing had been credited to Altoona when it should have read North Altoona, and the further suggestion by the Tribune that negroes are not allowed to live in Altoona, the Kansas City Star says neither are they allowed to live in North Altoona, evidently.
  79. ^ a b "The Atchison (Kan.) Globe". The Evening Bulletin. August 16, 1902 – via Chronicling America.
  80. ^ "Negroes Hold a Town". The Minneapolis Journal. October 3, 1901. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. The little town of Centralia, Kan., is in the hands of a mob of negroes. The cause of the trouble grew out of the action of a number of citizens of Centralia, making an attack on the home of a negro by the name of Whitmire and firing several shots through the roof of his house and finally destroying his home and compelling the negroes to flee in the night for safety. No negroes are allowed to live in the vicinity of Centralia. The negroes returned in large numbers and rode up and down the streets firing their guns at random, driving all the whites indoors.
  81. ^ "A.P. Roundtree Esq". The Kansas Baptist Herald. May 20, 1912. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. One of the leading colored men in southeastern Kansas is Mr. A. P. Roundtree, formerly of Topeka, Kans. He now resides at Groweburg [sic], a mining camp in which no negroes were allowed to live. Mr. Roundtree learned of this condition, went immediately to the company and agreed to furnish them all of the skilled colored miners needed, and that they would move into the camps, at once, if the company consented. Consent was given and Mr. Roundtree lead [sic] the colored miners to victory.
  82. ^ Bates, Angela (February 17, 2005). "Black History Month: Postcard from Kansas". Talk of the Nation (Interview). Interviewed by Frank Stasio. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Ellis ... did have the Jim Crow laws that actually existed in the West, also. They did have what was called sundown laws.
  83. ^ Imagine the Free State (PDF). p. 43. Retrieved 2024-10-13 – via KSHS.org.
  84. ^ Ackerman, Jan Katz (October 11, 2002). "Wooster's Son Recalls Formative Years". Hays Daily News. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. ^ "Kansas Items". Fairview Enterprise. Fairview, Kansas. February 9, 1901. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. Nortonville and Howard are two Kansas towns where negroes are not allowed to live.
  86. ^ "Niggers Read and Run". The Chanute Times. Wichita, Kansas. December 2, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved November 4, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. ^ "Letter from Kansas". Daily State Chronicle. Burlingame, Kansas. September 30, 1890 [Originally published September 17, 1890]. p. 1 – via Chronicling America. Among other things, I asked a burly fellow why there was not a single negro in the town of Scranton. He said: "Because we made it too hot for 'em here." I asked him how they managed it. He replied: "We jist tell 'em to GIT and they GITS."
  88. ^ Bates, Angela (February 17, 2005). "Black History Month: Postcard from Kansas". Talk of the Nation (Interview). Interviewed by Frank Stasio. Washington, D.C.: NPR. So the only remaining dugout in the area that was used by the people that traveled from Stockton—traveled to Stockton from Nicodemus to do their trading and all, had to stay in that dugout, and it's still there, and it's because they had a sundown law.
  89. ^ a b "Three Families Last to Leave Benton Arrived Here Last Night; Few Colored Folks Left in Marshall County—How Calvert City Acted Years Ago". The Paducah Evening Sun. Paducah, Kentucky. March 27, 1908. p. 6 – via Chronicling America. The women folk of the last three negro families remaining in Benton arrived in Paducah last night to join the men and heads of the families who have been here several days seeking homes. The refugees say that Sallie Pryor and her family, the woman on whose doors the notice for all negroes to leave Benton, comprise the only colored family now in Benton and that she says she intends to stay no matter what the consequences. The exodus of the negroes from Benton and Birmingham takes about all the negroes out of Marshall county, as there have been no refugees in certain sections of the county for many years, having been driven out on other occasions.
  90. ^ "Race Troubles: Whites and Blacks Not Living Harmoniously in Kentucky". Indianapolis Journal. Indianapolis. December 27, 1896. p. 4 – via Chronicling America. There came near being a general fight between whites and negroes at Elva, Marshall county, last night. Elva is near the Calvert City section, where no negroes are allowed to live, and where seven or eight were recently shot by a mob of white men. The negroes were employed by the Standard Oil Company. Last night two negro tramps met a white man in the road and asked him if he knew where Calvert City was. He said that he did, but it was not very healthy there for negroes. This enraged him, and they both assaulted him with clubs and seriously hurt him.
  91. ^ "Three Families Last to Leave Benton Arrived Here Last Night; Few Colored Folks Left in Marshall County—How Calvert City Acted Years Ago". The Paducah Evening Sun. Paducah, Kentucky. March 27, 1908. p. 6 – via Chronicling America. The exodus of the negroes from Benton and Birmingham takes about all the negroes out of Marshall county, as there have been no refugees in certain sections of the county for many years, having been driven out on other occasions. Around Calvert City there is a greeting of 'Negro, don't let the sun go down on you here,' for every colored man that goes there and it is always heeded, since several have been killed for attempting to stay. The cause of the feeling at Calvert City was a crime committed on a white girl by a negro man years ago. It is said that the negro captured the daughter of a well known farmer and carried her to a dense wood and tied her to a tree, keeping her many days and finally killing her. The negro was captured and burned at stake and from that day to this no negro has been allowed to live in that vicinity, one family that defied the mob being almost wiped out by a band of men that fired into their house and killed several of the family.
  92. ^ a b Jaspin, Elliot (March 10, 2007). "Kentucky Town Re-Examines Its Racial History". NPR. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  93. ^ "To Protest Eviction: International Labor Defense Plans Mass Meeting Friday Night". The Cincinnati Post. Vol. 99, no. 87. Scripps-Howard Newspapers. April 11, 1930. p. 1 – via NewsBank. The Labor Defense believes the Negro innocent of the crime and that he was 'framed' for daring to go thru Crescent Springs, Ky., where, according to the Labor Defense, Negroes are not allowed to live.
  94. ^ "Civil War to Civil Rights: Andrew Wade Home Bombing" (PDF). Kentucky Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2014.
  95. ^ Carlson, Peter (February 20, 2006). "When Signs Said 'Get Out' in 'Sundown Towns,' Racism in the Rearview Mirror". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
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  98. ^ a b Pan, Deanna (October 7, 2020). "Once a Ku Klux Klan Stronghold, Groton Fights Its Reputation As a 'Sundown Town'". The Boston Globe. Groton, Massachusetts. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
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  100. ^ Ward, Clifford B. "The South Is Fair Game Up North". The News-Sentinel (editorial). Fort Wayne, Indiana. Reprinted in "The South Is Fair Game Up North". Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. July 20, 1956. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com. The Advertiser has delighted in finding Northern Cities where Negroes are not allowed to live or even to stay overnight, among them Owosso, Mich., birthplace of Thomas Dewey.
  101. ^ Cooper, Desiree (February 15, 2007). "Shining a Light on Wyandotte". Detroit Free Press. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
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  103. ^ Smetanka, Mary Jane (January 1, 2013). "Edina's Historical Mystery: Black Flight". Minnesota Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  104. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-887-0 – via Google Books.
  105. ^ "A White Man's Town: Citizens of Doniphan Determined No Blacks Shall Live There". The Sunday Journal. Indianapolis. July 29, 1900. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2024-11-03 – via Chronicling America. The importation of a large number of negroes into Doniphan nearly precipitated a race war. No negroes are allowed to live in the town and on their arrival the citizens undertook to drive them out. Several colored men were roughly handled and a number of white men and negroes were injured. Sheriff Morrill came to the rescue and an armed posse is now guarding the colored laborers. The citizens are determined the negroes shall not be allowed to remain and further trouble is expected.
  106. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. p. 13. ISBN 156584887X.
  107. ^ "Negroes Killed or Driven Away". Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago. August 21, 1901. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. Most of the refugees are making through the woods to Joplin, as Monett, the nearest town, has for years refused to permit a negro to reside there. Across the main street of Monett for years there has been a sign reading: 'Nigger, don't let the sun go down,' and no negro has been permitted to remain inside the corporation after dark.
  108. ^ "Blacks Aroused by Curfew Law". The Daily Oklahoman. Monroe City, Missouri. August 9, 1907 [First published on August 8, 1907]. p. 9. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. For amout three weeks the whites have not allowed negroes to appear on the streets of Monroe City. Printed notices were posted notifying the negro population that they must not be uptown after 8 o'clock at night.
  109. ^ "Federal Men Probe Ousting Sharecroppers". The Chattanooga News. Sikeston, Missouri. January 20, 1939. p. 14. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  110. ^ a b "Engineering Conquest of the Ozarks: Construction of White River Railroad Through Mountainous Districts of Stone and Taney Counties". The St. Louis Republic. St. Louis, Missouri. February 21, 1904. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 29, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Then came the contractors with their hundreds of horses, their powerful machines for moving and piling stone and earth, their great camp of men, Irishmen for foremen, Austrians, Italians and negroes, the last most woefully unwelcome in these two counties, where no negroes have been allowed to live for many years.
  111. ^ "Blacks Aroused by Curfew Law". The Daily Oklahoman. Monroe City, Missouri. August 9, 1907 [First published on August 8, 1907]. p. 9. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Seven years ago Paris, the county seat of Monroe county, drove out more than one-third of its negro population, while Stoutsville, eight miles southwest of Monroe City, has not allowed a black to remain in town after nightfall for twenty-five years. A sign prominently displayed a short distance from the railroad station reads: 'Mr. Nigger, don't let the sun set on you in Stoutsville.'
  112. ^ Pilkington, Ed (February 11, 2018). "From the Green Book to Facebook, How Black People Still Need to Outwit Racists in Rural America". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  113. ^ Loewen, James William (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: The New Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1565848870 – via Google Books.
  114. ^ Hildebrand, Kurt (May 27, 2021). "Bill That May Silence Minden Siren on Governor's Desk". Record-Courier. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021.
  115. ^ Lochhead, Colton (May 15, 2021). "In Nevada Town, a Racist Past Cries Out — Every Day". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021.
  116. ^ Hildebrand, Kurt (April 5, 2023). "Update: Bill to Silence Minden Siren Carries $50,000 Fine". Record-Courier. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  117. ^ a b c d Davis, Julie Brown (May 29, 2021). "For the Washoe Tribe of Lake Tahoe, a Sundown Siren Is a 'Living Piece of Historical Trauma'". San Francisco Gate. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  118. ^ Swan, Miles Yellow (October 9, 2023). "Minden Silences Daily Siren After Nevada Passes Bill Forbidding 'Sundown Ordinance' Sounds". Reno Gazette Journal. Archived from the original on 2024-08-06. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  119. ^ "Colored Folk Shun Hoboken". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 29, 1901. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved 2024-11-03 – via Newspapers.com. Hoboken, that unique suburb of New York, which has been maligned by many and spoken of derisively from Maine to California, has one claim to distinction: It has only one negro family within its borders. This is all the more remarkable because its neighbor, Jersey City, is full of colored people and outlying sections also have a large quota. ... Of the hundred and one reasons given for the diminutive size of the negro population of Hoboken, probably the correct one is that there is no way for negroes to earn a livelihood in the city.... There seems to be a sort of unwritten law in the town that negroes are to be barred out. This feeling permeates of everything. The Hobokenese are proud of the distinction conferred on their town by the absence of negroes.
  120. ^ Chapel Hill-Carrboro NAACP; Ogle, Mike (October 5, 2022). "Celebrate 75 Years with the Chapel Hill-Carrboro NAACP". ChapelHillMagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
  121. ^ a b c Grubb, Tammy (October 16, 2018). "Can Carrboro Keep Its Name Without Honoring a White Supremacist?". The News & Observer. Carrboro, North Carolina. Archived from the original on 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2024-09-20.
  122. ^ "Negro Laborers Not Allowed There; Railroad Company Wants Protection". The Dayton Evening Herald. Dayton, Ohio. November 6, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. The Ohio River & Charleston Railroad Co. will appeal to Governor Russell for protection for its gangs of negro laborers in Mitchell county. The residents of this county escorted three gangs of laborers to the border line and told them not to return under pain of death. It is the boast of the people of Mitchell county that no negroes are allowed to live or work there. Up to date the boast has been made good. The situation is serious, and blood may flow if the railroad company brings its colored laborers back.
  123. ^ "As the Crow Flies". Stevens Point Daily Journal. Stevens Point, Wisconsin. May 11, 1909. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Pine Bluff is governed by a mayor and board of commissioners, and negroes are not allowed to live within the corporate limits. There is a colored settlement near by, however, and a number of negroes are employed in the village, but in the day time only. Even the servant girls go home after supper and return in time to get breakfast.
  124. ^ "State Press". The Semi-Weekly Messenger. Wilmington, North Carolina. November 18, 1898. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2024-10-03 – via Chronicling America. Southern Pines, in Moore county, this state, is a typical northern community. It was built, is settled and is governed by people from the northern and New England states, and it is interesting to know how the negro is treated there. … Southern Pines was founded by eastern capitalists as a resort for invalids and hundreds go there every winter seeking restoration of health. Its founders, notwithstanding their birth-place and traditions, did not allow any sentimental notions about the negroes to enter in their plans. No negro is allowed to live or do business in Southern Pines. They are all congregated in a place called 'Jimtown', and when they visit the town proper, are models of quiet and orderly behavior.
  125. ^ Walker, Doug (August 25, 1968). "Integration Moving on Peaceful Feet". Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. p. 4-C – via Newspapers.com. A dandy example is Fairborn, up until recent years a 'Sundown Town' where community forces worked in concert to keep Negroes out. ... He explained that two years ago real estate operators may have actually [been] afraid of some type of censure from their fellows and the community if they sold to negroes. Now the situation is reversed. The same formidable pressures would be brought to bear if they declined to sell to Negroes. ... He cites a shift of attitude on the part of the military at Wright-Patterson Air Force base, which has terrific influence on the economic and social life of the community, as partly responsible for the new atmosphere.
  126. ^ Fairbanks, Robert B. (Winter 1978). "Cincinnati and Greenhills: The Response to a Federal Community, 1935–1939" (PDF). Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin. 36 (4): 239. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019. Eager for the new town to be accepted not only by these few but by the entire metropolitan community, federal officials dedicated themselves to abiding by 'community standards' in their new town. As a result, the suburban town project which had been planned for the needy, ignored the neediest. Although the two chief administrators of the greenbelts, Rexford G. Tugwell and Will W. Alexander, believed in equal benefits for blacks, prejudice prevailed and blacks were excluded from Greenhills.
  127. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. pp. 13, 197, 281. ISBN 156584887X. In 1920, Warren G. Harding ran his famous 'front porch campaign' from his family home in Marion, Ohio; a few months before, Marion was the scene of an ethnic cleansing as whites drove out virtually every African American. According to Harding scholar Phillip Payne, 'As a consequence, Marion is an overwhelming[ly] white town to this date [2002].'
  128. ^ "Fear Crowd As Suspect Faces Girls". The Cincinnati Post. Vol. 70, no. 5 (home ed.). Scripps-Howard Newspapers. July 5, 1912. p. 1 – via NewsBank. Negroes are not allowed to live in Reading or stay there after dark and the attack stirred residents to greater indignation than that aroused by several other attacks in the same locality.
  129. ^ Shuler, Jack (April 5, 2017). "'Sundown Towns': Midwest Confronts Its Complicated Racial Legacy". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  130. ^ "Negro Suspected of Murder". Daily Inter Ocean. Chicago. September 4, 1900. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. A posse is hunting [Hezekiah] Scott, and he may be harshly dealt with if captured. Negroes are not allowed to live in Waverly. Scott tried to settle there, and [railway conductor William] Woods was one of those instrumental in driving him out. For this, it is said, Scott had sworn vengeance.
  131. ^ a b "After Negroes in Ada, I T". Arkansas City Daily Traveler. Arkansas City, Kansas. March 30, 1904. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2024-09-10 – via Newspapers.com.
  132. ^ "Clipped from Manhattan Nationalist". The Manhattan Nationalist. Manhattan, Kansas. August 15, 1907. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. It was only a short time ago that negroes were not allowed to either live or die in Bartlesville.
  133. ^ "Negroes Are "Shy" of Blackwell". Blackwell Journal-Tribune. November 11, 1925. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. 'Negro, don't let the sun set on you here.' A sign containing the above command, which years ago was sufficient warning to negroes to stay away from Blackwell, and the fear which it brought to those going through this city has not been entirely forgotten yet.
  134. ^ "Told by Telephone". The Daily Ardmoreite. Ardmore, Indian Territory. May 7, 1900. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  135. ^ a b "Considers Conspiracy Law". The Wagoner Echo. Wagoner, Indian Territory. November 19, 1904. p. 5. Archived from the original on September 10, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Now in Durant and other towns in the Central District, and for that matter, in Holdenville, Ada and other towns in the territory notices had been posted for the Negroes not to let the sun go down on them in said towns.
  136. ^ Tomlinson, Joe (July 8, 2022). "Edmond Man Finds Racially Restrictive Covenant Language Amid Neighborhood Dispute". NonDoc.com. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  137. ^ "Race War Feared". Stark County Democrat. Canton, Ohio. News-Democrat Wire Service. June 25, 1901. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2024-09-24. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via Chronicling America. United States marshals have been ordered to Glencoe, Oklahoma, to try to prevent a race war. People have never allowed negroes to live or stop there. When the Santa Fe Railway company brought forty negro laborers there to work they were visited by a committee of citizens who warned them to leave under penalty of a visit from vigilants with ropes, if they failed to go further. Trouble is feared.
  138. ^ "Ban Placed on Negroes". Scott County Kicker. Benton, Missouri. September 5, 1903. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2024-11-03 – via Chronicling America. Because the ban has been placed on the negroes by the citizens of Greer county, Okla., there will be an estimated loss of 5,000 bales of this year's cotton crop. Greer county, which, until a few years ago, was a part of Texas, is one of the big cotton producers of the territory. This year the farmers raised 20 per cent. increased acreage and a 15-per-cent. increase yield, but there is a labor famine. The growers have been threatened by the citizens in general upon every attempt to import negroes, but unless the necessary laborers are secured in the immediate future the financial loss will be great. The growers now have a movement on foot to bring 100 Mexican families to pick the cotton crop. Since the organization of Greer county no negroes have been allowed to live within its boundaries.
  139. ^ "Porter Disregards Warning: 'Negro Don't Let Sun Set on You Here' and Is Slain". The Rock Island Argus. Marlow, Oklahoma. December 18, 1923. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 4, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  140. ^ Carlson, Peter (February 20, 2006). "When Signs Said 'Get Out' in 'Sundown Towns,' Racism in the Rearview Mirror". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  141. ^ "Witness Says He Saw Kincannon Kill Two: Birch Killed As Went to Protect a Negro Porter". The Duncan Banner. Vol. 32, no. 24. January 4, 1924. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  142. ^ "Colored Man Loses His Suit". The Sunday Inter Ocean. Chicago. September 17, 1899. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com. Negroes are not allowed to live or work in the town of Norman, containing 2,000 population. Last winter a negro went there to put a tin roof on a building. He was attacked by a mob and cruelly beaten. He brought suit for $20,000 against the town, claiming that the police officers failed to protect him.
  143. ^ "Negro Women Should be Members of DAR, Pickens Tells Students". Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh. March 16, 1940. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. William Pickens set a precedent last week when he led the forum meeting at the University of Oklahoma at Norman, a town near here where Negroes are not allowed to live, and several years ago 'dared not be seen after dark.'
  144. ^ Worthington, S.M. (December 17, 1902). "From Oklahoma: Interesting Letter From Mr. S. M. Worthington Who Is Visiting at Norman". The Evening Bulletin. Maysville, Kentucky. p. 1 – via Chronicling America. The negro is thought less of here than the Indian. A negro is not allowed to live or stay in this town. They are hounded and driven out, mostly by the ultra abolitionists and hoodlums of the town.
  145. ^ Mathis, Nancy (October 14, 1979). "Rights Commission Changes Norman". The Sunday Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. p. 24A – via Newspapers.com. 'Norman was a very traditional Southern town,' [Norman Human Rights Commission chair Richard] Kenderdine said, explaining reasons for the opposition. Until the early 1960s, Norman was known as a 'sundown town' where blacks dared not be seen in public after dark, he said. And even in the late 1960s, blacks had trouble buying homes in Norman, he said.
  146. ^ "Outlines of Oklahoma". The Wichita Daily Eagle. Wichita, Kansas. September 3, 1901. p. 4. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Last week, after the riat [sic] at Stroud, a sign was painted and stuck up on one of the prominent corners which read: 'Nigger, don't let the sun go down on U.'
  147. ^ a b Maynard, Guy (April 11, 2016). "Just People Like Us". Oregon Humanities. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  148. ^ a b "'Sundown' No More". Medford Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. July 18, 1963 – via Newspapers.com.
  149. ^ Rothstein, Richard (May 2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright. ISBN 978-1631492853.
  150. ^ "South Dakota Town Bars Negroes". Dallas Express. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. November 29, 1919 [First published on November 27, 1919]. p. 6. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024 – via Chronicling America. There will be no race question to bother the residents of Lemon [sic] in the immediate future. This is due to the fact that Negroes are not allowed to live in Lemmon. Several Colored men recently appeared here, and the citizens did not loke their looks the newcomers were quickly requested by some of the young men of the town to seek new fields. The Negroes lost no time in replying with the 'request.' It is believed they were from some of the larger cities.
  151. ^ a b Rowan, Carl T. (March 1, 1951). "How Far From Slavery? Segregation Is 'Great Debate'". Minneapolis Morning Tribune. Minneapolis. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. I have been in Crossville before—but not for long. No Negroes are allowed to live here. On a tree near the city limits is this sign: 'Nigger, don't let the sun set on you here.' Since it is early morning and the sun long has set, I remain aboard the bus for the 20-minute stop here. I do see two Negro passengers going down a corridor into the kitchen for sandwiches, however. But even in this all-white community (one Negro family lived just outside it eight years ago, but has moved now) I can write about progress in the south—progress that would be noticed only by a Negro grown sensitive to the little shades of race relations.
  152. ^ Russell, Carrie Archie (August 5, 2010). "Reckoning with a Violent and Lawless Past: A Study of Race, Violence and Reconciliation in Tennessee" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-07.
  153. ^ Loewen, James. "Showing Erwin in TN". Sundown Towns in the United States. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2020. The Negro population, which was very small, was located in two areas in Unicoi County: Sam's Gap, descended from slaves owned by Josiah Sams, and Erwin, where they were railroad laborers. In 1918, unrestrained, ghoulish, mob violence eradicated the Negro population in Unicoi County. Charles Edward Price Papers, Box 1, Folder 6, Blacks in Unicoi County, TN.
  154. ^ "Clipped from the Courier-Gazette". The Daily Courier-Gazette. McKinney, Texas. June 2, 1950. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 4, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Alba, Texas was so named because settlers did not permit negroes to live there. Alba means 'white.'
  155. ^ Earnest, D. C. (January 14, 1904). "Convict Labor in Mines". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. It must be remembered that the labor situation at Alba and surrounding territory is different from that which prevails at any other lignite or coal mine in the entire State of Texas; this is due to the fact that the citizens of Alba and that community will not permit either negroes or Mexicans to work there. This makes the owners of the lignite mines at Hoyt, Tex., entirely dependent on white labor; whereas at other mines in Texas both negro and Mexican labor is permitted to enjoy the legal right to work.
  156. ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York City: The New Press. pp. 347, 444. ISBN 978-1-62097-454-4.
  157. ^ "Alvin Citizens Doubt That Negro Suspect Responsible for Christmas Ax Killing". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. December 27, 1933. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. It was pointed out that practically no negroes are allowed to live in Alvin and that Lapham's home was near the Mexican quarter of the town.
  158. ^ a b c d e f "Driven from Home". Portage Daily Register. Fort Worth, Texas. July 30, 1886. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-09-21 – via Newspapers.com.
  159. ^ "Tabooed". The Courier–Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. August 19, 1901. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21. Retrieved 2024-09-21 – via Newspapers.com.
  160. ^ "Color Line at Elmo". San Saba County News. San Saba County, Texas. July 22, 1892. Reprinted in "The Race Feeling in Texas". Weekly Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. August 1, 1892. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 4, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. The following resolutions were adopted by the citizens of Elmo precinct at a mass meeting called together with a view of discouraging the immigration of negroes into the settlement and removing the obnoxious citizens of color already in the precinct. ... 'Resolved, that it is the judgment of this meeting that no negro immigrant be given any home in our midst, and that the objectionable ones be peaceably, quietly and lawfully removed from us as soon as the present crop is harvested. ...'
  161. ^ McWhirter, Cameron (2011). Red Summer. The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. Henry Holt. p. 164. ISBN 9780805089066.
  162. ^ "Color Line at Elmo". San Saba County News. San Saba County, Texas. July 22, 1892. Reprinted in "The Race Feeling in Texas". Weekly Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. August 1, 1892. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 4, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. 'In Terrell also very few negroes are barely tolerated, and in many sections everything is done to discourage negro immigration.'
  163. ^ a b c d Swartz, Mimi (December 1993). "Vidor in Black and White". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  164. ^ "Discrimination Held Unproved". Spokane Spokesman-Review. May 17, 1963. p. 6.
  165. ^ "Tri-City Racial Problems Shake Junior College Plans". Spokane Spokesman-Review. December 10, 1954. p. 14.
  166. ^ "Negro March Won't Stress Kennewick". Spokane Spokesman-Review. May 12, 1963. p. 2.
  167. ^ Rigert, Joe (July 9, 1963). "Charge Kennewick As 'Sundown Town'". Port Angeles Evening News. Port Angeles, Washington. Associated Press. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. A state civil rights board indicated Tuesday Kennewick has virtually barred its gates to Negroes and gained a reputation as a 'sundown town' where Negroes must leave after dark.
  168. ^ Pihl, Kristi (February 14, 2011). "Black Tri-Citians Reflect on Struggles, Progress". Tri-City Herald. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  169. ^ Peeples, Scott (April 16, 2013). "Appleton Was Indeed a 'Sundown Town'". Celebrate Diversity Fox Cities. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  170. ^ Vian, Jourdan (December 11, 2016). "La Crosse Mayors Acknowledge City's Inequitable Past". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. p. B8. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. The proclamation came a little over a month after Kabat apologized for La Crosse's history as a 'sundown town,' a city or village with either formal or informal codes that pushed black people out of the community after sundown, after a presentation from sociologist James Loewen at La Crosse City Hall. Loewen was invited by the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse and the city's Human Rights Commission.
  171. ^ "SLC Dedicates Office to African-American Poet". The Herald Times Reporter. Manitowoc, Wisconsin. February 28, 2017. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com. As an African-American, Brooks was not allowed to stay overnight in Manitowoc, a 'sundown town,' after she gave a poetry reading in the city on May 9, 1968.
  172. ^ "City Must Prepare to Welcome Negroes into Community: Hildahl". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. September 27, 1963. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com. One Optimist claimed that loan requirements of the Federal Home and Housing Agency will force Sheboygan to sell homes to Negroes 'and when that happens the lid is going to blow off.' The same Optimist asserted that present city officials deny that Sheboygan has an ordinance preventing Negroes from living in Sheboygan. But, he claimed, Sheboygan adopted such an ordinance in 1887 – 'that no Negroes will be housed in Sheboygan – and it is still on the books.'
  173. ^ Jozwiak, Miller (July 11, 2016). "From 'Go Home' to 'Welcome Home' for Local Man". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. pp. 1A–2A – via Newspapers.com. [James] Loewen's testimonies are remembered, secondary accounts. The Sheboygan Press archives also tell a story of discriminatory local discourse and policy. The very rumor of a sundown ordinance prompted then-Mayor John Bolgert in 1959 to outright deny that Sheboygan had any sundown laws. He cited as proof that black people were able to live in the city when they were playing baseball for the local minor league team. The same story reported a local pastor as saying there was no prejudice toward black people because there were none here.
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