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List of massacres in Colombia

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The following is a list of notable massacres in Colombia. Most documented massacres have been a part of the wider Colombian conflict (1964-present day).

According to the Grupo de Memoria Histórica (lit. 'Historical Memory Group'), there were 2,505 massacres in Colombia between 1973 and 2008.[1] The Colombian government defines a "massacre" as the killing of four or more people in the same act.[2]

Name Data Place Dead Injured Perpetrator Notes
Putumayo genocide 1879 – 1912 Putumayo Department 32,000[3] to 40,000+[4][5] unknown Peruvian Amazon Company Members of the Huitoto, Andoques, Yaguas, Ocaina and Boras groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract latex.[6] During this time period, several tribes became extinct.[7]
Banana massacre December 6, 1928[8] Ciénaga, Magdalena estimated 47 to 2,000 unknown Colombian Army Massacre of striking United Fruit Company workers by the Colombian Army
1939 Gachetá massacre January 8, 1939 Gachetá, Cundinamarca 9 17 uncertain The details of the event have been controversial, but the official version showed a balance of nine dead and 17 wounded, all related to the Colombian Conservative Party.
Bogotazo April 9, 1948 Bogotá 600-3,000[9] 450 Massive riots took place in Bogotá, after the assassination of presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.
Palace of Justice siege November 6–7, 1985 Palace of Justice, Bogotá 98 Several 19th of April Movement Members of the 19th of April Movement take over the Palace of Justice, the home of the Supreme Court of Colombia, in hopes of forcing a trial of President Belisario Betancur. 98 people were killed, including 35 militants, 48 soldiers and 11 of the 25 Supreme Court Justices.
Tacueyó massacre November 1985 and January 1986 Town of Tacueyó, Toribío, Cauca 164[10] unknown The Tacueyó massacre occurred between November 1985 and January 1986 in the township of Tacueyó, where the guerrilla "Comando Ricardo Franco Frente-Sur" was attacked. The massacre was discovered on December 13, 1985, and was carried out by guerrillas Hernando Pizarro Leongómez and Jose Fedor Rey (alias Javier Delgado) alleging that the 164 guerrillas killed in their own group were, according to them, infiltrators or informers of the National Army of Colombia or the CIA.[11]
Pozzetto Massacre December 4, 1986 Bogotá 30 12 Campo Elías Delgado Campo Elías Delgado kilis his mother and 28 others in a killing spree before being shot dead by police
Massacre of Trujillo 1988-1994 Trujillo, Valle del Cauca estimated 245 to 342 unknown Cali Cartel Some 245 to 342 people, including unionists and suspected guerrilla supporters, were tortured and dismembered by paramilitaries and the Cali Cartel with the complicity of active members of the Colombian military and police.
Uraba massacre March 4, 1988 Urabá Antioquia 20 unknown former guerillas under direction of Colombian Army Murder of banana workers orchestrated by the Colombian Army. [12][13][14]
La Mejor Esquina massacre April 3, 1988 Buenavista, Córdoba 28 0 Los Magnificos 28 peasants are killed during an attack by the Los Magníficos gang, a paramilitary group[15][16]
Segovia massacre[17] November 11, 1988 Segovia, Antioquia 43[18]-46[19] 50[20]-60+[19] Muerte a Revolucionarios del Nordeste The paramilitary group Muerte a Revolucionarios del Nordeste massacres 43-46 people in the urban area of the municipality of Segovia.[21][19]
La Rochela massacre January 18, 1989 La Rochela, Simacota 12 3 hitmen under direction of Rodriguez Gacha 15 judicial officials, who were investigating crimes committed in the area, were rounded up and shot by a group of gunmen sent by Rodriguez Gacha. 12 of the officials were killed, while 3 survived
Avianca Flight 203 bombing November 27, 1989 Cerro Canoas, Soacha 110 0 Muñoz Mosquera, Medellín Cartel The Avianca Flight 203 is bombed en route from Bogotá to Cali. Medellín cartel hitman Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera is convicted for the bombing.
DAS Building bombing December 6, 1989 Bogotá 63 600+[22] Medellín Cartel A truck bomb at the DAS headquarters kills 63 people and injures over a 600. The Medellín Cartel was responsible
Villatina Massacre November 15, 1992 Medellín 9 0 Colombian National Police At least eight children and one young adult were killed by the Colombian National Police.
Riofrio massacre October 5, 1993 Riofrío, Valle del Cauca 13 0 In the village of El Bosque, Piedras Portugal, 13 ELN guerrillas died in combat with troops from the Palacé Battalion of the III Brigade. They were surprised while they prepared a handstand.[23][24][25][26][27][28]
Mapiripán Massacre July 15–20, 1997 Mapiripán, Meta Department 30[29]-49[30] 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia andColombian National Army Around 30 to 49 people were killed with chainsaws and machetes by the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) in collaboration with units of the Colombian National Army[31]
El Aro Massacre October 22, 1997 Ituango, Antioquia Department 15[32]-17[33] 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 15 to 17 individuals accused of being leftist supporters of FARC were massacred by AUC
San José del Guaviare massacre November 11–12, 1997 San José del Guaviare, Guaviare Department 11 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia A Group of paramilitaries from the Centauros Bloc arrived in the municipality of San José del Guaviare and murdered 11 people.[34]
Barrancabermeja massacre[35] May 16, 1998 Barrancabermeja, Santander Department 32 unknown Autodefensas de Santander y el Sur del Cesar A group of paramilitaries belonging to the armed group Autodefensas de Santander y el Sur del Cesar, Ausac, assassinated seven people and kidnapped 25 others in the surroundings of the city of Barrancabermeja, in the region of Santander[36][37][38]
Machuca Massacre October 18, 1998 Machuca, Antioquia 70[39] - 84[40] 30+ National Liberation Army Guerillas belonging to the National Liberation Army (ELN) dynamited an oil pipeline which caused a spreading fire to the village. 70-84 people lost their lives, many of them children.
Villanueva Massacre December 8, 1998 Villanueva, La Guajira 11 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 11 people were assassinated by members of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) by orders of Carlos Castaño.
Santo Domingo massacre December 13, 1998 Santo Domingo, Tame, Arauca 17[41] 27[41] Colombian Air Force A Colombian Air Force (FAC) helicopter murdered seventeen people in the middle of a confrontation with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP).[42]
Playón de Orozco massacre January 9, 1999 El Piñón, Magdalena 27[43] 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Paramilitaries from the North Block of the AUC shot and killed 27 people and dismembered them[44]
1999 San José del Guaviare massacre July 28, 1999 San José del Guaviare, Guaviare Department 4 0 uncertain a group of armed men murdered four people on the road leading from Puerto Arturo to El Retiro, in the municipality of San José del Guaviare.[45]
La Gabarra massacre August 21, 1999 La Gabarra, Tibú, Norte de Santander Department estimated 35-43 unknown United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia A massacre was perpetrated by members of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia against alleged members of FARC, killing 35-43 people.
El Salado Massacre February 16, 2000 El Salado, Bolívar 60[46]-100+[47] unknown United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Mass murder of residents by United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.[48]
Reminiscencias dance club shooting June 24, 2000 Bogotá 11 7 Juan de Jesús Lozano Velásquez Juan de Jesús Lozano Velásquez murders 11 people in the Reminiscencias tavern bar
Macayepo massacre October 14, 2000 Macayepo, Bolívar 15 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Mass Murder of 15 Peasants By Héroes de los Montes de María, a unit of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)
Chengue Massacre January 17, 2001 Chengue, Ovejas, Sucre 27 0 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 27 people are killed with mortars and machetes by AUC[49][50]
Alto Naya massacre April 10 and 13, 2001 Alto Naya, Cauca Department 100 estimated[51] unknown United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia a group of more than 100 paramilitaries from the Calima Block of the AUC led by Everth Veloza, alias 'HH', toured the municipalities and territories surrounding the Naya River, located on the borders of Cauca and Valle del Cauca, transporting in trucks, On the way, they murdered peasants who were identified as collaborators with the guerrilla.[52][53][54]
2002 Apartado massacre April 26, 2002 Apartadó, Antioquia 9 2 Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia Members of the fifth and fifty-eighth fronts of the Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) arrived in the Salsipuedes area in the municipality of Apartadó, Antioquia, entered the Villa Lucía banana plantation, blew up the property, gathered its workers, and after asking them for the site's managers and getting no response, they shot them indiscriminately. Nine people died and two others were injured.[55][56]
Bojayá massacre May 2, 2002 Bojayá, Chocó 119 98 Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC launches a mortar bomb against a church during combat with AUC, killing at least 119 civilians, 48 of whom were children.
2003 El Nogal Club bombing February 7, 2003 Bogotá 36 200+ uncertain A car bomb goes off in the garage of the El Nogal club in Bogotá, killing 36 people and injuring 200+
2003 Neiva bombing February 14, 2003 Neiva, Huila 15[57] 66[57] Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia- Peoples Army The FARC-EP carry out an attack using a house loaded with explosives in Neiva (Huila) with which they intended to assassinate President Álvaro Uribe . 15 people die, including a prosecutor and the sectional captain of intelligence of the Colombian National Police in Neiva, and 66 are injured.[58]
Bahía Portete massacre April 16, 2004 Bahía Portete, La Guajira 12 1 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Murder of 12 members of the Wayuu indigenous community by paramilitary groups of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) Wayuu Counter-Insurgency Bloc
2004 La Gabarra massacre June 15, 2004 La Gabarra, Tibú, Norte de Santander 34 0 Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia- Peoples Army A Group of men from the 33rd Front of the FARC-EP arrived at the farm located on the Pico de Águila hill, in the district of La Gabarra, in Tibú, Norte de Santander, and murdered 34 peasants.[59][60][61]
2004 Cunday massacre September 3, 2004 Cunday, Tolima Department 4 0 Paramilitaries from the Tequendama Front of the Centauros Bloc murdered four people in the municipality of Cunday, Tolima[62]
Jamundí massacre February 21–22, 2005 Jamundí 11 0 Colombian National Army Massacre of ten policemen and a civilian by the Colombian National Army.
San José de Apartadó massacre February 21–22, 2005 San José de Apartadó, Apartadó, Antioquia Department 8 0 Military of Colombia, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia Mass murder of five adults and three children by members of the Military of Colombia and United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
Nariño massacres February 4 and February 11, 2009 Nariño Department 27 0 Revoultionary Armed Forces of Colombia 27 indigenous Awás were massacred in two massacres perpetrated by members of the rebel Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
2018 Colombia police stations attacks January 27–28, 2018 Bolívar Department and Atlántico Department 8 48 uncertain A series of attacks attributed to the ELN against the National Police in the departments of Atlántico and Bolívar, left a balance of 8 police officers dead and 48 wounded
2019 Bogotá car bombing January 17, 2019 Bogotá 22 68 uncertain A car bomb entered a police school compound and detonated after hitting a wall
Bogotá prison riot March 21, 2020 La Modelo prison, Bogotá 23 83 At least 23 prisoners were killed and 83 injured during a riot which erupted in La Modelo prison in Bogotá amid fears over spreading of SARS-CoV-2 through prison walls during the COVID-19 pandemic
Arauca, Cauca and Nariño massacres August 22, 2020 Arauca, Cauca and Nariño 28[63] unknown Three massacres kill 28 people, in Arauca, Cauca, and Nariño[64][65]
Javier Ordóñez protests September 9–10, 2020 Bogotá 14[66] 400+ Protests following the death of Javier Ordóñez, 42, at the hands of police leave 14 dead and over 400 were injured[67]
2022 Arauca clashes January 2, 2022 Arauca Department 23 unknown 23 people were killed in clashes between far-left guerrilla groups in Arauca Department
Tuluá prison riot June 28, 2022 Tuluá, Valle del Cauca Department 52 34 A fire broke out during a riot inside a prison in Tuluá, killing at least 52 people and injuring at least 34
2022 Huila attack September 2, 2022 San Luis, Huila Department 7 1 A police vehicle hit a bomb near the town of Corozal, killing seven police officers and injuring another.
Santander de Quilichao massacre December 22, 2023 Santander de Quilichao, Cauca 5 0 uncertain Five people were murdered by armed men in two different locations[68][69][70]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Revista Semana: 2.505 masacres
  2. ^ Department of State: Colombia report on Human Rights 2008
  3. ^ Tully, John (2011). The Devil's Milk A Social History of Rubber. Monthly Review Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-58367-261-7.
  4. ^ "Cien años después, la Amazonía recuerda uno de sus episodios más trágicos" [One hundred years later, the Amazon remembers one of its most tragic episodes]. BBC News (in Spanish). October 12, 2012. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  5. ^ Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe, eds. (2019). Intimate Frontiers A Literary Geography of the Amazon. Liverpool University Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781786949721.
  6. ^ Hardenburg, Walter (1912). The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein. London: Fisher Unwin. pp. 160, 194, 290. ISBN 1372293019.
  7. ^ Valcárcel, Carlos (1915). El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos [The Putumayo process and its unprecedented secrets] (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Teológicos de la Amazonía. p. 165. ISBN 978-9972-9410-9-2.
  8. ^ (in Spanish) Luis Angel Arango Library: the banana massacre
  9. ^ "April 9, 1948: the day that the history of Colombia broke in two following 'El Bogotazo' - Infobae". Infobae. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Masacre de Tacueyó - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  11. ^ ADMIN, USER (5 January 2021). "Masacre en Tacueyó: historia y explicación". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military - Paramilitary Partnership and the United States". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  13. ^ Valdés Correa, Beatriz (7 March 2018). "30 años de las masacres de Honduras y La Negra - EL ESPECTADOR". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Masacre de Honduras y La Negra - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 16 October 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz » Masacre de la Mejor Esquina". www.justiciaypazcolombia.com (in Spanish). 3 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  16. ^ "La Defensoría homenajeará a víctimas de la masacre de 'Mejor Esquina' ocurrida en Buenavista, Córdoba - LA LENGUA CARIBE". www.lalenguacaribe.co (in Spanish). 4 April 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  17. ^ Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (1988-12-15). "Massacres Are Jolting Colombia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  18. ^ "Masacre de Segovia: 34 años en busca de verdad y justicia - Corporación Reiniciar". corporacionreiniciar.org (in Spanish). 11 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  19. ^ a b c Agredo Tapias, Paola (9 November 2023). "35 años de la masacre de Segovia. Aquel noviembre dejó 43 víctimas - Alerta Paisa". www.alertapaisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  20. ^ Yvonne Tobón, Rita (11 November 2015). "Hagamos memoria: 27 Años de la Masacre de Segovia - Cj Libertad". cjlibertad.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  21. ^ "Masacre de Segovia y La Cruzada - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  22. ^ ORTIZ FONNEGRA, MARÍA ISABEL (6 December 2020). "Bomba al DAS: se cumplen 31 años del carrobomba que mató a 63 personas". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  23. ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (1993-10-06). "MUERTOS 16 GUERRILLEROS AYER EN EL VALLE Y EL META". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  24. ^ "INDAGATORIA POR MASACRE EN RIOFRÍO". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 17 June 1995. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  25. ^ "MASACRE DE RIOFRÍO COMIENZA DE CERO". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 11 March 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Masacre de Riofrío departamento del Valle". www.hijosbogota.org (in Spanish). 12 July 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Masacre de Río Frío - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz » Masacre de Riofrio". www.justiciaypazcolombia.com (in Spanish). 5 October 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  29. ^ Jo, Marie Burt (25 September 2007). "Storm Over Columbia - NACLA". North American Congress on Latin America. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  30. ^ "Masacre de Mapiripán 1997 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  31. ^ "Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz » Masacre de Mapiripán". www.justiciaypazcolombia.com (in Spanish). 15 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  32. ^ EL UNIVERSO. "El Universo". Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  33. ^ "Masacre de El Aro - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  34. ^ "Masacre de San José del Guaviare 1997 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  35. ^ ""We are Fighting Against the Biggest Monster, that is, the Government." » RAIOT". RAIOT. 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  36. ^ "Masacre de Barrancabermeja, mayo de 1998 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  37. ^ "Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz » Masacre de Barrancabermeja". www.justiciaypazcolombia.com (in Spanish). 16 May 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  38. ^ ORTIZ FONNEGRA, MARÍA ISABEL (16 July 2024). "Masacre de Barrancabermeja 26 años y víctimas siguen clamando por justicia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  39. ^ "Colombia rebel admits oil pipeline bombing mistake". www.latinamericanstudies.org. 12 November 1998. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  40. ^ Navarro, Cristina (18 October 2023). "Se conmemoran 25 años de la masacre de Machuca, en Segovia, Antioquia". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  41. ^ a b "Masacre de Santo Domingo, Arauca - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  42. ^ "Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz - Masacre de Santo Domingo". www.justiciaypazcolombia.com (in Spanish). 13 December 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  43. ^ "Masacre de El Piñon - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  44. ^ "22 años de la masacre en Playón de Orozco - HOY DIARIO DEL MAGDALENA". www.hoydiariodelmagdalena.com.co (in Spanish). 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  45. ^ "Masacre de San José del Guaviare 1999 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  46. ^ "Masacre de El Salado 2000 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  47. ^ Brody, Daniel (23 February 2010). "Ten years on, no justice for El Salado massacre victims". Colombia Reports. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  48. ^ "Masacre de El Salado: 22 años tras el dolor de un pueblo - Infobae". Infobae (in Spanish). 19 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  49. ^ "Masacre de Chengue - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  50. ^ "Fue negado el aumento en reparación a víctimas de masacre en Sucre en el 2001 - Infobae". Infobae (in Spanish). 27 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  51. ^ "Masacre de El Naya - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  52. ^ "'Chainsaw massacre' not a film - News24". News24. 19 April 2001. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  53. ^ "A CALL FOR JUSTICE ON THE ALTO NAYA MASSACRE - Colombia Support Network". colombiasupport.net. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  54. ^ "CCJ - 19 años de la masacre del Naya: saldo en rojo del Estado". www.coljuristas.org (in Spanish). 11 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  55. ^ "Incrementan seguridad en Urabá, tras masacre de nueve personas". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). 27 April 2002. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  56. ^ "Masacre de Apartadó 2002 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  57. ^ a b Durán, Oscar (14 April 2022). ""No sabemos a quién perdonar", memorias de la casa bomba en Neiva - La Silla Vacía". La Silla Vacía (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  58. ^ "21 años del atentado terrorista en Villa Magdalena". diariodelhuila.com (in Spanish). 14 February 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  59. ^ "CNN: 34 killed in Colombia massacre". CNN. 16 June 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  60. ^ "Masacre de La Gabarra, junio de 2004 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  61. ^ "La masacre de La Gabarra, la verdad que no cuentan las FARC - NoticiasCaracol". Noticias Caracol (in Spanish). 21 August 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  62. ^ "Masacre de Cunday 2004 - Rutas del Conflicto". rutasdelconflicto.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  63. ^ colombiareports.com: Colombia ends terrifying week with three massacres in one day
  64. ^ Rojas Ángel, César (22 August 2020). "Colombia: tres masacres en menos de 24 horas se suman a las 33 documentadas en lo que va del año". France 24 (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  65. ^ "Tres masacres en menos de 24 horas en Colombia: 17 personas han sido asesinadas". Noticias Caracol (in Spanish). 22 August 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  66. ^ "La Policía colombiana, culpable de la "masacre" de las protestas de 2020 en Bogotá - Euronews". Euronews (in Spanish). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  67. ^ Erazo, Katerin (8 September 2023). "#9S: se cumplen tres años de la Masacre de Bogotá". www.pares.com.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  68. ^ "Masacre 93 del año: cinco personas asesinadas en Santander de Quilichao - EL ESPECTADOR". El Espectador (in Spanish). 22 December 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  69. ^ Rey, Diego (22 December 2023). "Masacre en un cabildo indígena en el Cauca: cinco personas fueron asesinadas - Infobae". Guioteca (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  70. ^ Gómez, Licsa (22 December 2023). "Disidencias de las Farc estarían detrás de la masacre ocurrida en un resguardo indígena del Cauca - Infobae". Guioteca (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
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