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List of Ku Klux Klan organizations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Since the late 1860s, there have been many organizations that have used the title "Ku Klux Klan" or have split off from KKK groups using different names.

Reconstruction Era paramilitaries

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During Reconstruction, there were a number of white supremacist paramilitary groups that were organized in order to resist the reconstruction measures. While the Ku Klux Klan was the most famous group, it overlapped in membership and ideology with a number of others. In some cases, they were virtually indistinguishable from each other.[1]

1877–1914

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Between the Reconstruction period, known as the Klan's "first era", and the rebirth of the modern movement in 1915, there were a handful of groups that scholars have identified as "bridges" that engaged in similar vigilante activities and introduced Klan-type organizing into areas that were untouched by Reconstruction.[2][full citation needed] In some cases, small towns often had so-called "decency committees" or "vigilance committees", which often used vigilante tactics against targets such as criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, and in some instances, Black people, Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese Americans, European immigrants, Catholics, Mormons, and non-Christians, including Jews and atheists. Sometimes, in fact, their attire or their disguises resembled those which were worn by the KKK.[citation needed]

1915–1944

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During the "second era" , the KKK movement saw the rise and decline of one of the largest and most influential Klan factions, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Inc. There were a few splinter groups, though, such as the Knights of the Flaming Sword, founded by ousted Imperial Wizard William J. Simmons and the Independent Klan of America, founded by Indiana Grand Dragon D. C. Stephenson.[3][full citation needed] The 1930s saw the growth of fascist-leaning groups such as the Black Legion and a revived Knights of the White Camellia.[4][full citation needed] It was also during this time period, that, for the first time ever, some KKK groups began to openly establish working relationships with pro-Nazi and pro-fascist groups, such as the German-American Bund and the Silver Shirts. The KKK also openly worked alongside the Anti-Saloon League, in order to achieve their shared goal of enforcing prohibition.

1944–1954

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In the period roughly between the end of World War II and the passage of the Supreme Court's so-called "Black Monday" ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of small local "associations of Klans" were active, mainly in the Southeastern states.[5] [citation needed]

1954–1969

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During the period of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s and 1960s, the Klan experienced its "third era" which saw the growth of a number of KKK groups that sought to resist desegregation, by peaceful as well as violent means. However, desegregation was not their only target, other targets of the Klan's protests and hatred included the 1960s counterculture, labor unions, divorce, the theory of Evolution, liberalism, and so-called Jewish Bolshevism. It was also during this time that many Klan groups began to work with other white supremacist groups like the White Citizens' Council, the American Nazi Party and the National States' Rights Party.[citation needed]

1970s–present

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Since the 1970s, the Klan's popularity, both among racists and the general public, has been in consistent decline. Just between 2016 and 2019 the number of self-identified Klan groups dropped from 130 to 51.[6] While this may be partially influenced by popular public opinion against the Klan's views, it may also be influenced by the Klan's perceived modern lack of relevance among Americans whose politics tilt toward racist ideologies. Many factions of the Klan began to form alliances with neo-Nazi groups, some members of the American militia movement, and other right-wing extremists, with the goal of cross-recruitment.[7]

Outside the United States

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Since the foundation of the original Klan, a number of Ku Klux Klan groups and chapters have emerged outside the United States in places like Canada, Europe and South America.

  • Fiji had a Ku Klux Klan group which was founded by Europeans and the group was said to be the Klan's first foreign chapter. However, the group's activities were quickly halted by the British colonials once they discovered that the Fijian Klan had plans to rebel against the crown.[28]
  • There was a post-WWII Ku Klux Klan group in Chile which was headed by Franz Schweitzer. It received significant notoriety in the late 1950s when four of its members attempted to bomb a synagogue in Santiago. Threatening letters were also sent to Jews, demanding that they send funds to Horace Sherman, a member of the American Ku Klux Klan who resided in Waco, Texas.[29]
  • European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan - Founded on October 1 of the year 2000, this short lived Klan group was based in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The organization is believed to have dissolved itself in late 2002.[30][31]
  • European White Knights of the Burning Cross - A European offshoot of the Klan that is said to be active in Germany, England, Sweden, France, Austria, Switzerland and Italy.[32][33][circular reference]
  • Imperial Klans of America, Brazil - The Brazilian chapter of the Imperial Klans of America. This group gained media attention in 2015 after propaganda stickers which were produced by it surfaced in Niterói. The stickers contained messages which threatened Muslims and homosexuals.[34]
  • Imperial Klans of Brazil - An earlier Brazilian chapter of the Imperial Klans of America that was shut down after its leader was arrested in 2003.[35]
  • Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Kanada - A Canadian Ku Klux Klan organization that was based in Toronto.[36]
  • Ku Klux Klan – Distrikt Nordrhein-Westfalen - A German Ku Klux Klan group operating in North Rhine-Westphalia.[37]
  • Ku Klux Klan of Kanada - One of the most prominent KKK groups in Canada during the mid-1920s.[38]
  • Ku Klux Klan in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - An active German Ku Klux Klan group that operates in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.[31]
  • National Socialist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Deutschland - A German KKK group that mixes elements of Nazism with the ideologies of the American Klan.[39][40]
  • Order of the Knights of the Fiery Cross - A KKK-related group which was founded in Germany in the 1920s. The group disbanded after the Nazification of Germany occurred, prompting its members to join the Nazis.[41][42]
  • European Empire White Knights (EEWK) – founded on December 1, 2015, based in France and present in several European countries.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Christopher Long, "Ku Klux Kklan", Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vek02), accessed June 29, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  2. ^ Newton pp. 605–6
  3. ^ Newton pp. 285, 326
  4. ^ Newton pp. 54, 331
  5. ^ Forster, Arnold. Epstein, Benjamin R. Report on the Ku Klux Klan [New York, Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1965 pp. 16–18
  6. ^ "The KKK is in rapid decline – but its symbols remain worryingly potent". March 2019.
  7. ^ "The Massacre That Spawned the Alt-Right". Politico. 3 November 2019.
  8. ^ Service, KPC News (3 February 2021). "Klan group plans gathering in Auburn". KPCNews. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Church of the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan".
  10. ^ "Home". eastcoastknightsofthetrueinvisibleempire.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  11. ^ Newton, David E. (31 August 2021). Hate Groups: A Reference Handbook. Abc-Clio. ISBN 9781440877759.
  12. ^ "Watchdog: Number of 'hate groups' dropped in Indiana and U.S. In 2020, but threat is high".
  13. ^ a b c "Ku Klux Klan".
  14. ^ "State of GA v. International Keystone Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Inc".
  15. ^ "Knights of the Ku Klux Klan".
  16. ^ "Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan".
  17. ^ "Studypool Homework Help - Noble Klans of America VVVV".
  18. ^ "Proud Boys, black nationalists and Klan among new hate groups in Maryland, Southern Poverty Law Center reports". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  19. ^ a b "Members of the Nordic Order Knights and the Rebel Brigade Knights, groups that both claim affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan, in a cross lighting ceremony on a fellow member's property in Henry County, Virginia, August 9, 2014". The World from PRX. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  20. ^ Sweigart, Josh. "Report: KKK in decline, but Dayton home to new chapter". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Israeli Jewish Antifa hacks KKK website, exposes leader to be alleged child rapist". scoop.upworthy.com. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Group gathers for Ku Klux Klan rally in Patrick County". wdbj7.com. 10 June 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  23. ^ Blau, Max (19 July 2015). "'Still a racist nation': American bigotry on full display at KKK rally in South Carolina". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  24. ^ "Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  25. ^ "Trinity White Knights of Ku Klux Klan (TWK)". Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Clackamascounty". Oregon Live. Retrieved 1 February 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ "United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan -- Ray Gun Conspirators | Terrorist Groups". TRAC.
  28. ^ "Cakobau and the Ku Klux Klan". Retrieved 1 February 2023 – via PressReader.
  29. ^ "Ku Klux Klan in Chile Charged with Anti-jewish Terroristic Activities". 10 June 1958.
  30. ^ "Four Ku Klux Klan groups active in Germany, says govt". 25 October 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Rassistischer Geheimbund Ku Klux Klan in Deutschland" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Bundestag. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  32. ^ "Ku-Klux-Klan: Geheimtreffen mitten in Deutschland". Express. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  33. ^ "European White Knights of the Burning Cross".
  34. ^ "Cartazes de grupo inspirado na Ku Klux Klan ameaçam homossexuais e muçulmanos em Niterói". 21 September 2015.
  35. ^ "MPF e PF apreendem computadores de grupo ligado a Ku Klux Klan".
  36. ^ Cline, Tyler (March 2019). "View of "A Clarion Call to Real Patriots the World Over": The Curious Case of the Ku Klux Klan of Kanada in New Brunswick during the 1920s and 1930s | Acadiensis". Acadiensis. 48 (1). doi:10.1353/aca.2019.0004. S2CID 181543420.
  37. ^ "Tagesordnungspunkt: Strukturen und Aktivitäten des rassistischen Geheimbundes Ku Klux Klan in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Antrag der CDU-Fraktion vom 21.01.2013)". Ministerium für Inneres und Kommunales (in German). 24 January 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  38. ^ "The KKK has a history in Canada. And it can return. - Macleans.ca". 18 August 2017.
  39. ^ Huetlin, Kelly Weill (24 January 2019). "The Ku Klux Klan is Growing—in Germany". The Daily Beast.
  40. ^ "German police raid suspected KKK members' homes | DW | 17.01.2019". Deutsche Welle.
  41. ^ Brandenburg (in German) [permanent dead link‍]
  42. ^ Richard e. Frankel (2013). "Klansmen in the Fatherland: A Transnational Episode in the History of Weimar Germany's Right-Wing Political Culture". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 7 (1): 61–78. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.7.1.0061. JSTOR 10.14321/jstudradi.7.1.0061.
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